IRR of PD 1185 Rules and Regulations Implementing the Fire Code of the Philippines (P.D. No. 1185)

March 20, 1978

RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (P.D. NO. 1185)

Pursuant to Section 6 of Presidential Decree No. 1185, the following Rules and Regulations as approved by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense are hereby promulgated.

RULE 1General Provisions

DIVISION 1General

SECTION 1.101. Scope. — The provisions of the Fire Code shall apply to and govern the following:

A. All persons;

B. All private or public buildings, facilities, structures and their premises, constructed before or after the effectivity hereof;

C. Design and installation of electrical system;

D. Storage, handling or use of explosives and/or combustible, flammable, toxic and other hazardous materials;

E. Fire safety construction; and

F. Fire protective and warning equipment or systems.

SECTION 1.102. General Safety Requirement for Building, Structure or Facility. — The owner of any building, structure or facility shall install, provide, incorporate, adopt and maintain under operable and usable conditions the following:

A. Fire Suppression Devices, Equipment or System. — As provided in subsequent Rules for all types of occupancies, except in detached single- or two-family dwelling units of not more than two storeys;

B. Fire Safety Construction. — As provided in subsequent Rules for all types of occupancies mentioned therein; and

C. Fire Protection and Warning System. — As provided in subsequent Rules for all types of occupancies mentioned therein.

SECTION 1.103. Required Fire Safety Programs/Measures. — A. In addition to the requirements provided for in Section 1.102, lessees or occupants of buildings, structures or facilities shall observe all pertinent fire safety measures as set forth in Presidential Decree No. 1185 and in subsequent Rules of the Fire Code.

B. All occupants or lessees of buildings, structures or facilities shall organize themselves and develop and implement fire safety programs to include among others, fire prevention in the premises, notification of the Fire Service to the existence of a fire, evacuation of persons and initial fire fighting. The building owner shall take the initiative of formulating the fire safety program for his building and of organizing the occupants to implement the programs.

C. In buildings, leased to and used by one or several companies or persons, the management of each company or each person shall be responsible for fire safety measures within the leased or occupied areas. The building owner shall be responsible for the common areas in the building such as the means of egress, utilities and building service equipment or systems.

D. In building structures or facilities, such as condominium and the like, where some units of the building are not yet sold, the provisions of paragraph "c" above shall apply. When all condominium units have been sold, responsibility for fire safety measures in the common areas such as the means of egress, utilities, building equipment/system and the building as a whole, shall devolve jointly upon all individual unit owners or occupants.

SECTION 1.104. Changes in Occupancy. — The owner, administrator or occupant may change, alter or modify, the use of a building structure or facility or portions thereof, subject to the permit/certificate requirement of the Building Official and the Fire Service. After the change, alteration or modification has been effected, the area may be used or occupied only after a new fire inspection has been conducted and a new Fire Safety Inspection Certificate is issued.

SECTION 1.105. Definitions. — In addition to Section 3 of Presidential Decree No. 1185, the following words and phrases shall mean and be construed as indicated.

Aircrafts Service Station. — That portion of an airport where flammable liquids are stored or dispensed and shall include all facilities essential thereto, such as underground tanks from which aircraft fuel and lubricants may be drawn through dispensing devices.

Assembly Occupancy. — The occupancy or use of a building or structure or any portion thereof by a group of persons for civic, political, education, travel, religious, social, amusement or recreational purposes.

Automatic Fire Suppression System. — An integrated system of underground or overhead piping or both connected to a source of extinguishing agent or medium and designed in accordance with fire protection engineering standards which when activated by its automatic detecting device, suppresses fire within the area protected.

Boiling Point. — The temperature at which a liquid is transformed or converted to vapor.

Cargo Tank. — Any container mounted on a tank vehicle with a capacity of at least four hundred fifty (450) liters used for carrying flammable or combustible liquids. It does not apply to the fuel tank of a motor vehicle.

Chief of the Local Fire Service. — The official duly designated to head the local Fire Service; or in cities/municipalities where the policemen are also performing the functions of the Fire Service, the Station Commander of the Integrated National Police.

Class A Fire. — Fire involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and plastics.

Class B Fire. — Fire in flammable liquids and gases.

Class C Fire. — Fire involving energized electrical equipment.

Class D Fire. — Fire involving combustible metals, such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, and other similar materials.

Combination Standpipe. — Pipeline system filled with water and connected to a constant water supply for the use of the Fire Service and the occupants of the building solely for fire suppression purposes.

Combustible Fiber Loose House. — An enclosed and isolated structure where loose fibers are worked upon, and used as storage for such fibers.

Dip Tank. — A tank, vat or container of flammable or combustible liquid in which articles or materials are immersed for the purpose of coating, finishing, treating or similar processes.

Dry Standpipe. — A type of standpipe system in which the pipes are normally not filled with water. Water is introduced into the system thru Fire Service connections when needed.

Explosive. — Includes any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that is commonly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion.

Explosives Magazine. — Buildings, structures or facilities used for the storage of explosive, shells, projectile and ammunition.

Fire Alerting System. — A fire alarm system activated by the presence of a fire, where the signal is transmitted to designated locations instead of sounding a general alarm, in order to prevent panic.

Fire Protective Assembly. — An assemble incorporated in a structure designed to prevent the spread of fire, such as dampers, curtain board, fire stoppers and the like.

Fire Exit Drill. — A practice drill for the orderly and safe evacuation of occupants in a building.

Fire Inspector/Fire Safety Inspector/or Fire Prevention Inspector. — Personnel of the Fire Service of the INP performing fire safety and fire prevention functions.

Fire Resistance Rating. — The time duration that a material or construction can withstand the effect of standard fire test.

Fire Service. — An organization or a component of Integrated National Police charged with the mission of fire prevention, fire protection and fire suppression.

Fire Wall. — A wall designed to prevent the spread of fire, having a fire resistance rating of not less than four hours with a sufficient structural stability to remain standing even if construction on either side collapses under fire conditions.

Flame Spread Rating. — The time in which flame will spread over the surface of a burning material.

Flame Retardant. — Any compound, or mixture which when applied properly improves the fire resistant quality of fabrics and other materials.

Fumigant. — A gas, fume, or vapor used for the destruction or control of insects, fungi, vermin, germs, rodents, or other pests.

Hazardous Fire Area. — Any land covered with dry grass, cogon, reeds, bush, and other highly combustible growth that fires are likely to occur therein and hard to suppress.

High Rise Building. — Buildings, structures or facilities fifteen (15) meters or more in height.

Horizontal Channel. — Any uninterrupted space between horizontal layers of stored commodities. Such channels may be formed by pallets, shelving, racks or other storage arrangements.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). — Any flammable gas liquefied through pressure. The liquid vaporizes under normal atmospheric pressure.

Means of Egress. — A continuous and unobstructed route of exit from any point in a building, structure or facility to a public way.

Occupant Load. — The maximum number of persons that may be allowed to occupy a particular building, structure or facility or portions thereof.

Oil Burning Equipment. — An oil burner of any type together with its tank, piping, wiring controls, blower and related devices, and shall include all oil fired units, heating and cooking appliances.

Organic Coating. — A liquid mixture of binders such as alkyd, nitrocellulose, acrylic, or oil, and flammable and combustible solvents such as hydrocarbon, ester, ketone or alcohol, which when spread on a surface becomes a durable protective and decorative finish.

Panic Hardware. — A mechanical device consisting of linkages and a horizontal bar across a door, which when pushed from the inside will cause the door to open and facilitate exit from a building, structure or facility.

Picking Rooms. — Rooms where baled, bundled or piled materials are segregated into desired sizes or groups.

Plenum. — An air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected and which form part of an air distribution system.

Smoke Developed Rating. — A rating of a combustible material based on the density and volume of smoke developed within a certain period of time when its surface is ignited.

Smoking. — Puffing, carrying and/or use of lighted pipe, cigar, cigarette or tobacco in any form.

Spraying Area. — Any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable vapor or combustible residues, dust or deposits are present due to the operation of spraying devices.

Tank Vehicle. — Any vehicle carrying or towing a cargo tank used for transporting flammable fluids or hazardous chemicals.

DIVISION 2

Enforcement and Administration

SECTION 1.201. Fire Safety Inspection. — Inspection of all buildings, structures and facilities and the determination of compliance of provisions of this Fire Code shall be done by Fire Safety Inspectors of the Fire Service of the Integrated National Police. In cities or municipalities where there are no such inspectors, the Chief of Local Fire Service shall, in addition to his duties and functions, act as fire safety inspector.

SECTION 1.202. Inspection Requirements. — Fire safety inspection shall be conducted as a pre-requisite to grants of permits and/or licenses by governments or other government agencies. The following procedures are hereby prescribed for the conduct of such inspection:

A. Construction, Renovation or Modification of Buildings, Structures or Facilities. —

(1) In coordination with the Building Official, the Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative shall review the plans and issue the necessary certification upon determination that fire safety requirements in accordance with the provisions of the Fire Code have been sufficiently complied.

(2) During construction, the Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative shall inspect the premises to determine whether the plans are being followed and fire safety precautions are being observed. He shall cause the correction of any deficiency noted.

(3) After construction and prior to the issuance of the occupancy permit by the Building Official, the Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative shall inspect the premises and issue the necessary fire safety inspection certificate upon determination that the required fire safety construction, fire protective and/or warning system are properly installed and in good working condition.

B. Existing Building, Structure or Facility. — The Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative shall inspect all buildings, structures or facilities to determine the presence of any fire hazard, the types of occupancy, the prohibited acts being committed or tolerated as provided in Section 9, Presidential Decree No. 1185, and to check or test the required fire protective and/or warning systems. For this purpose, the building owner or administrator shall make available to the Fire Safety Inspector copies of all plans of the building as it was actually built/constructed, or in the absence of the same, copies of all plans of the building as it is at the time of the inspection. The provisions of preceding subsection apply when the building, structure or facility will be repaired, renovated or modified as a consequence of the inspection.

C. Industrial, Commercial or Business Operation. — In coordination with the local government or other agencies, the Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative shall inspect premises of any industrial, commercial or business operations and issue the necessary Fire Safety Inspection certificate upon determination that fire safety measures for hazardous processes or operations and for the handling, storage or use of hazardous materials have been complied.

SECTION 1.203. Periodic Inspection by Fire Safety Inspectors. — The Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative shall conduct periodic inspection of any building, structure, facility or premise for the purpose of determining compliance with the provisions of this Fire Code. For this purpose, Mission Order shall be necessary, regardless of whether the inspection is made by said Chief or his authorized representative. Before leaving the place inspected, report shall be prepared. Such Mission Order and report (one page of three copies) shall conform to the following format and distributed as indicated: (Sample only)

STATION LETTERHEAD

MISSION ORDER NR

TO	:	F/Sgt Juan de la Cruz
PROCEED TO	:	XYZ Bldg., at 123 Rizal Ave., Blank City.
PURPOSE	:	Conduct inspection of said bldg./operation involving hazardous materials therein.
DURATION	:	Four (4) hours only (specify duration, depending upon extent of job to be done).
REMARKS	:	Be in full uniform. Coordinate with owner/occupant. Accomplish prescribed Inspection Report (see format below).

Chief Fire Service Station/Station Commander

AFTER MISSION REPORT

SUBJECT : Inspection of XYZ Bldg at Blank City, owned by Mr. Juan de la Monte

TO : Chief, Fire Service/Station Commander

No violation/the following violations were found therein: (describe each)

a. Exitways do not terminate in public way.

b. Means of egress not enclosed.

c. Exit doors (4) not self-closing.

Signature owner or representative/occupant, Fire Inspector

who was advised hereof

Distribution:

Original — Chief, Local Fire Svc/Stn Comdr

Duplicate — Owner/occupant of bldg.

Triplicate — Fire Superintendent/Police Supt.

SECTION 1.204. Orders, Notices, and Tags. — A. Whenever the Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative finds any violation of this Fire Code, he shall issue such orders as may be necessary, indicating therein among other things, the period within which compliance should be effected. When compliance involves alteration or modification, a written notice specifying the violation and the corrective measures to be undertaken, shall be included in the order.

B. When the violation is of such extent and nature as to preclude the continued use of the building, structure, facility or premises or of a machinery, equipment or system, a notice or tag prohibiting their further use shall be conspicuously displayed, such notice or tag shall be removed only upon order of the Chief of the Local Fire Service, after the violation or hazard is abated.

C. The building, structure or facility shall be condemned when the violation therein cannot be abated except by its demolition. A notice to this effect shall be posted.

SECTION 1.205. Service of Orders and Notices. — Orders and notices authorized or required by this Fire Code shall be given or served upon the owner, manager, operator, or occupant by verbal notification, personal service, or by delivering or leaving the same with the person of sufficient discretion found in the premises, or by posting a copy thereof in a conspicuous place on the doors or entrances of said premises, or by mailing a copy thereof by registered mail. Orders or notices given verbally shall be confirmed in writing.

SECTION 1.206. Fire Safety Inspection Fees. — Fire safety inspection certificate shall be issued upon payment by the applicant of a fee equivalent to ten (10%) percent of all fees charged by the Building Official, or by the Local Government or by other Government agencies concerned in the granting of pertinent permits or licenses.

SECTION 1.207. Grace Period. — A. The owner, administrator or occupant of buildings or structures existing at the time of the effectivity of the Fire Code is given two (2) years to comply with the provisions thereof on fire safety constructions and on protective and warning systems. However, the Director General of the Integrated National Police may prescribe a shorter period depending upon the degree of hazard (See paragraph 1 b) to be corrected and the cost and extent of the work to be done.

The following grace periods are hereby prescribed:

DEGREE OF HAZARD	COST	GRACE PERIOD
	Less than 80,000.00	12
More than 80,000.00
less than 200,000.00	16
LOW	More than 200,000.00
less than 500,000.00	20
More than 500,000.00	24
Less than 80,000.00	8
More than 80,000.00
less than 200,000.00	12
MEDIUM	More than 200,000.00
less than 500,000.00	16
More than 500,000.00	20
Less than 80,000.00	4
More than 80,000.00
less than 200,000.00	8
HIGH	More than 200,000.00
less than 500,000.00	12
More than 500,000.00	16
Less than 80,000.00	1
More than 80,000.00
VERY HIGH	less than 200,000.00
More than 200,000.00	8

B. Degree of Hazard. — Degree of hazard as used herein means the probability that a building, structure, or facility may catch fire, the difficulty in evacuating people therefrom, the difficulty of suppressing the fire therein. The degree of hazard may either be LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH or VERY HIGH, depending upon the following factors:

(1) Construction materials used;

(2) Combustibility of contents;

(3) Type of occupancy;

(4) Load capacity or number of occupants normally present;

(5) Height from the ground level;

(6) The longest horizontal distance that an occupant or fire fighter will travel to escape or fight a fire respectively and

(7) Fire safety construction and/or protective and warning system present or installed.

C. Any building, structure or facility may be assessed by assigning points to each factor and adding up the points. The assessment shall be based on the following Tables:

TABLE A. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED

TABLE A. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED
MATERIAL*	POINT	FRAME	FLOORING	SIDING	ROOF TRUSS	ROOFING	POINT SCORE
Sawali	4
Lawanit	4
Bamboo	4
Nipa	4
Cogon	4
Plywood	4
Lumber	3
G.I. Sheet	3
Aluminum	3
C. Hollow Block	2
Steel	2
Solid Concrete	1
Clay Tiles	1						TOTAL

* Materials not included shall be allocated the points of the listed materials above having similar/equivalent characteristics relative to fire.

TABLE B. COMBUSTIBILITY OF CONTENTS

(Goods, Equipment, Materials, etc. stored or used)

1. Very High Hazard Materials . . . . . 4

a. Paper products such as pulp paper, waxed, asphalt coated paper in loose form or in bobbins or rolled, not banded or baled, and stored vertically.

b. Pyroxylin or foam plastic products, unpacked or packed in carton.

c. Rubber goods and foamed rubber products, unpacked or packed in carton.

d. Flammable liquids, such as acetone, alcohol, lighter fluids, varnish, paints, cleaning fluids and the like packed in plastic containers or glass or bottles.

e. Unbaled cork or other insulating materials.

f. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

2. High Hazard Materials . . . . . . . . 3

a. Flammable liquids packed in cans or metal containers.

b. Baled cork or other insulating materials.

c. Upholstered furniture

d. Linoleum rugs or tiles

e. Alcohol, eighty proof or higher in barrels, tanks or bottles.

f. Paper products in loose form not baled nor banded and stored horizontally.

g. Baled waste paper

h. Pharmaceutical containing eight proof alcohol or higher in glass or plastic bottles.

i. Other plastic products.

j. Bags and mats with plastic foam or cellular rubber backing

3. Average Hazard Materials . . . . . . 2

a. Stock in cartons

Books	Lubricants, in cans
Ceramics	Metals
Cereals	Paints, oil base, in cans
Fiberboards, Vegetable	Pharmaceutical, alcoholic elixirs, tonics, etc. less than 80 proof
Foods, Frozen	Plastic, low hazard
Glass	Stationery
Glycerols, in cans	Textiles
Groceries	Tobacco Products
Hydraulic fluid, in cans	Wiring, electric
Insulation, non-combustible	Yarns
Leather goods
Liquids, non-combustible in bottles

Other Stocks
Cartons, Flats	Paper and pulp, horizontal storage (without racks)
Clothing, packaged or in racks	Pillows (excluding foamed rubber and foamed plastics)
Feeds, Bagged	Plastics, low hazard
Fiber, vegetable, on pallets	Pulp baled
Fibers, vegetable, baled	Rags, baled
Flour, bagged	Rags (no foamed backing)
Grain, bagged	Shingles, asphalt
Mattresses (excluding foamed rubber and foamed plastics)	Sugar, bagged, refined
Paper and pulp, rolled vertical storage (adequately banded)

4. Low Hazard Materials . . . . . . . . . 1

Appliances, electric	Metals on wood pallets
Cables and wiring on reels	Sugar, bagged, raw
Fertilizers, bagged (excluding ammonium nitrate	Tobacco in hogsheads
Hides, leather	Wallboard, gypsum
Inert materials, bagged	Wool, baled

TABLE C. OCCUPANCY

(Purpose for which a building is used or intended to be used)

1.	Mercantile (for display and sale of merchandise)
Department Stores	4	Grocery Stores without flammable liquids	3
Shopping Centers	4	Dry Goods Stores	2
Shopping Malls	4	Photographic equipment/Supplies Stores	2
Grocery Store with flammable liquids	4	Drugstores	2
Public Markets	3	Book Stores/School Supplies	2
Supermarkets	3	Watch/Jewelry Stores	1
Engine/Machine parts Stores	3
Textile/Clothing Stores	3
2.	Industrial (devoted to processing, assembly mixing, packaging, finishing, decorating and repairing of products of all kinds)
Oil Refineries	4	Woodworking shops	3
Distilleries	4	Sawmills	3
Dry-Cleaning Plants	4	Smoke Houses	4
Oil Pumping Station	4	Plastic Manufacture	3
Laboratories	4	Metal Fabricating/Working	3
Furniture/Finishing/Padding	4	Automotive Assembly	3
Gas Plants	4	Auto-Repair	3
Fumigation Plants	4	Commercial/Industrial Baking	4
Glass Plants	4	Shoe Manufacture	3
Power Plants	3	Paper Products Manufacture	4
Sugar Central	3	Stationery Cutting/Printing	3
Flour and feed mills	3	Clothing/Apparel Manufacture	2
Textile Mills	3	Basket Weaving, Bag Making	1
Rug Manufacture	3	Soft Drinks Bottling	1
3.	Storage (For storage and sheltering of goods)
Bulk Oil Storage	4	Truck and Marine Terminals	3
Hangars, Aircraft	4	Barns and/or stable	3
Grain elevators	4	Warehouse, fibers	3
Warehouse, paints	4	Warehouse, dry goods	3
Warehouse, copra	4	Warehouse, equipment parts and hardware	3
Warehouse, oil and lubricants	4	Warehouse, agricultural product	3
Cold Storage	3	Warehouse, food items in cans.	2
Freight Terminals	3
4.	Public Assembly (where more than fifty (50) persons gather for any purpose)
Theaters	4	Passenger Stations, Terminals of air, land, Marine Transport	3
Assembly Halls	4	Court Rooms	3
Auditoriums	4	Mortuary-Chapels	3
Gymnasium	4	Museums	2
Restaurants	4	Skating Rinks	2
Concert Halls, Dance Halls,		Libraries	2
Ball Rooms	4	Club Rooms	2
Recreation Piers	4	Conference Rooms	2
Exhibition Halls	3	Bowling Lanes	1
Churches, chapels	3	Pool Rooms	1
5.	Business Office (when business/professional services are conducted; where records and accounts are kept)
City Halls	4	Offices of Professionals (lawyers, dentist, doctors, accountants etc.	2
Town Halls	4
Court Houses	3
General Business Offices	3
6.	Educational (for purposes of giving instructions)
Universities	4	Nursery Schools	2
Institutes	3	Preparatory Schools	2
Colleges	3	Kindergarten Schools	2
Academies	3	Child Day Care Facilities	2
7.	Institutional (when people cannot readily evacuate themselves for reasons of sickness, infirmity or security)
Hospital Facilities	4	Jail	4
Residential Custodial	4	Nursing Homes	4
Medical Centers	4	Health Care Facilities	3
Home for the Aged	4	Clinic	3
Mentally Retarded Care Institution	4	Maternity Houses	3
Reformatories	4	Orphanage	3

TABLE D. LOAD CAPACITY

(Number of Persons normally present)

10 persons or less	1	51 to 200 persons	3
11 to 50 persons	2	201 persons or more	4

TABLE E. HEIGHTS FROM GROUND TO TOPMOST FLOOR LEVEL

1.	15 meters or more (5 storeys or more)	4
2.	11-14 meters (3-4 storeys)	3
3.	5-10 meters	2
4.	Less than 5 meters	1

TABLE F. LONGEST HORIZONTAL TRAVEL DISTANCE

1.	21 meters or more	4
2.	11 meters to 20 meters	3
3.	5-10 meters	2
4.	Less than 5 meters	1

TABLE G. FIRE SAFETY CONSTRUCTION

1.	Provisions to allow person to escape	Required	Installed	Working	%	Effectiveness	Total
Yes	No	100	75	50	25	10
a.	Alarm system				0	1	2	3	4
b.	Smoke proof means of egress				0	1	2	3	4
c.	Exit Width/capacity				0	1	2	3	4
d.	Exit Landing areas				0	1	2	3	4
e.	Exit Lights				0	1	2	3	4
f.	Independent Power Source				0	1	2	3	4
	Sub-Total

2.	Fire Suppression System to escape	Required	Installed	Working	%	Effectiveness	Total
		Yes	No	100	75	50	25	10
a.	Sprinkler/ automatic/ device				0	1	2	3	4
b.	Stand Pipe				0	1	2	3	4
c.	Fire extinguishers				0	1	2	3	4
					Sub-Total
3.	Fire Resistive Construction	Required	Installed	Working	%	Effectiveness	Total
Yes	No	100	75	50	25	10
a.	Fire Wall				0	1	2	3	4
b.	Resistive partition				0	1	2	3	4
c.	Curtain board				0	1	2	3	4
d.	Fire doors				0	1	2	3	4
e.	Dampers				0	1	2	3	4
					Grand Total

RATING
DEGREE OF HAZARD	RANGE
Low Hazard	24 to 42 points
Medium Hazard	43 to 60 points
High Hazard	61 to 78 points
Very High Hazard	79 to 96 points

SECTION 1.208. Fire Insurance Date Required. — All persons having fire insurance coverage on their properties and/or business shall submit a xeroxed or certified true copy of all coverages currently in effect including subsequent and/or additional policies to the Chief of the Local Fire Service not later than ten (10) days after receipt of the document from any insurance company. Exempted from this requirement are owners of detached, single-or-two-family dwellings actually being used for residential occupancy.

RULE 2

General Precautions Against Fire

DIVISION 1

Incinerators and Open Burning

SECTION 2.101. Bonfires and Outdoor Rubbish Fires. — A. Location Restricted: No person shall kindle or maintain any bonfire or rubbish fire or authorize any such fire to be kindled or maintained unless:

(1) The location is not less than fifteen (15) meters from any structure and adequate provision is made to prevent fire from spreading to within fifteen (15) meters of any structure; or

(2) The fire is contained in an approved waste burner or incinerator located safely not less than five (5.00) meters from any structure.

B. Supervision of Open Fires: Bonfires and rubbish fires shall be constantly attended to by a competent person until such fire is extinguished. This person shall have available water on hand, or other fire extinguishing equipment readily available for use.

C. Prohibition: The Chief of the Local Fire Service may prohibit any or all bonfires and outdoor rubbish fires when atmospheric conditions or local circumstances make fires hazardous.

SECTION 2.102. Kindling of Fire on Land of Others Restricted. — No person shall kindle a fire upon the land of another without permission of the owner thereof or his agent.

SECTION 2.103. Discarding Burning Objects Prohibited. — No person shall throw down or drop any lighted match, cigar, cigarette or other burning substance, on or near combustible material or in places where fire is likely to occur.

SECTION 2.104. Hot Ashes and Other Dangerous Materials. — No person shall deposit hot ashes or cinders, or smoldering coals, or greasy or oily substances liable to spontaneous ignition, into any combustible receptacle. Such receptacle, unless resting on a noncombustible floor or on the ground outside the building, shall be placed on non-combustible stands, and in every case, shall be kept at least one half (0.50) meter away from any combustible wall or partition, or exterior window opening.

SECTION 2.105. Types and Construction of Incinerators. — A. Every incinerator used shall comply with the provisions of this section.

B. Fixed commercial, industrial and apartment type incinerators shall be constructed in accordance with the provisions of the Building Code.

C. Residential fixed incinerators shall be constructed of brick, concrete hollow blocks, or other fire-resistive material other than metal, with a completely enclosed combustion chamber and shall be equipped with a permanently attached spark arrester.

D. Every incinerator shall be equipped and maintained with spark arrester constructed of iron, heavy wire mesh, or other noncombustible material, with openings not larger than thirteen (13) millimeters.

E. Every incinerator shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the National Pollution Control Commission Unit.

SECTION 2.106. Location. — Any residential incinerator used in connection with a single family dwelling shall be located not less than one and one-half (1½) meters from any wood frame building or structure, or other combustible material, or not less than one (1) meter from a masonry, stucco, or similar fire resistive building or structure and not less than one and one half (1½) meters from any opening of said building or structures. Any residential incinerator used in connection with any occupancy other than a single family dwelling shall be located not less than three (3) meters from any building or property line: Provided, that the smoke stack of any incinerator shall be constructed in accordance with internationally recognized safe practice and shall terminate not less than one and one half (1½) meters from any combustible roof, overhang or cave construction.

SECTION 2.107. Maintenance. — Every incinerator, barbecue pit, and the equipment thereof, shall be maintained in good condition at all times.

SECTION 2.108. Adjacent Area. — A minimum clearance of three (3) meters shall be maintained between any incinerator and all rubbish, dry grass, weeds, vegetation, and any other combustible material.

SECTION 2.109. Use of Incinerator Restricted. — The Chief of the Local Fire Service may prohibit the use of incinerators located within one hundred fifty (150) meters from any brush or grass-covered areas during periods of hot or dry weather conditions.

SECTION 2.110. Chimney Spark Arrester. — Chimney of heating appliance using solid or liquid fuel located within sixty (60) meters from any brush or land covered with flammable material, shall be provided with a spark arrester.

SECTION 2.111. Time of Burning. — No waste matter shall be disposed of by burning except as follows:

A. All burning in densely populated areas shall take place during the period prescribed by the Chief of the Local Fire Service. Densely populated area as used herein shall mean an inhabited area with at least five (5) dwellings separated from each other by not more than three (3) meters.

B. Burning in densely populated areas shall be confined to approved incinerators. Burning of combustible waste matter other than paper may, however, be done in the open if:

(1) A notice is given to the Chief of the Local Fire Service; and

(2) Such burning is done at a distance of more than eight (8) meters from any building, structure, or combustible waste matters.

SECTION 2.112. Burning in Public Property. — No person shall ignite or burn any combustible waste matter on any publicly owned or controlled lot or parcel of land, public bridge, street or other public places which has been set aside by public authority for such purpose without permit from the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 2.113. Offensive Smoke and Odors. — No waste matter shall be burned which shall cause or produce dense smoke or offensive odor.

DIVISION 2

Combustible and Flammable Materials

SECTION 2.201. Accumulation of Waste Materials. — A. Accumulation of waste paper, hay, grass, straw, weeds, litter or combustible or flammable waste, waste petroleum products, or rubbish of any kind shall not be permitted to remain upon any roof or in any court yard, vacant lot or open space. These waste materials shall be cut down and/or removed by the owner.

B. All combustible rubbish, oily rags, or waste materials, within a building shall be collected and stored in metal or metal lined receptacles equipped with tight-fitting covers or in rooms or vaults constructed of noncombustible materials.

SECTION 2.202. Handling Readily Combustible Materials. — All shavings, excelsior, rubbish, sacks, bags, litter, hay, straw, or other combustible waste materials shall be removed from the building at the close of each day. If this is not possible, they shall be stored in suitable fire resistive vaults or metal-lined covered receptacles or bins; or baled compactly and arranged in an orderly manner for subsequent disposal.

SECTION 2.203. Storage of Readily Combustible Materials. — A. Scope: This Section covers storage of seventy (70.00) cubic meters gross volumes of combustible empty packing cases, boxes, barrels or similar containers, or rubber or cork, or other similarly combustible materials.

B. Storage Requirements:

(1) Such materials shall be stored orderly with a clearance of at least one half (½) meter from the ceiling of the building.

(2) Storage in the open shall be compact and orderly, shall not exceed six (6) meters in height and shall be so located as not to constitute a hazard to adjacent building or property. Any storage is prohibited within one (1) meter from any property line. Storage within three (3) meters of a property line may be allowed as long as the height does not exceed two (2) meters.

SECTION 2.204. Flammable Decorative Materials. — Cotton batting either natural, artificial or manufactured, straw, dry vines, leaves, trees, or other highly flammable materials shall not be used for decorative purposes in show windows or other parts of commercial, industrial or institutional occupancies unless flame-proofed: Provided, however, That nothing in this Section shall be construed to prohibit the display of saleable goods permitted and offered for sale. Electric light bulbs in such occupancies shall not be decorated with paper or other combustible materials unless such materials shall first have been rendered flame-proof.

SECTION 2.205. Use of Open Flame or Light Restricted. — A. No person shall take an open flame or light into any building, barn, vessel, boat or any other place where highly flammable or explosive material is kept, unless such light or flame is well secured in a glass globe, or wire mesh cage or similar approved device.

B. No heating or lighting apparatus or equipment capable of igniting flammable materials shall be used in any storage or work area where rags, excelsior, hair or other highly flammable combustible material are stored or used.

DIVISION 3

Fire Reporting and False Alarms

SECTION 2.301. Reporting of Fires. — In the event a fire occurs on any property, the owner or occupant thereof shall immediately report such fire to the Fire Service of the Integrated National Police. All persons are enjoined to report any fire occurrence to the nearest Fire Service Station.

SECTION 2.302. False Alarms. — A. A fire alarm shall be deemed and construed as the giving, signaling or transmission to any police outpost or precinct, fire station, or to any officer or employee thereof, whether by telephone, spoken word or otherwise, of information to the effect that there is a fire at or near the place indicated by the person giving, signaling, or transmitting such information.

B. It shall be unlawful for any person to give, signal or transmit to or for any person to cause or permit to be given, signaled, or transmitted, in any manner, any false alarm.

C. It shall be unlawful for any person to tamper with any fire alarm equipment maintained for the purpose of transmitting fire alarm to the Fire Service.

D. Nothing in this Section shall prohibit the sounding of any such signal essential for the carrying on of any fire drill. The Chief of the Local Fire Service may require that he be notified in advance when such signal will be sounded.

DIVISION 4

Use of Equipment, Appliances, Devices and Vacant Buildings

SECTION 2.401. Toy Balloons. — No person without any authority from the Chief of the Local Fire Service, shall inflate any toy balloon or other similar device with any toxic, explosive or flammable gas; or sell, give away or furnish any such balloon/device when so inflated. Open flame shall be prohibited in the vicinity where toy balloons are inflated, or where inflated toy balloons are present.

SECTION 2.402. Tracer Bullets and Similar Devices. — No person shall possess or fire or discharge or cause to be fired any tracer bullet or tracer charge, or any type of projectile or device, such as fireworks, that discharges smoldering or flammable material, in any bush- or grass-covered area, or any area where flammable materials are present.

SECTION 2.403. Asphalt Kettles. — It shall be unlawful to transport over any highway, road or street any asphalt kettle beneath which is being heated by an open fire, coals or ashes. Heating of asphalt kettles inside or on the roof of any building shall be done only with authority from the Chief of the Local Fire Service. There shall be at least one approved fire extinguisher of a minimum 12-B or C classification within nine (9) meters of each asphalt kettle being heated and one additional fire extinguisher of 16-B or C classification in the area of work being covered.

SECTION 2.404. Electrical Wiring and Other Devices. — A. Use and Installation. — It shall be unlawful to use and/or install any electrical wiring appliance, apparatus or device in violation of the Philippine Electrical Code.

B. Fire Hazard. — The Chief of the Local Fire Service shall notify the local Building Official of the existence of any hazardous electrical installation. He may order the use of such installation discontinued immediately until correction of the hazard is effected.

SECTION 2.405. Electrical Appliances/Devices. — No person shall sell, offer for sale, rent, dispose off by gift or premium, give or make available for use, any electrical appliance, unless it is of an approved type.

SECTION 2.406. Maintenance of Chimneys and Heating Appliances. — All chimneys, incinerators, smokestacks or similar devices for conveying smoke or hot gases to the outer air and the stoves, furnaces, fire-boxes or boilers to which they are connected, shall be constructed in accordance with internationally recognized standards and maintained in such a manner as not to create a fire hazard.

SECTION 2.407. Trapdoors to be Closed. — All trapdoors and scuttle covers, except those that are automatic in their operations, in any building other than single-family dwelling, shall be kept closed at all times, in order to prevent the easy passage of smoke and heat in case of fire.

SECTION 2.408. Shaftways to be Marked. — To preclude accidents during fire operations, every outside window in a building used for manufacture purposes or for storage which opens directly on any hoistway or other vertical means of communication between two or more floors in such buildings shall be plainly marked with the word "SHAFTWAY" in red letters at least fifteen (15) centimeters on a white background. Such warning sign shall be so placed as to be easily discernible from the outside of the building. Every door or window opening on such shaftway from the interior of the building shall be similarly marked with the warning word "SHAFTWAY" so placed as to be easily visible to anyone approaching the shaftway from the interior of the building.

SECTION 2.409. Use of Torches or Flame-Producing Devices for Removing Paint. — Any person using a torch or other flame-producing device for removing paint from any surface within a building or structure shall secure an authority from the Chief of the Local Fire Service and provide one approved fire extinguisher or water hose equipped with a suitable nozzle, sufficient in length to reach all portions of the building, and connected to the water supply on the premises where such operation is being done. In all cases, the person doing the removal of paint shall remain on the premises one hour after the torch or flame-producing device has been used.

SECTION 2.410. Hazardous Warning Lights. — It shall be unlawful to maintain any torch or lantern utilizing an open flame along any excavation or road, or any place where the dislodgment of such torch or lantern might permit the same to roll, fall, or slide on to any brush-covered land, or any land containing flammable material.

SECTION 2.411. Open Flame Devices In Ports/Wharves. — A. No person shall use any open flame device for maintenance or repair on any boat, ship or wharf without a permit from the Philippine Coast Guard and/or the Philippine Ports Authority.

B. No person shall use any portable barbecue, brazier or cooking device on any boat, ship or wharf without a permit from the Philippine Coast Guard and/or the Philippine Ports Authority.

C. Any open flame device used for lighting or decoration on the exterior of any boat, ship or wharf must be approved by the Philippine Coast Guard and/or the Philippine Ports Authority.

SECTION 2.412. Vacating Premises. — Upon vacating or abandoning any premises, the occupant thereof shall remove any and all noxious and hazardous material or waste matter which has been deposited, allowed to come to rest, or permitted to accumulate thereon, and such premises shall be left in clean and neat condition.

SECTION 2.413. Vacant Buildings. — Every person owning, or in charge or control of, any vacant building shall remove therefrom all accumulations of flammable or combustible waste or rubbish and shall securely lock, barricade, or otherwise secure all doors, windows and other openings thereof.

RULE 3

Fire Safety in Buildings, Structures and Facilities

DIVISION 1

Administration

SECTION 3.101. Scope. — A. This Rule deals with life safety from fire and like emergencies. It covers construction, protection and occupancy features to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes, or panic before buildings are vacated. It specifies the number, size, and arrangement of means of egress sufficient to permit prompt escape of occupants from buildings, or structures or facilities in case of fire or other condition dangerous to life.

B. Nothing in this Rule shall be construed to prohibit a better type of building construction, more exits, or otherwise safer conditions than the requirements specified in this Rule.

C. This Rule recognizes that panic in a burning building may be uncontrollable. It deals with the potential panic hazard through measures designed to prevent the development of panic. Experience indicates that panic seldom develops even in the presence of potential danger, so long as occupants of buildings are moving toward exits which they can see within a reasonable distance with no obstruction or undue congestion in the path of travel. However, any uncertainty as to the location or adequacy of means of egress, the presence of smoke, or stopping of travel, such as may occur when one person stumbles and falls on stairs, may be conductive to panic. Panic danger is greatest when the number of people in a confined area, exceeds the capacity of the exits.

D. Nothing in this Rule is intended to prevent the use of new methods or devices, provided sufficient technical data are submitted to demonstrate that the new method or device is equivalent in quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety to that prescribed by this Rule.

DIVISION 2

General

SECTION 3.201. Fundamental Requirements. — A. Every building or structure, new or old, designed for human occupancy shall be provided with exits sufficient to permit the fast escape of occupants in case of fire or other emergency. The design of exits and other fire safety construction shall be such that reliance for safety to life in case of fire or other emergency will not depend solely on any single fire safety construction. Additional safeguards shall be provided for life safety in case any single safeguard is ineffective due to some human or mechanical failure.

B. Every building or structure shall be so designed, constructed, equipped, maintained and operated as to avoid danger to the lives and safety of its occupants from fire, smoke, fumes, or resulting panic during the period for escape from the building or structure.

C. Every building or structure shall be provided with exits of kinds, numbers, location and capacity appropriate to the individual building or structure, with due regard to the character of the occupancy, the number of persons exposed, the fire protection available and the height and type of construction of the building or structure, to afford all occupants convenient facilities for escape.

D. Every exit of buildings or structures shall be so arranged and maintained as to provide free and unobstructed egress from all parts thereof, at all times. No lock or fastening that would prevent escape from the inside of any building shall be installed except in mental, penal, or correctional institutions where personnel are continually on duty and effective provisions are made to evacuate occupants in case of fire or other emergency.

E. Every exit shall be clearly visible. The route to the exit shall be conspicuously marked in such a manner that every occupant of a building or structure will readily know the direction of escape. Each route of escape, in its entirety, shall be so arranged or marked that the way to a place of safety outside is unmistakable. Any doorway or passage not constituting an exit or way to reach an exit, which may be mistaken for an exit, shall be marked as to minimize its possible confusion with an exit.

F. All means of egress shall be provided with adequate and reliable illumination.

G. In every building or structure of such size, arrangement, or occupancy that a fire may not itself provide adequate warning to occupants, fire alarm facilities shall be provided.

H. Every building or structure, section, or area thereof of such size, occupancy, and arrangement such that the reasonable safety of a number of occupants may be endangered by the blocking of any single means of egress due to fire or smoke, shall have at least two means of egress remote from each other, so arranged as to minimize any possibility that both ways be blocked by any one fire or other emergency conditions.

I. Every vertical way of exit and other vertical opening between floors of a building shall be suitably enclosed or protected as necessary to afford reasonable safety to occupants while using exits and to prevent spread of fire, smoke, or fumes through vertical openings from floor to floor before occupants have entered exits.

J. Compliance with this Rule shall not be construed as eliminating or reducing the necessity from complying with the other provisions for safety of persons using a structure under normal occupancy conditions.

SECTION 3.202. Construction and Repair Operations. — A. New Construction:

(1) No building or structure under construction shall be occupied in whole or in part until all required means of egress required for the part to be occupied are completed, inspected and approved for occupancy.

(2) Adequate escape facilities shall be maintained at all times in buildings under construction for the use of construction workers. These facilities shall consist of doors, walkways, stairs, ramps, fire escapes, or others arranged in accordance with the general guidelines of this Fire Code in so far as they can reasonably be applied to buildings under construction.

B Repairs or Alterations:

(1) Existing buildings may be occupied during repairs or alterations only if all existing exits and all existing fire protection systems/devices are continuously maintained or, in lieu thereof, other measures are taken to provide equivalent safety.

(2) Flammable or explosive substances or equipment necessary for the repair or alteration of buildings or structures may be introduced therein while it is occupied, only if the conditions of use and the safeguards therefor provided will not create any additional danger or handicap to the use of the means of egress.

DIVISION 3

Classification of Occupancy and Hazard of Contents

SECTION 3.301. Classification of Occupancy. — A building or structure shall be classified as follows:

A. Assembly: (for requirements see Division 7). — Places of assembly include, but are not limited to, all buildings or portions of buildings used for gathering together of fifty (50) or more persons in commercial places of assembly and one hundred (100) or more persons in noncommercial places of assembly. Places of assembly shall include those facilities used for such purposes as deliberation, worship, entertainment, amusement, or awaiting transportation. Assembly occupancies include theaters; assembly halls; auditorium; exhibition halls; museums; restaurants; churches; dance halls; club rooms; skating rink, gymnasium, bowling facilities; pool rooms, armories; passenger stations and terminals of air, surface, underground, and marine public transportation facilities; recreation piers; court-rooms; conference rooms; and mortuary chapels. Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by less than one hundred (100) persons in a building of other occupancy and incidental to such other occupancy shall be classified as part of the other occupancy and subject to the provisions applicable thereto.

B. Educational: (for requirements see Division 8). — Educational occupancies include all buildings used for the gathering of groups of six (6) or more persons for purposes of instruction. Educational occupancies include: Schools; Universities; Colleges; Academies; Nursery schools; Kindergartens; and Child day care facilities. Other occupancies associated with education shall be in accordance with the appropriate parts of this Rule, except licensed day-care facilities of any capacity. In case where instruction is incidental to some other occupancy; the section of the Rule governing such other occupancy shall apply.

C. Institutional: (for requirements see Division 9). — Institutional buildings are those used for purposes such as treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness; disease or infirmity; care of infants, convalescents or aged persons; and for penal or correctional purposes. These buildings are provided with sleeping facilities for the occupants and are occupied by persons who are mostly incapable of self preservation because of age, physical or mental disability, or because of security measures not under the occupants' control.

Institutional occupancies treated in this Rule are the following: health care facilities such as hospitals and nursing homes; residential-custodial care such as nurseries, homes for the aged; and mental retarded care institutions; residential-restrained care such as penal institutions, reformatories, and jails.

D. Residential: (for requirements see Division 10). — A residential building is one in which sleeping and/or sleeping accommodations are provided for residential purposes, except those classified under Institutional Occupancies. Residential buildings are treated separately in this Rule in the following groups: hotels; motels; pension houses; inns; apartments; dormitories; orphanages; lodging or rooming houses; and one- and two-family dwellings.

E. Mercantile: (for requirements see Division 11). — Mercantile occupancies include stores, markets, and other rooms, buildings, or structures for the display and/or sale of merchandise. Included in this occupancy group are: supermarkets; department stores; shopping centers; drugstores; and auction rooms.

Minor merchandising operations in buildings predominantly of other occupancies, such as newsstand in an office building, shall be subject to the exit requirements of the predominant occupancy.

F. Business: (for requirements see Division 12). — Business buildings are those used for the transaction of business other than that covered under Mercantile, for the keeping of accounts and records and similar purposes. Included in this occupancy group are: office for lawyers; doctors; dentists and other professionals; general offices; city/town halls; court houses; and libraries.

Minor office occupancy incidental to operations in another occupancy shall be considered as a part of the dominant occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions of the Rule applying to the dominant occupancy.

G. Industrial: (for requirements see Division 13). — Industrial occupancies include factories making products of all kinds and properties devoted to operations such as processing, assembling; mixing, packaging, finishing or decorating, and repairing, including, among others, the following: factories of all kinds; laboratories; dry cleaning plants; power plants; pumping stations; smokehouses; laundries; creameries; gas plants; refineries; and sawmills.

H. Storage: (for requirements see Division 14). — Storage occupancy includes all buildings or structures utilized primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise, products, vehicles, or animals. Included in this occupancy group are: warehouses; cold storages; freight terminals; truck and marine terminals; bulk oil storages; parking garages, hangars; grain elevators; barns; and stables.

Minor storage incidental to another occupancy shall be treated as part of the other occupancy.

I. Mixed Occupancies: — In case two or more classes of occupancy occur in the same building or structure so intermingled that separate safeguards are impracticable, the means of egress shall be sufficient to meet exit requirements for the occupants of each individual room or section, and for the maximum occupant load of the entire building. Fire Safety construction, protective and warning systems and other safeguards shall meet requirements of the most hazardous occupancy unless otherwise specified in Division 7 through 15 of this Rule.

J. Miscellaneous: — This class of occupancy includes building or structure which cannot be properly classified in any of the preceding occupancy groups. Such miscellaneous buildings and structures shall conform to the fundamental guidelines provided for in Division 2 and to any specific provisions applicable thereto in Division 15 both of this Rule.

SECTION 3.302. Hazard of Contents. — A. General:

(1) For purposes of this Rule hazard of contents shall be the relative danger of the start and spread of fire, the generation of smoke or gases, the danger of explosion or other occurrence potentially endangering the lives and safety of the occupants of the building or structure due to the nature of the contents or processes/operations therein.

(2) Hazard of contents shall be determined by the Director General or his duly authorized representative on the basis of the nature, character of the contents and the process or operations being conducted in the building or structure: Provided,however, That where the flame spread rating of the interior finish or other features of the building or structure are such as to involve a hazard greater than the hazard of contents, the greater degree of hazard shall govern.

(3) Where different degrees of hazard of contents exist in different parts of a building or structure, the most hazardous condition shall be the basis of classification for the purpose of this Rule, except such hazardous areas are segregated or protected as specified in Section 3.505 and the applicable sections of Division 7 through 15.

B. Classification of Hazard of Contents:

(1) The hazard of contents of any building or structure shall be classified as low, ordinary, or high, in accordance with paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) of this subsection.

(2) Low hazard contents are those of such low combustibility that no self-propagating fire therein can occur and that consequently the only probable danger requiring the use of emergency exits will be from panic, fumes or smoke or fire from some external source.

(3) Ordinary hazard contents are those which are liable to burn with moderate rapidity or to give off a considerable volume of smoke, but from which neither poisonous fumes nor explosions are likely to occur in case of fire.

(4) High hazard contents are those which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity or from which poisonous gases or explosions are to be expected in the event of fire.

C. Special Provisions for High Hazard Contents

(1) In cases where the contents are classified as high hazard, exits shall be provided for such types and numbers and so arranged as to permit all occupants to escape from the building or structure or from the hazardous area thereof to the outside or to a place of safety with a travel distance of not over twenty three (23) meters, measured as specified in Section 3.401. paragraph "H".

(2) Capacity of exits provided in accordance with the preceding paragraph shall be specified in the applicable sections of Divisions 7 through 15, but not less than one (1) unit of exit width for each thirty (30) persons if the exit is by inside or outside stairs; or one (1) unit of exit width for each fifty (50) persons if the exit is by doors at ground level, by horizontal exits or by Class A ramps.

DIVISION 4

Means of Egress

SECTION 3.401. General Provisions. — A. Application:

(1) Means of egress for both new and existing buildings shall comply with this Division except as may be modified for individual occupancies by Divisions 7 through 15.

(2) Any alteration or addition that would reduce the means of egress below the requirements for new buildings is prohibited.

(3) Any change of occupancy that would reduce the means of egress below the requirements for new buildings is prohibited.

B. Permissible Exit Components:

(1) An exit shall consist of the approved components that are described, regulated, and limited as to use by Sections, 3.402 through 3.411. Exit components shall be constructed as an integral part of the building or shall be permanently affixed thereto.

C. Protective Enclosure of Exits:

(1) When an exit is required to be protected by separation from other parts of the building by some requirements of this Rule, the separating construction shall meet the following requirements:

(a) The separation shall have at least one-hour fire resistance rating when the exit connects three (3) stories or less, regardless of whether the stories connected are above or below the story at which the exit discharge begins.

(b) The separation shall have at least two-hour resistance rating when the exit connects four (4) or more stories, whether above or below the floor of discharge. It shall be constructed of noncombustible materials and shall be supported by construction having at least a two-hour fire resistance rating.

(d) Openings in exit enclosure shall be confined to those necessary for access to the enclosure from normally occupied spaces and for egress from the enclosure.

(2) No exit enclosure shall be used for any purpose, such as piping for flammable liquids or gases, which could interfere with its function as an exit.

D. Width and Capacity of Means of Egress:

(1) Except as further modified for individual occupancies by Divisions 7 through 15, the capacity in number of persons per unit of exit width for approved components of means of egress shall be as follows: level egress components (including Class A Ramps) — 100 persons; and inclined egress components (including Class B Ramps) — 60 persons.

(2) Means of egress shall be measured in units of exit width of fifty-five (55) centimeters. Fractions of a unit shall be counted, except that thirty (30) centimeters added to one or more full units shall be counted as one-half (0.5) of a unit of exit width.

(3) Units of exit width shall be measured at the narrowest unobstructed point of the means of egress except that a handrail may project inside the measured width on each side not more than eighty-nine (89) millimeters and a stringer may project inside the measured width not more than thirty (30) millimeters. An exit or exit access door swinging into an aisle or passageway shall not restrict the effective width thereof at any point during its swing to less than minimum width hereafter specified.

E. Egress Capacity and Occupant Load:

(1) The capacity of means of egress for any floor, balcony, tier, or other occupied space shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof. The occupant load shall be the maximum number of persons that may be in the space at any time, as determined by the Director General or his duly authorized representative, but shall not be less than the number computed in accordance with the requirements of Divisions 7 through 15 for individual occupancies. Where both gross and net areas are given for the same occupancy class, the gross area figure shall then be made for those spaces where occupant load is determined on the basis of net area and if the total occupant load determined on the net area basis exceeds that on the gross area basis, the means of egress shall be based on the larger occupant load figure.

(2) Where exits serve more than one floor, only the occupant load of each floor considered individually need be used in computing the capacity of the exits at that floor: Provided, That exit capacity shall not be decreased in the direction of exit travel. When means of egress from floor above and below converge at an intermediate floor, the capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence shall not be less than the sum of the two.

F. Arrangement of Exit: When more than one exit is required from a story, at least two of the exits shall be remote from each other and so arranged and constructed as to minimize any possibility that both may be blocked by any one fire or other emergency condition.

G. Exit Distance and Dead-End Limits: The maximum travel distance in any occupied space to at least one exit, measured in accordance with the following requirements, shall not exceed the limits specified for individual occupancies by Divisions 7 through 15. Means of egress shall be so arranged that there are no dead-end pockets, hallways, corridors, passageways or courts whose depth exceeds the limits specified for individual occupancies by Divisions 7 through 15.

H. Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits:

(1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting thirty (30) centimeters from the most remote point, curving around any corner or construction with a thirty (30) centimeter clearance therefrom, and ending at the center of the doorway or other point at which the exit begins. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the tread nosing.

(2) In the case of open areas, distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point subject to occupancy. In case of individual rooms subject to occupancy by not more than six (6) persons, distance to exits shall be measured from the doors of such rooms provided the path of travel from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed fifteen (15) meters.

(3) Where open stairways or ramps are permitted, as a path of travel to required exits, such as between mezzanines or balconies and the floor below, the distance shall include the travel on the stairway or ramp, and the travel from the end of the stairway or ramp to reach an outside door or other exit, in addition to the distance to reach the stairway or ramp.

(4) Where any part of an exterior way of exit access is within four and a half (4.5) meters horizontal distance of any unprotected building opening, as permitted by Section 3.504 for outside stairs, the distance to the exit shall include the length of travel to ground level.

I Access to Exits:

(1) Exits shall be so located and exit access shall be so arranged that exits are readily accessible at all times. Where exits are not immediately accessible from an open floor area, safe and continuous passageways, aisles, or corridors leading directly to every exit shall be maintained and shall be so arranged as to provide convenient access for each occupant to at least two (2) exits by separate ways of travel, except where single exit or limited dead-ends are permitted by other provisions of this Rule.

(2) A door from a room to an exit or to a way of exit access shall be of the side-hinged, swinging type. It shall swing with exit travel when the room is occupied by more than fifty (50) persons or used for a high hazard occupancy. Such access doors shall conform to the appropriate requirements of Section 3.402 on Doors.

(3) In no case shall access to exit be through a bathroom, bedroom, or other room subject to locking, except where the exit is required to serve only the bedroom or other room subject to locking, or adjoining rooms constituting part of the same dwelling or apartment used for single family occupancy.

(4) Ways of exit access and the doors to exits to which they lead shall be so designed and arranged as to be clearly recognizable as such. Decorations or draperies shall not be placed on exit doors. Mirrors shall not be placed in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse the direction of exit.

(5) Exit access shall be so arranged that it will not be necessary to travel toward any area of high hazard occupancy in order to reach the nearest exit, unless the path is protected by suitable partitions.

(6) The minimum width of any way of exit access shall be as specified for individual occupancies by Divisions 7 through 15, but in no case shall such width be less than seventy (70) centimeters. Where a single way of exit access leads to an exit, its capacity in terms of width shall be at least equal to the required capacity of the exit to which it leads. Where more than one way of exit access leads to an exit, each shall have a width adequate for the number of persons it must accommodate.

J. Exterior Ways of Exit Access:

(1) Access to an exit may be by means of any exterior balcony, porch, gallery, or roof that conforms to the requirements of this Division.

(2) Exterior ways of exit access shall have smooth, solid floors, substantially level, and shall have guards on the unenclosed sides at least equivalent to those specified in paragraph "F" of Section 3.403.

(3) A permanent, reasonably straight path of travel shall be maintained over the required exterior way of exit access. There shall be no obstruction by railings, barriers, or gates that divide the open space into sections appurtenant to individual rooms, apartments, or other uses. Where the Director General or the Chief of the Local Fire Service finds that the repaired path of travel is obstructed by furniture or other movable objects, he shall require their removal. However, if the width of the exterior way of exit access is greater than the required path of travel, he may permit the relocation of such furniture to one side so that they are out of the path's way. Such furniture shall then be fastened so they can no longer be moved. Alternatively, he may require that railings or other permanent barriers be installed to protect the path of travel against encroachment.

(4) An exterior way of exit access shall be so arranged that there are no dead-ends in excess of six (6) meters in length.

(5) Any gallery, balcony, bridge, porch or other exterior exit access that projects beyond the outside wall of a building shall comply with the requirements of this Division as to width and arrangement. The material of construction may be as permitted for the building served.

K. Discharge from Exits:

(1) All exits shall terminate directly at a public way or at an exit discharge. Yards, courts, open space, or other portions of the exit discharge shall be of required width and size to provide all occupants with a safe access to a public way.

(2) Where permitted for individual occupants by Divisions 7 through 15, a maximum of fifty (50) percent of the exits may discharge through areas on the floor of discharge provided all of the following are met:

(a) Exits shall discharge to a free and unobstructed way to the exterior of the building which way is readily visible and identifiable from the point of discharge from the exit.

(b) The floor of discharge into which the exit discharges and any other portion of the level of discharge with access to the discharge areas are protected with automatic fire suppression system or separated from it in accordance with the requirements for the enclosure of exits (Section 3.401 paragraph "O").

Exception: The above requirements may be waived if the discharge area is a vestibule or foyer complying with all of the following, and where allowed in Divisions 7 through 15: The depth from the exterior of the building is not greater than three (3) meters and the length is not greater than six (6) meters. The foyer is separated from the remainder of the level of discharge by construction providing protection at least the equivalent of wired glass in steel frames; and the foyer serves only for means of egress including exits directly to the outside.

(c) The entire area on the floor of discharge is separated from areas below by construction having a minimum of two-hour fire resistance rating.

(3) Stairs and other exits shall be so arranged as to make clear the direction of egress to the street. Exit stairs that continue beyond the floor of discharge shall be interrupted at the floor of discharge by partitions, doors, or other effective means.

(4) Stairs, ramps, bridges, balconies, escalators, moving walks and other components of an exit discharge shall comply with the detailed requirements of this Division for such components.

(5) Subject to the approval of the Director General or the Chief of the Local Fire Service, exits may be accepted where discharging to roofs or other sections of the building or adjoining buildings, where the roof has a fire resistance rating at least the equivalent of that required for the exit enclosure, where there is a continuous and safe means of egress from the room, and all other reasonable requirements for fire safety are maintained.

L. Headroom: Means of egress shall be so designed and maintained as to provide adequate headroom as provided in other sections of this Rule but in no case shall the ceiling height (headroom) be less than two and three-tenths (2.3) meters nor any projection from the ceiling be less than two (2) meters from the floor.

M. Changes in Elevation: Where a means of egress is not level such differences in elevation shall be negotiated by stairs or ramps conforming to the requirements of this Division for stairs and ramps.

N. Interior Finish in Exits: The flame spread of interior finish shall not exceed Class B in exit enclosures. Divisions 7 through 15 governing individual occupancies may impose further limitations.

O. Maintenance and Workmanship:

(1) Doors, stairs, ramps, passages, signs, and all other components of means of egress shall be of substantial, reliable construction and shall be built or installed in accordance with good engineering practice.

(2) Means of egress shall be continually maintained free of all obstructions or impediments to insure instant use in case of fire or other emergency.

(3) Any device or alarm installed to restrict the improper use of a means of egress shall be so designed and installed that it cannot, even in case of failure, impede or prevent emergency use of such means of egress.

SECTION 3.402. Doors. — A. Application:

(1) A door assembly, including the doorway, frame, door, and necessary hardware, may be used as a component in a means of egress when it conforms to the general requirements of Section 3.401 and to the special requirements of this section. As such, the assembly is designated as a door.

(2) Every door and every principal entrance which are required to serve as an exit shall be so designed and constructed that the way of exit travel is obvious and direct. Windows, which because of their physical configuration or design and the materials used in their construction could be mistaken for doors, shall be made inaccessible to the occupants by barriers or railings conforming to the requirements of paragraph "F" of Section 3.403.

B. Swing and Force to Open:

(1) Any door used in an exit and, unless exempt by other provisions of this Rule, shall be so designed and installed that when a force is applied to the door on the side from which egress is to be made, it shall swing in the direction of exit travel from any position to the full instant use of the opening in which it is installed. During its opening process or when fully opened, a door shall not obstruct the exit width as determined by paragraph "D" of Section 3.402.

(2) A door providing access to a stairway shall swing in the direction of exit travel. A door during its swing shall not block stairs or landings and in no case, in new buildings, shall any door at any point in its swing reduce the effective width of stair or landing to less than one unit of exit width, nor when opened interfere with the full use of the stairs.

(3) The force required to fully open door shall not exceed twenty three (23) kilos applied to the latch stile.

C. Locks, Latches, Alarm Devices:

(1) A door shall be so arranged as to be readily opened from the side from which egress is to be made at all times when the building served thereby is occupied. Locks, if provided, shall not require the use of a key for operation from the inside of the building.

(2) A latch or other fastening device on a door shall be provided with a knob, handle, panic bar, or other simple type releasing device, the method of operation of which is obvious, even in darkness.

(3) A door designed to be kept normally closed in a means of egress, such as a door to a stair enclosure or horizontal exit, shall be provided with a reliable self-closing mechanism, and shall not at any time be secured in the open position. A door designed to be kept normally closed shall bear a sign reading substantially as follows:

FIRE EXIT

Please Keep Door Closed

D. Units of Exit Width:

(1) In determining the units of exit width for a doorway, only the clear width of the doorway when the door is in the open position shall be measured. Any projections into the doorways by doorstops or by the hinge stile shall be disregarded.

(2) Where a doorway is divided by mullions, the allowable units of exit width for the entire doorway shall be the sum of the units of exit width measured separately for each individual door in the opening.

E. Width and Floor Level:

(1) No single door in a doorway shall be less than seventy-one (71) centimeters wide.

(2) No single door in a doorway shall exceed one hundred twenty two (122) centimeters in width.

(3) The floor on both sides of a door shall be substantially level and shall have the same elevation on both sides of the door, for a distance on each side at least equal to the width of the widest single door. When the door discharges to the outside or to an exterior balcony, exterior exit, or exterior exit access, the floor level outside the door may be one step lower than the inside but not more than twenty and a half (20.5) centimeters lower.

F. Panic Hardware:

(1) When a door is required to be equipped with panic hardware by some other provisions of this Rule, the panic hardware shall cause the door latch to release when a force of not more than seven (7) kilos is applied to the releasing device in the direction of exit travel.

(2) Such releasing devices shall be bars or panels extending not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the width of the door and placed at heights suitable for the service required, and shall not be less than seventy six (76) nor more than one hundred twelve (112) centimeters above the floor.

(3) Only approved panic hardware shall be used.

(4) Required panic hardware shall not be equipped with any locking or dogging device, set screw, or other arrangement which can be used to prevent the release of the latch when pressure is applied to the bar.

G. Maintenance: No lock, padlock, hasp, bar, chain, or other device, or combination thereof shall be installed or maintained at any time on or in connection with any door on which panic hardware is required by this Rule, if such device prevents, or is intended to prevent, the free use of the door for purposes of egress.

H. Power-Operated Doors:

(1) Where required doors are operated by power, such as those with photo-electric activated mechanism which open upon the approach of a person or doors with power-assisted operation, the design shall be such that in event of power failure the door may be opened manually to permit exit travel or closed where necessary to safeguard means of egress.

(2) No power-operated door shall be counted as a required exit unless it also swings with the exit travel by manual means.

I. Screen and Storm Doors: No screen door or storm door in connection with any required exit shall swing against the direction of exit travel in any case where doors are required to swing with the exit travel.

J. Revolving Doors:

(1) A revolving door shall not be used in a means of egress for an exit from the floor of discharge directly to the outside except where specifically permitted in other Divisions of this Rule. It shall not be used at the foot or top of stairs at the floor of discharge. Where permitted, the revolving door or doors shall be given a credit of only fifty (50%) percent of the required units of exit width except as provided in paragraph "J" (2) hereof. Such revolving doors shall be of approved type.

(2) The number of revolving doors used as exit doors shall not exceed the number of swinging doors used as exit doors within six (6) meters.

Exception: Revolving doors may serve as exits without adjacent swinging doors for street floor elevator lobbies, if no stairways or doors from other parts of the building discharge through the lobby, and the lobby has no occupancy other than as a means of travel between elevators and street.

(3) Revolving doors shall be equipped with means to prevent their rotation at too rapid a rate to permit orderly egress.

K. Turnstiles:

(1) No turnstiles or similar device to restrict travel to one direction, or to collect fares or admission charges, shall be so placed as to obstruct any required means of egress, except that approved turnstiles not over ninety-one (91) centimeters, which turn freely in the direction of exit travel, may be used in any occupancy where revolving doors are permitted. Turnstiles over ninety-one (91) centimeters shall be subject to the requirements for revolving doors.

(2) Turnstiles in or furnishing access to required exits shall be of such design as to provide fifty-six (56) centimeters clear width as the turnstile rotates.

(3) No turnstiles shall be placed in any required exit, or barring the way of access thereto or travel therefrom, unless immediately adjacent or within six and one-tenth (6.1) meters there is a swinging door or gate opening freely in the direction of exit travel, an open passage serving the same general path of travel as the turnstile.

(4) Turnstiles shall be rated the same as revolving doors as regards units of exit width and rates of travel.

L. Doors in Folding Partitions: When permanently mounted folding movable partitions are used to divide a room into smaller spaces, a swinging door or open doorway shall be provided as a way of exit access from each such space. The swinging door may be omitted and the partition may be used to enclose the space completely under the following conditions: the subdivided space shall not be used by more than twenty (20) persons at any time; the use of the space shall be under adult supervision; the partitions shall be so arranged that they do not extend across any aisle or corridor used as a way of access to the required exits from the floor; the partitions shall conform to the interior finish and other applicable requirements of this Rule; and the partitions shall be an approved type, shall have a simple method of release, and shall be capable of being opened quickly and easily by inexperienced persons in case of emergency.

SECTION 3.403. Interior Stairs and Smokeproof Towers. — A. General. — All stairs serving as required means of egress shall be of permanent fixed construction.

B. Classes of Stairs. — Stairs shall be of Class A or Class B types in accordance with the following table:

	Class A	Class B
Minimum width clear of all obstructions, except handrails which may project not more than 89 mm each side and stringers which may project not more than 38 mm each side	112 cm	112 cm; 91 cm where, total occupancy of all floors served by stairway is less than 50 persons.
Maximum height of risers	19 cm	20 cm
Minimum width of tread exclusive of nosing or projection	25 cm	23 cm
Winders	None	None
Minimum headroom	2 m	2 m
Maximum height between landings	2.75 mm	3.70 m
Minimum dimension of landings in direction of travel	112 mm	112 mm
Doors opening immediately on stairs, without landing, at least width of door	No	No

C. Treads and Risers:

(1) The height of every riser and the width of every tread shall be so proportioned that the sum of two (2) risers and a tread, exclusive of its nosing projections is not less than sixty (60) centimeters nor more than sixty three and a half (63.5) centimeters.

(2) The minimum number of risers in any one flight of stairs shall be three (3).

D. Enclosure: All interior stairways shall be enclosed in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.501 of this Rule, except insofar as open stairways are permitted by paragraph "A" (2) of Section 3.501.

E. Stair Details:

(1) Each new stair and platform, landing, balcony and stair hallway floor used in building of four (4) storeys or more and in all new buildings, required by this Rule to be of fire-resistive construction, shall be non-combustible material throughout except that handrails are exempted from this requirement. Treads of stairs and landing floors shall be solid.

(2) Each stair, platform, landing, balcony, and stair hallway floor shall be designed to carry a load of four hundred eighty eight (488) kilos per square meter, or a concentrated load of one hundred thirty six (136) kilos, so located as to produce maximum stress conditions.

(3) There shall be no variation exceeding five (5) millimeters in the width of treads or in height of risers in any flight, except as permitted by paragraph "H" of this Section for monumental stairs.

(4) Every tread less than twenty-five (25) centimeters wide shall have a nosing or an effective projection of approximately twenty-five (25) millimeters over the level immediately below.

(5) Where material of stair treads and landings is such as to involve danger of slipping, nonslip material shall be provided on tread surface.

(6) There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairs in an exit enclosure nor shall the open space under such stairs be used for any purpose.

(7) No arrangement of treads known as winders shall be permitted in new stairways, except as permitted by paragraph "H" of this section for curved monumental stairways.

(8) Stairways and intermediate landings shall continue with no decrease in width along the direction of exit travel.

F. Guards and Handrails

(1) Means of egress such as stairs, stair landings, balconies, ramps and aisles, located along the edge of open-sided floors and mezzanines, shall have guards to prevent falls over the open side. Each new stair, stair landing, and Class B ramp shall have handrails on both sides.

Exception: Handrails may be waived on landings.

(2) Required guards and handrails shall continue for the full length of each flight of stairs.

(3) The design of guards and handrails and the hardware for attaching handrails to guards, balusters, or masonry walls shall be such that there are no projecting lugs on attachment devices or nonprojecting corners or members of grilles or panels which may engage loose clothing. Opening in guards shall be designed to prevent loose clothing from becoming wedged in such openings.

(4) Handrails Details:

(a) Handrails on stairs shall be not less than seventy-six (76) centimeters nor more than eighty six and one-half (86.5) centimeters above the upper surface of the tread, measured vertically to the top of the rail from appoint on the tread twenty-five (25) millimeters back from the leading edge, except on stairways designed for use by children an additional handrail may be provided lower than the main handrail.

(b) Handrails shall provide a clearance of at least thirty-eight (38) millimeters between handrail and wall to which it is fastened. Handrails shall be of such design and so supported as to withstand a load of not less than ninety-one (91) kilos applied to any point, downward or horizontally.

(d) Every stairway required to be more than two hundred twenty-three (223) centimeters in width shall have intermediate handrails dividing the stairway into portions not more than two hundred twenty-three (223) centimeters in width, except that on monumental outside stairs, two handrails may be permitted.

(5) Guard Details:

(a) The height of guards required by paragraph "F" (1) of this Section shall be measured vertically to the top of the guard from a point on the tread twenty-five (25) millimeters back from the leading edge or from the floor of landings or balconies.

(b) No guards shall be required for inside stairs which reverse direction at intermediate landings, where the horizontal distance between successive flights is not more than thirty and a half (30.5) centimeters.

(c) Guards shall not be less than one hundred six (106) centimeters high. Guards protecting changes in level one story or less on interior balconies and mezzanines shall be not less than ninety-one (91) centimeters.

(d) Guards shall be so constructed that the area in the plane of the guard from the top of the floor, riser, or curb to the minimum required height of guard shall be subdivided or filled in one of the following manners:

(aa) A sufficient number of intermediate longitudinal rails so that the clear distance between rails measured at right angles to the run of rail does not exceed twenty-five and a half (25.5) centimeters. The bottom rails shall not be more than twenty-five and a half (25.5) centimeters from the top of the floor, tread or curb measured vertically. The point of measurement from treads shall be as provided in paragraph "A" (5) of this Section.

(bb) Vertical balusters spaced not more than fifteen and one-fourth (15.25) centimeters apart.

(cc) Areas filled wholly or partially by panels of solid wire mesh or expanded metal construction or by ornamental grilles which provide protection against falling through the guard equivalent to that provided by the intermediate rails or vertical balusters specified in the two preceding paragraphs.

(dd) The lower part of the area may consist of a continuous substantial curb, the top of which is parallel to the run of stairs of level areas and the height of which is not less than seventy-six (76) millimeters on stairs (measured at right angles to the curb from its top to the nosing of the tread) and not less than fifteen and one-fourth (15.25) centimeters for level areas.

(ee) Masonry walls may be used for any portion of the guard.

(ff) Any combination of the foregoing that provides equivalent safety.

(e) Enclosure walls and guards consisting of masonry, railings, or other construction shall either be designed for loads transmitted by attached handrails or shall be designed to resist a horizontal force of seventy five (75) kilos per lineal meter applied at the top of the guard, whichever condition produces maximum stress. For walls or guards higher than the minimum height, the specified force shall be applied at a height of one hundred seven (107) centimeters above the floor or tread.

(f) Intermediate rails, balusters, and panel fillers shall be designed for a uniform load of not less than one hundred twenty two (122) kilos per square meter over the gross area of the guard (including the area of any opening in the guard) of which they are a part. Reactions due to this loading need not be added to the loading specified by paragraph "C" of Guard Details in designing the main supporting members of guards.

G. Smokeproof Tower:

(1) A smokeproof tower shall be a stairway enclosure so designed that the movement into the smokeproof tower of products of combustion, produced by a fire occurring in any part of the building, shall be limited.

(2) The appropriate design method shall be any system which meets the performance level provided in the succeeding paragraphs.

(3) A smokeproof tower, as herein specified, shall be a continuous fire-resistive enclosure protecting a stairway from fire or smoke in the building served, with communication between the building and the tower by means of balconies directly open to the outer air.

(4) Stairs, enclosure walls, vestibules, balconies and other components of smokeproof towers shall be of noncombustible materials, and all other requirements hereinbefore specified for inside stairs shall apply to stairs in smokeproof towers.

(5) Stairways shall be completely enclosed by walls having a two-hour fire resistance rating and comprised of noncombustible material. There shall be no openings in walls separating the enclosure from the interior of the building. Fixed or automatic fire windows are permitted in an exterior wall not subject to severe fire exposure hazard from the same or nearby buildings.

(6) Access to the smokeproof tower shall be provided from every story through vestibules open to the outside on an exterior wall or from balconies overhanging an exterior wall, but not subject to severe fire exposure hazard. Every such vestibule or balcony shall have an unobstructed length and width not less than the required width of exit doors serving the same and shall be directly open to a street or alley or yard or to an enclosed court open at the top not less than six (6) meters in width and ninety-two (92) square meters in area. Balconies or vestibules shall have guards not less than one hundred six (106) centimeters high and shall conform with paragraph "F" (5) of this Section. Wall openings exposing balconies or vestibules shall be protected in accordance with paragraph "B" of Section 3.404.

(7) Access from a building to vestibules or balconies shall be through doorways not less than one (1) meter wide for new and ninety-one (91) centimeters wide for existing towers. These openings and the entrance to the towers shall be provided with approved, self-closing fire doors swinging with the exit travel. Clear wired glass not exceeding one half (0.5) square meter shall be provided in all doors giving access to the enclosure.

(8) The floor of a vestibule or balcony floor shall be approximately level. There shall be no step from the vestibule or balcony into the stair enclosure.

H. Monumental Stairs: Monumental stairs, either inside or outside, may be accepted as required exits if all requirements for exit stairs are complied with, including required enclosures and minimum width of treads, except that curved stairs may be accepted with a radius of seven and one-half (7.5) meters or more at the inner edges.

SECTION3.404. Outside Stairs. — A. General:

(1) Any permanently installed stair outside of the building served is acceptable in a means of egress under the same condition.

B. Enclosures:

(1) Under all conditions where enclosure of inside stairway is required, outside stairs shall be separated from the interior of the buildings with walls having the same fire-resistance rating as that required for the wall enclosing inside stairs. Any opening in such wall shall be protected by fire doors or fixed wired glass windows. Protection of opening may be waived if the building is three (3) storeys or less and it is provided with a remote second exit.

(2) If the building is four (4) storeys or more, openings within the distances set below shall be protected:

(a) Within four and a half (4.5) meters from any balcony, platform or stairway constituting a part of the exterior or outside stair.

(b) Within three (3) storeys or ten and two-thirds (10.67) meters directly below any balcony, platform, or stairway consisting a part of the outside stairs;

(c) Within two (2) storeys or six and one-tenth (6.1) meters directly below a platform or walkway leading from any story to the exit.

SECTION 3.405. Horizontal Exits. — A. Application:

(1) A horizontal exit is a way of passage from one building to an area of refuge in another building on approximately the same level, or a way of passage through or around a wall or partition to an area of refuge on approximately the same level in the same building, which affords safety from fire or smoke from the area of escape and areas communicating therewith.

(2) Horizontal exits may be substituted for other exits to an extent that the total exit capacity of the other exits (stairs, ramps, doors leading outside the building) will not be reduced below half that required for the entire area of the building or connected building if there were no horizontal exits.

Exception: For institutional occupancies, the total exit capacity of the other exits (stairs, ramps, doors leading outside the building) shall not be reduced below one-third (1/3) that required for the entire area of the building.

B. Egress from Area of Refuge:

(1) Every fire section for which credit is allowed in connection with a horizontal exit shall have in addition to the horizontal exit or exits at least one stairway, doorway leading outside, or other standard exit. Any fire section not having a stairway or doorway leading outside shall be considered as part of an adjoining section with stairway.

(2) Every horizontal exit for which credit is given shall be so arranged that there are continuously available paths of travel leading from each side of the exit to stairways or other standard means of egress leading to outside the building.

This requirement is complied with were the entire areas from each side of the horizontal exit to the stairways or other standard means of egress are occupied by the same tenant; or where there are public corridors or other continuously available passageways leading from each side of the exit to stairways or other standard means of egress leading to outside the building.

(3) Whenever either side of the horizontal exit is occupied, doors used in connection with the horizontal exit shall swing in opposite directions and shall not be locked from either side.

(4) The floor area on either side of a horizontal exit shall be sufficient to hold the occupant of both floor areas, allowing not less than three-tenths (0.3) square meter clear floor area per person.

C. Bridges and Balconies:

(1) Each bridge or balcony utilized in conjunction with horizontal exits shall comply with the structural requirements for outside stairs and shall have guards and handrails in general conformity with the requirements of Section 3.403 for stairs and smokeproof towers.

(2) Every bridge or balcony shall be at least as wide as the door leading to it and not less than one hundred twelve (112) centimeters for new construction.

(3) Every door leading to a bridge or balcony serving as a horizontal exit from a fire area, shall swing with the exit travel out of the fire area.

(4) Where the bridge or balcony serves as a horizontal exit in one direction, only the door from the bridge or balcony into the area of refuge shall swing in.

(5) Where the bridge or balcony serves as a horizontal exit in both directions, doors shall be provided in pairs swinging in opposite directions, only the door swinging with the exit travel to be counted in determination of exit width, unless the bridge or balcony has sufficient floor area to accommodate the occupant load of either connected building or fire area on the basis of three-tenths (0.3) square meter per person or in existing buildings by specific permission of the Director General or his duly authorized representative, in which case doors on both ends of the bridge or balcony may swing out from the building.

(6) The bridge or balcony floor shall be level with the floor of the building.

(7) Ramps shall be employed where there is a difference in level between connected buildings or floor areas. Steps may be used where the difference in elevation is greater than fifty three and one-third (53.34) centimeters. Ramps and stairs shall be in accordance with the sections of this Rule pertaining to ramps, stairs, and outside stairs.

(8) All wall openings, both of the connected buildings or fire areas any part of which is within three (3) meters of any bridge or balcony as measured horizontally or below, shall be protected with fire doors or fixed metal-frame wired-glass windows.

Exception: Where bridges have solid sides not less than one and eight-tenths (1.8) meters in height, such protection of wall openings may be omitted.

D. Openings through Walls for Horizontal Exits:

(1) Walls connected by a horizontal exit between buildings shall be of noncombustible material having two (2) hour fire resistance rating. They shall provide a separation continuous to the ground.

(2) Any opening in such walls, whether or not such opening serves as an exit, shall be adequately protected against the passage of fire or smoke therefrom.

(3) Swinging fire doors on horizontal exits shall swing with the exit travel. Where a horizontal exit serves areas on both sides of a wall there shall be adjacent openings with swinging doors at each wall, opening in opposite directions, with signs on each side of the wall or partitions indicating as the exit the door which swings with the travel from that side, or other approved arrangements providing doors always swinging with any possible exit travel.

(4) Sliding fire doors shall not be used on a horizontal exit except where the doorway is protected by a fire door on each side of the wall in which such sliding fire doors are located. In this case, one fire door shall be of the swinging type as provided in paragraph "C" (3) above and the other may be an automatic sliding fire door that shall be kept open whenever the building is occupied.

E. Omission of Fire Partition on Certain Floors

(1) Where a fire partition is used to provide a horizontal exit in any story of a building, such partition may be omitted in any lower story under the following conditions:

(a) The open fire area story from which the fire partition is omitted shall be separated from the stories above by construction having at least a 2-hour fire resistance rating.

(b) Required exits from the stories above the open fire area story shall be separated therefrom by construction having a 2-hour fire resistance rating and shall discharge outside without travel through the open fire area story.

(c) Vertical opening between the open fire area story and the stories above shall be enclosed with construction having a 2-hour fire resistance rating. Other details shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions of Section 3.501.

(2) Where a fire partition is used to provide a horizontal exit for any story below the discharge level, such partition may be omitted at the level of the discharge under the following conditions:

(a) The open fire area story shall be separated from the stories below by construction having at least a 2-hour fire resistance rating.

(b) Required exits from stories below the open fire area story shall be separated from the open fire area story by construction having a 2-hour fire resistance rating and shall discharge directly outside without travel through the open fire area story.

(c) Vertical openings between the open fire area story and the floors below shall be enclosed with the construction having a 2-hour fire resistance rating. Other details shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions of Section 3.501.

SECTION 3.406. Ramps — A. Inside Ramps:

(1) Application: A ramp shall be permitted as component in a means of egress when it conforms to the general requirements of Section 3.401 and to the special requirement of this Section.

(2) Classification:

(a) A ramp shall be designated as Class A or Class B in accordance with the following table:

	Class A	Class B
Width	112 cm and greater	76 to 122 cm
Slope	8 to 10%	10 to 17%
Maximum height between landings capacity in persons per unit as modified by Divisions 7 through 15	No limit	3.66 m
Down	60	45
Up	45	45

(3) Protective Enclosure

(a) When a ramp inside a building is used as an exit or exit component, it shall be protected by separation from other parts of the building, as specified in Section 3.401 "C".

(b) Fixed wired glass panels in steel sash may be installed in such a separation in a building fully provided with automatic fire suppression system.

(c) There shall be no enclosed usable space under ramps in an exit enclosure nor shall the open space under such ramps be used for any purpose.

(4) Other Details:

(a) A ramp and the platforms and landings associated therewith shall be designed for not less four hundred eighty eight (488) kilos per square meter live load and shall have a nonslip surface.

(b) The slope of a ramp shall not vary between landings. Landings shall be level and changes in direction of travel if any shall be made only at landings.

(c) A ramp used as an exit or exit component in a building more than three (3) stories, or in a building of any height of noncombustible or fire resistive construction, shall be of noncombustible material. The ramp floor and landings shall be solid and without perforations.

(d) Guards and handrails complying with Section 3.403 "F" shall be provided in comparable situations for ramps except that handrails are not required on Class A ramps.

B. Outside Ramps:

(1) General

(a) Any ramp permanently installed on the outside of the building, may be accepted as component in a means of egress under the same conditions as an inside ramp: provided, That it complies with all requirements, for inside ramps except as modified by the following provisions of this subsection "B".

(b) Outside ramps shall be so arranged as to avoid any handicap to their use by persons having a fear of high places: For ramps more than three (3) stories, any arrangement intended to meet this requirement shall be at least one hundred twenty (120) centimeters.

(2) Enclosures:

(a) Under all conditions where enclosures of inside ramps is required, outside ramps serving as exits shall be separated from the interior of the building by a wall construction that has a fire resistance rating equal to that required for such enclosure. In building (3) stories or less, such protection need not be required where there is provided a remote second exit. If the building is four (4) stories or more in height, the openings in the wall shall be protected in the same manner as provided for outside the stair.

(b) Balconies, to which access doors lead, shall be: approximately level with the floor of the building, or no more than twenty and three-tenths (20.3) centimeters below the level of the inside floor.

(3) Ramp Details

(a) Except where embedded in masonry or concrete or where a suitable fire-resistive and waterproof covering provided, no structural metal member shall be employed the entire surface of which is not capable of being inspected and painted.

(b) All supporting members for balconies and ramps, which are in tension and are fastened directly to the building, shall pass through the wall and be securely fastened on the opposite side or shall be securely fastened to the framework of the building. Metal members shall be. protected effectively against corrosion, where they pass through walls. Holes in the walls through which metal members pass shall be effectively fire-stopped to preserve the fire resistive quality of the wall.

(c) Balcony and ramp enclosures and railings shall be designed to resist a horizontal force of seventy five (75) kilos per lineal meter of railing or enclosure, applied at the top of the railing or to the enclosure one hundred seven (107) centimeters above the floor.

SECTION 3.407. Exit Passageways. — A Application:—Any hallway, corridor, passage or tunnel, may be designated as an exit passageway and used as an exit or exit component when conforming to all other requirements of Section 3.401 as modified by the provisions of this Section.

B. Protective Enclosure and Arrangement:

(1) Any exit passageway shall be protected by separation from other parts of the building as specified in paragraph "C" of Section 3.401

(2) Fixed wired glass panels in steel sash may be installed in such a separation in a building fully provided with automatic fire suppression system.

C. Width: The width of an exit passageway shall be adequate to accommodate the aggregate capacity of all exits discharging through it.

D. Floor: The floor shall be solid and without perforations.

SECTION 3.408. Escalators and Moving Walks. — A. Application:

(1) An escalator or moving walk may be accepted as a component in a means of egress when it conforms to the general requirements of section 3.401 and to the special requirements of this section.

(2) A sign indicating the direction of the nearest approved exit shall be placed at the point of entrance to any escalator or moving walk that is not a means of egress.

(3) An escalator shall be of horizontal tread type and shall be of non-combustible construction throughout, except for the step tread surfaces, handrails and step wheels.

(4) A single escalator eighty one (81) centimeters wide shall be credited as one (1) unit of exit width. An escalator one hundred twenty (121) centimeters wide shall be given credit for two (2) units of exit width.

(5) There shall be an unobstructed space of at least ten (10) centimeters outside the handrails and above the handrail for the full length of the escalator.

(6) No single escalator shall have an uninterrupted vertical travel of more than one story.

(7) As escalator shall be designed and operated according to generally accepted standards of safe engineering practice.

C. Moving Walks

(1) An inclined moving walk shall comply with the applicable requirements of Section 3.406 for ramps, and a level moving walk shall comply with applicable requirements of Section 3.407 for exit passageways, except as modified by this Section.

(2) No moving walk capable of being operated in the direction against normal exit travel shall be used in a means of egress.

(3) A moving walk shall be designed and operated according to generally accepted standards of safe engineering practice.

SECTION 3.409. Fire Escape Stairs, Ladders and Slide Escapes. — A. Fire Escape Stairs

(1) General

Fire escape stairs (not those under Section 3.403 and 3.404) may be used in required means of egress only in existing buildings, subject to the applicable provisions of Divisions 7 through 15. Fire escape stairs shall not constitute more than fifty (50%) percent of the required exit capacity in any case. Fire escape stairs shall not be accepted as constituting any part of the required means of egress for new buildings.

B. Fire escape shall provide a continuous unobstructed safe path of travel to the ground or other safe area of refuge to which they lead. Where the fire escape is not continuous, as in cases where stairs lead to an adjoining roof, which must be crossed before continuing downward travel, the direction of travel shall be clearly indicated, and suitable walkways with handrails shall be provided where necessary. Where a single means of egress consists of combination of inside stairs and fire escape stairs, each shall comply with the applicable provisions of this Rule, and the two shall be so arranged and connected as to provide a continuous safe path of travel.

(2) Types

The following types of fire escape stairs are recognized by this Rule: Return platform types with superimposed runs or straight run type, with platforms continuing in the same direction. Either of these may be parallel to or at right angle to the building. They may be attached to buildings or erected independently of them and connected bridges.

(3) Stair Details

Fire escape stairs, depending upon the requirements of Division 7 through 15 of this Rule, shall be in accordance with the following table and subsequent paragraphs.

	Existing Stairs	Existing Stairs for Very Small Buildings
Minimum widths between rails	55.9 cm clear between rails	45.7 cm clear
Minimum horizontal dimension any landing of platform	55.9 cm	45.7 cm
Maximum rise	22.9 cm	30.5 cm
Minimum tread, exclusive of nosing	22.9 cm	15.25 cm
Minimum nosing or projection	2.5 cm	No requirements
Tread construction	Solid, 13 mm diameter perforation permitted	Flat metal bars on edge, or square against turning spaced 38.1 mm maximum on centers.
Winders (spiral)	None	Permitted subject to capacity penalty
Risers	None	No requirement
Maximum height between landings	3.66 m	No requirement
Headroom, minimum	2.13	1.98 m
Access to escape	Door or casement windows 61 cm by 1.98 m or double hung windows 76.2 cm by 91.44 cm clear opening	Windows
Level of access opening	Not over 30.5 cm above floor; steps if higher	Same
Discharge to ground	Swinging stair section permitted	Swinging stair or ladder if approved
Capacity, number of persons	45 per unit*, access by door; 20 if access by climbing over window rail.	10; if winders or ladder from bottom balcony, 5; if both, 1

*(See Section 3.4014- (2) for counting fractions of a unit for stair more than one (1) unit.)

(4) Arrangement and Protection of Openings:

(a) Fire escape stairs shall be so arranged that they will be exposed by the smallest possible number of window and door openings. There shall be no transom over doors. Every opening, any portion of which is in the limits specified below, shall be completely protected by approved fire doors or metal frame wired glass windows in the same manner as provided for outside stairs and outside ramps.

(5) Access:

(a) Access to fire escape stairs shall be provided in accordance with the table in paragraph (3) (a) of Section 3.409 and the general provisions of paragraph "G" Section 3.401.

(b) Where access is by way of double windows, such windows shall be so counterbalanced and maintained that they can be readily opened with a minimum of physical effort. Insert screens, if any, on any type of opening giving access to fire a escape stair shall be of types that may be readily opened or pushed out. No storm sash shall be used on any window providing to fire escape stairs.

(c) Fire escape stairs shall extend to the roof in all cases where the roof is subject to occupancy or is constructed and arranged to provide an area of refuge from fire. In all cases where stairs do not extend to the roof, access thereto shall be provided by a ladder in accordance with pertinent provision of Section 3.409 on Fire Escape Ladder, except that such ladders are not required in the case of roofs with pitch or slope steeper than sixteen and two-thirds (16.67%) percent.

(d) Balconies, to which access is secured through windows with sills above the inside floor level, shall be not more than forty six (46) centimeters below the sill. In no case shall the balcony level be above the sill.

(6) Materials and Strength:

(a) Iron, steel, or concrete or other approved noncombustible material shall be used for the construction of fire escape stairs, balconies, railings, and other features appurtenant thereto.

(b) Balconies and stairs shall be designed to carry a load of four hundred eighty eight (488) kilos per square meter or a concentrated load of one hundred thirty six (136) kilos so located as to produce maximum stress conditions.

(c) Except where embedded in masonry or concrete or where a suitable fire resistive and waterproof covering is provided no structural metal member shall be employed the entire surface of which is not capable of being inspected and painted.

(d) All supporting members for balconies and stairs, which are in tension and are fastened directly to the building, shall pass through the wall and be securely fastened on the opposite side or they shall be securely fastened to the framework of the building. Where metal member pass through walls, they shall be protected effectively against corrosion. Holes in the wall through which metal member pass shall be effectively fire-stopped to preserve the fire resistive quality of the wall.

(e) Balcony and stair enclosure and railings shall be designed to withstand a horizontal force of seventy five (75) kilos per meter of railing or enclosure without serious deflection, and support at walls for such railings or enclosures shall be in the manner specified in (6) (b) for tension members, except as provided in (6) (f).

(f) Notwithstanding the provisions of "F" (6) (b) (2) and (6) (c), the Director General or his duly authorized representative may approve any existing fire escape stair for a very small building when it has been shown by load test or other evidence satisfactory to him to have adequate strength.

(7) Guards and Handrails:

(a) All fire escapes shall have walls or guards on both sides, in accordance with "F" (1) and "F" (5) of Section. 3.403, except for height, which shall be one hundred seven (107) centimeters and ninety one (91) centimeters for fire escape for every small buildings, the height being measured vertically from a point on the stair tread twenty five (25) millimeters back from the leading edge, or vertically above any landings or balcony floor level.

(b) All fire escape shall have handrails on both sides, not less than seventy six (76) centimeters not more than one hundred seven (107) centimeters high, measured vertically from a point on the stair tread twenty five (25) meters back from the leading edge, all in general conformity to the requirements for stair handrails, "F" (1) through "F" (4) of Section 3.403.

(c) Handrails and guards shall be constructed as to withstand a force of ninety one (91) kilos applied downward or horizontally at any point.

(8) Swinging Section of Fire Escape Stairs

(a) Swinging stairs sections shall not be used for fire escape stairs except where termination over sidewalks, alleys, or driveways makes it impracticable to build stairs permanently to the ground. Where used, swinging stairs shall comply with all provisions of this subsection.

(b) Swinging section of stairs shall not be located over doors, over the path of travel from any other exit, or in any location where there are or are likely to be obstructions.

(d) Pitch/slope shall not be steeper than that of the stairs above.

(e) Railings shall be provided similar in height and construction to those required for the stairs above. Railings shall be designed to prevent any possibility of injury to persons at head or stairs or on balconies when stairs swing downward. Minimum clearance between moving sections where hands might be caught shall be ten (10) centimeters.

(f) If distance from lowest platform to ground exceed three and two-thirds (3.67) meters, an intermediate balcony not more than three and two-thirds (3.67) meters from the ground or less than two (2) meters in the clear underneath shall be provided with width not less than that of the stairs and length not less than one and two-tenth (1.2) meters.

(g) Counterweight shall be provided for swinging stairs and this shall be of type balancing about a pivot, no cables being used. Counterweight shall be securely bolted in place, but sliding ball weights or their equivalent may be used to hold stairs up and help lower them. Counterbalancing shall be such that a person weighing sixty eight (68) kilos, who makes one step from the pivot, will not start swinging the section downward, but when he is one quarter of the length of the swinging stairs from the pivot, the section will swing down.

(h) Pivot for swinging stairs shall either have a bronze busing or have sufficient clearance to prevent sticking on account of corrosion.

(i) No latch to lock swinging stair section in up position shall be installed.

B. Fire Escape Ladders:

(1) Use. — No form of ladder shall be used as a fire escape under the provisions of this Rule, except that ladders conforming to the following specifications may be used to provide access to unoccupied roof spaces as permitted by Section 3.409, to provide a means of escape from boiler rooms, grain elevators and to and towers as permitted by Divisions 14 and 15, elevated platforms around machinery or similar spaces subject to occupancy by not more than three able-bodied adults.

(2) Installation:

(a) All ladders shall be permanently installed in fixed position, supported by rigid connection to the building or structure at intervals not exceeding three (3) meters.

(b) Where ladders provide access to proofs or elevated platforms, rails shall extend not less than one hundred fourteen (114) centimeters above roof line or platform floor or above coping or parapet. Extension of side rails to roof shall be carried over coping or parapet to afford hand hold.

(c) Ladders shall be arranged paralleled to buildings or structures with travel either between ladder and building, in which case minimum clearance center of rungs and building shall be sixty eight (68) centimeters, or outside of ladder, in which case minimum clearance between center of rungs and building shall be sixteen (16) centimeters.

(d) Ladders shall be vertical or positively inclined. No negative incline (i.e., ladder sloping out over the head of a person using it) shall be permitted.

(3) Construction:

(a) Ladders shall be constructed of iron, of steel or of other metal in design having equivalent strength and resistance to corrosion.

(b) Rails of iron or steel ladders shall be not less than one and one-fourth (1.25) centimeters by five (5) centimeters in section, not less than forty (40) centimeters apart.

(c) Rungs shall be not less than twenty two (22) millimeters diameter and shall be riveted or welded in position not less than twenty (25) centimeters nor more than thirty and one half (30.5) centimeters on center.

(d) The lowest rung of any ladder shall be not more than thirty and one-half (30.5) centimeters above the level of the ground or balcony floor beneath it.

C. Slide Escape:

(1) Use and Capacity Rating:

(a) A slide escape may be used as component in means of egress where specifically authorized by Divisions 7 through 15.

(b) Slide escapes, where permitted as required exits, shall be rated at one exit unit per slide, with rated travel capacity of 60 persons per minute.

(c) Slide escapes, except as permitted for high hazard manufacturing buildings or structures, shall not constitute more than twenty five (25%) percent of the required number of units of exit width from any building or structure or any individual story or floor thereof.

(d) Slide escapes, used as exits shall comply with the applicable requirements of this Division for other types of exits subject to the discretion of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(2) Types. — Each slide escape shall be of an approved type.

SECTION 3.410. Illumination of Means of Egress. — A. General:

(1) Illumination of means of egress shall be provided for every building and structure, as required by Divisions 7 through 15.

(2) Illumination of means of egress shall be continuous during the time that the condition of occupancy require that the means of egress be available for use. Artificial lightning shall be employed at such places and for such periods of time as required to maintain the illumination to the minimum lumen values herein specified.

(3) The floors of means of egress shall be illuminated at all points including angles and intersections of corridors and passageways, landings of stairs, and exit doors to values of not less than one thousandth (0.001) lumens per square centimeter.

(4) Any required illumination shall be so arranged that the failure of any lightning unit, such as the burning out of an electric bulb, will not leave any area in darkness.

B. Sources of Illumination

(1) Illumination of means of egress shall be from a source of reasonably assured reliability, such as public utility electric service.

(2) Where electricity is used as a source, of illumination of means egress, the installation shall be properly made in accordance with the appropriate and internationally accepted standards.

(3) No battery operated electric light nor any type of portable lamp or lantern shall be used for primary illumination of means of egress, but may be used as an emergency source to the extent permitted under Emergency Lightning, paragraph "C" of this Section.

(4) No luminescent, fluorescent, or reflective material shall be permitted as substitutes for any of the required illumination herein specified.

C. Emergency Lighting:

(1) In occupancies specified in Divisions 7 through 15, emergency lighting facilities shall be provided for means of egress. Where maintenance of illumination depends upon charging from one energy source to another, there shall be appreciable interruption of illumination during the changeover. Where emergency lighting is provided by a prime mover-operated electric generator, a delay of not more than ten (10) seconds shall be permitted.

(2) Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to maintain the specified degree of illumination in the event of failure of the normal lighting for a period of at least one half (½) hour in buildings more than thirty six and a half (36.5) meters in height.

(3) An emergency lighting system shall be provided as specified in Divisions 7 through 15, subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative as to suitability of the equipment for its intended use and the condition in the individual premises.

(4) Electric battery-operated emergency lights shall use only reliable types of storage batteries, provided with suitable facilities for maintenance in properly charged condition. Dry batteries shall not be used to satisfy these requirements. Electric storage batteries used in such lights or units shall be approved for their intended use and shall comply with the internationally accepted standard.

(5) An emergency lighting system shall be so arranged as to provide the required illumination automatically in the event of any interruption of normal lighting, such as any failure of public utility or other outside electrical power supply, opening of a circuit breaker or fuse, or any manual act, including accidental opening of a switch controlling normal lighting facilities.

(6) An emergency lighting system shall either be continuously in operation or shall be capable of repeated automatic operation without intervention.

SECTION 3.411. ExitMarking. — A. Signs:

(1) Where required by the provisions of Division 15, exits shall be marked by a readily visible sign. Access to exits shall be marked by readily visible signs in all cases where the exit or way to reach it is not immediately visible to the occupants and in any case where required by the applicable provisions of Divisions 7 through 15 for individual occupancies.

(2) Any door, passage, or stairway, which is neither an exit nor a way of exit access and which is so located or arranged as likely to be mistaken for an exit, shall be identified by a sign reading "NOT AN EXIT" and shall be identified by sign indicating its actual character, such as "TO BASEMENT", "STOREROOM", "LINEN CLOSET" or the like.

(3) Every required sign designating an exit or way of exit access shall be so located and of such size, color, and design as to readily visible. No decoration, furnishing, or equipment which impair visibility of an exit sign shall be permitted, nor shall there be any brightly illuminated sign (for other than exit purposes), display, or object in or near the line of vision to the required exit sign of such a character as to so detract attention from the exit sign.

(4) A sign reading "EXIT", with an arrow indicating the direction, shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

(5) Every sign shall be distinctive in color and shall provide contrast decorations, interior finish, or other signs.

B Illumination of Signs:

(1) Every sign shall be suitably illuminated by a reliable light source giving a value of not less than five thousandth (0.005) lumens per square centimeters on the illuminated surface. Such illumination shall be continuous as required under the provisions of Section 3.510, (Illumination of Means of Egress), and where emergency lighting facilities are required, exit signs shall be illuminated from the same source.

(2) Internally illuminated signs shall be provided in all occupancies where reduction of normal illumination is permitted, such as in motion picture theaters.

C. Size of Signs: Every exit shall have the word "EXIT" in plainly legible letters not less than fifteen (15) centimeters high with the principal strokes of letters not less than nineteen (19) millimeters wide, except that in existing buildings externally illuminated exit signs therein having the word "Exit" in plainly visible letters not less than eleven and one half (11.5) centimeters high, other than in places of assembly, may be continued in use.

DIVISION 5

Features of Fire Protection

SECTION 3.501. Protection of Vertical Opening and Combustible Concealed Spaces. — A. General

(1) Every stairway, elevator shaft, light and ventilation, shaft, chute other opening between stories shall be enclosed or protected to prevent the spread of fire or smoke, except openings of buildings protected by automatic fire suppression system as permitted by other Section of this Rule.

(2) In any building with low or ordinary hazard occupancy protected with automatic fire suppression system, up to three (3) communicating floor levels are permitted without enclosure protection between floors, provided all the following conditions are met:

(a) The arrangement is permitted by the applicable occupancy section of this Rule and by the Director General or his duly authorized representative;

(b) The lowest or next to the lowest level is a street floor;

(c) The entire area including all communicating floor levels is sufficiently open and unobstructed so that it may be assumed that a fire or other dangerous condition in any part will be immediately obvious to the occupants of all communicating levels and areas;

(d) Exit capacity is sufficient to provide simultaneously for all occupants of all communicating levels and areas, all communicating levels in the same fire area being considered as a single floor area for purposes of determination of required exit capacity.

(e) Each floor level, considered separately, has at least one-half of its individual required exit capacity provided by an exit or exits leading directly out of that area without traversing another communicating floor level or being exposed to the spread of fire or smoke therefrom; and

(f) All requirements of this Rule with respect to interior finish, protection of hazards, construction and other features are fully observed, without waivers, except openings in floors of educational and institutional occupancies shall be enclosed as required in Divisions 8 and 9, respectively.

(3) Each floor opening, as specified in paragraph "A" (1) of this Section shall be enclosed by substantial walls having fire resistance not less than that required for stairways, paragraph "A" (4) hereof, with approved fire doors or windows provided in openings therein, all so designed and installed as to provide a complete barrier to the spread of fire or smoke through such openings.

(4) The enclosing walls of floor opening serving stairways or ramps shall be so arranged as to provide a continuous path of escape including landings and passageways, in accordance with Section 3.403, providing protection for persons using the stairway or ramp against fire or smoke therefrom in other parts of the building. Such walls shall have fire resistance as follows:

(a) New buildings four stories or more in height two hours fire resistance.

(b) Other new buildings — One (1) hour

(c) Existing buildings — ½ hour, except where greater resistance is required by the Director General or his duly authorized representative in consideration of the hazard present.

B. Special Provisions for Escalator Openings:

(1) Any escalator serving as a required exit shall be enclosed in the same manner as exit stairs.

(2) An escalator not constituting an exit shall have its floor opening enclosed or protected as required for other vertical openings.

Exception: In lieu of such protection, in buildings completely protected by a standard supervised sprinkler system in accordance with Section 3.504, escalator openings may be protected, by any one of the methods as described in paragraph c through e, below.

C. Sprinkle-Vent Method:

(1) Under the conditions specified in paragraph "B" (2) above, escalator openings may be protected by the "sprinkler-vent" method, consisting of a combination of an automatic or smoke detection system, automatic exhaust system and an automatic water curtain meeting the following requirements and of a design meeting the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(2) The exhaust-system shall be of such capacity as to create a down-draft through the escalator floor opening. The downdraft shall have an average velocity of not less than ninety one and a half (91.5) meters per minute under normal conditions for a period of not less than thirty (30) minutes.

(3) Operation of the exhaust system for any floor opening shall be initiated by an approved device in the story involved and shall be any one of the following means is addition to a manual means for opening and testing the system:

(a) Thermostats — fixed temperature, rate-of rise, or a combination of both.

(b) Water flow in the sprinkler system.

(c) Approved supervised smoke detection. Smoke detection devices, if used, shall be so located that the presence of smoke is detected before it enters the stairway.

(4) Electric power supply to all parts of the exhaust system and its control devices shall be designed and installed for maximum reliability.

(5) Any fan or duct used in connection with an automatic exhaust system shall be of the approved type and shall be installed in accordance with good engineering practise.

(6) Periodic tests, not less frequently than quarterly, shall be made of the automatic exhaust system to maintain the system and the control devices in good working conditions.

(7) The water curtain shall be formed by open sprinklers or spray nozzles so located and spaced as to form a complete and continuous barrier along all exposed sides of the floor opening and reaching from the ceiling to the floor. Water intensity for water curtain shall be not less than approximately thirty seven and one-fourth (37.25) liters per minute per linear meter of water curtain, measured horizontally around the opening.

(8) The water curtain shall operate automatically from thermal responsive elements of fixed temperature type so placed with respect to the ceiling (floor) opening that the water curtain comes into action upon the advance of heat toward the escalator opening.

(9) Every automatic exhaust system, including all motors, controls and automatic water curtain system, shall be supervised in an approved manner, similar to that specified for automatic sprinkler system supervision.

D. Spray Nozzle Methods:

(1) Under the conditions specified in "B" (1) above, escalator openings may be protected by the nozzle method, consisting of a combination of an automatic fire or smoke detection system and a system of high velocity water spray nozzle meeting the following requirements and of a design meeting the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(2) Spray nozzles shall be in the open type and shall have a solid conical spray pattern with discharge angles between forty-five (45) and ninety (90) degrees. The number of nozzles, their discharge angles and their location shall be such that the escalator opening between the top of the wellway housing and the treadway will be completely filled with the dense spray on operation of the system.

(3) The number and size of nozzles and water supply shall be sufficient to deliver a discharge of eighty one and a half (81.5) liters of water per square meter per minute through the wellway, area to be figured perpendicular to treadway.

(4) Spray nozzles shall be so located as to effectively utilized the full advantage of the cooling and counterdraft effect. They shall be positioned that the center line of spray discharge is as closely as possible in line with the slope of the escalator; not more than an angle of thirty (30) degrees with the top slope of the wellway housing. Nozzles shall be positioned, also so that the center line of discharge is at an angle of not more than an angle of thirty (30) degrees with the top slope of the wellway housing.

(5) Spray nozzles shall discharge at a minimum pressure of at least one and three-fourths (1.75) kilos per square centimeters. Water supply piping may be taken from the sprinkler system, provided that in so doing an adequate supply of water will be available for the spray nozzles and the water pressure at the sprinkler farthest from the supply riser is not reduced beyond the required minimum.

(6) Control valves shall be readily accessible to minimize water damage.

(7) A noncombustible draft curtain shall be provided extending at least fifty one (51) centimeters below and around the opening and a solid noncombustible wellway housing at least one and a half (1.5) meter long measured parallel to the handrail, and extending from the top of the handrail enclosure to the soffit of the stairway or ceiling above, at each escalator floor opening. When necessary, spray nozzles shall be protected against mechanical injury or tampering that might interfere with proper discharge.

(8) The spray nozzle system shall operate automatically from thermal response elements of the fixed temperature type, so placed with respect to the ceiling (floor) opening that the spray nozzle system comes into action upon the advance of heat towards the escalator opening. Supervised smoke detection located in or near the escalator opening may be used to sound an alarm. The spray nozzle systems shall also be provided with manual means of operation.

(9) Control valves for the spray nozzle system and approved smoke detection or thermostatic devices; shall be supervised in accordance with applicable provisions of Section 3.503.

E. Rolling Shutter Method:

(1) Under the conditions specified in paragraph "B" (1) of Section 3.501, escalator openings above the street only may be protected by the rolling shutter method, consisting of an automatic self-closing rolling shutter which completely encloses the top of each escalator, meets the following requirements, and the design of which meets the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(2) The shutter shall close off the wellway opening immediately upon the automatic detection, by an approved heat-actuated or smoke-sensitive device, of fire or smoke in the vicinity of the escalator. In addition, there shall be provided a manual means of operating and testing the operation of the shutter.

(3) The shutter assembly shall be capable of supporting a weight of ninety eight (98) grams on any one square centimeter of area and shall be not less resistant to fire or heat than six-tenths (0.6) millimeters steel.

(4) The shutter shall operate at a speed of not greater than nine (9) meters per minute. It shall be equipped with a sensitive leading edge, which shall arrest the progress of the moving shutter and cause it to retract a distance of approximately fifteen and one-fourth (15.25) centimeters upon the application of a force not in excess of nine (9) kilos applied on the surface of the leading edge. The shutter, following retraction, shall continue to close immediately.

(5) Automatic rolling shutter shall be provided with an electric contact which will disconnect the power supply from the escalator and apply the brakes as soon as the shutter closes and will prevent further operation of the escalator until the escalator is again in the open position.

(6) The electrical supply to the control devices for actuation of the automatic rolling shutter shall be designed and installed as to provide maximum reliability.

(7) Rolling shutters shall be operated at least once a week in order to sure that they remain in proper operating condition.

F. Partial Enclosure Method:

(1) Under the conditions specified in Section 3.501 "B" escalator opening may be protected by a partial enclosure, or so-called kiosk, so designed as to provide an effective barrier to the spread of smoke from floor to floor.

(2) Partial enclosure shall be of construction providing fire resistance equivalent to that specified for stairway enclosures in the same building, with openings therein protected by approved self-closing fire doors or may be of approved wired glass and metal frame construction with wired glass panel doors. Such doors may be equipped with electric opening mechanism to open the door automatically upon the approach of a person. However, the mechanism shall be such as to return the door to its closed position upon any interruption of electric current supply, and the adjustment shall be such that the pressure of smoke will not cause opening of the door.

G. Firestopping-Concealed Spaces:

(1) In new construction any concealed space, in which materials having a flame-spread rating greater than Class A as defined in Section 3.502 are exposed, shall be effectively fire-stopped as provided below, with approved materials, unless the space is sprinkled in accordance with Section 3.504.

(a) Every exterior and interior wall and partition shall be firestopped at each level, at the top story ceiling level, and at the level of support for roofs.

(b) Every unoccupied attic space shall be subdivided by firestops into areas not to exceed two hundred seventy nine (279) square meters.

(c) Any concealed space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above shall be firestopped for the full depth of the space along the line of support for the floor or roof structural members and, if necessary at other locations to form areas not to exceed ninety three (93) square meters for any space between the ceiling and floor and two hundred seventy nine (279) square meters for any space between the ceiling and the roof.

(2) In every existing building, firestopping shall be provided as required by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15.

SECTION 3.502. Interior Finish. — A. General

(1) Interior finish means the exposed interior surfaces of buildings including, but not limited to fixed or movable walls and partitions, columns and ceilings. For requirement on decorations and furnishing, see Section 3.601 "B"

(2) A finish floor or covering shall be exempt from the requirements of this Section provided, however that in any case where the Director General or his duly authorized representative finds a floor surface of unusual hazard the floor surface shall be considered a part of the interior finish for the purposes of this Rule.

(3) The classification of interior finish materials specified in paragraph (4) shall be that of the basic material used, without regard to subsequently applied paint in wallpaper, except that the Director General or his duly authorized representative shall include such finishes in the determination of classification in any case where in the opinion of the Director General or his duly authorized representative they are of such character or thickness or so applied as to affect materially the flame spread characteristics.

(4) Interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes, in accordance with their flame spreads rating.

(a) Class A Interior Finish. — Flame spread 0-25. Includes any material classified at 25 or less on the test scale described in paragraph (5) hereof. Any element thereof when so tested shall not continue to propagate fire;

(b) Class B Interior Finish. — Flame Spread 26-75. Includes any material classified at more than 25 but not more than 75 on the test scale described in paragraph (5) hereof;

(c) Class C Interior Finish. — Flame Spread 76-200. Includes any material classified at more than 75 but not more than 200 on the test scale described in paragraph (5) hereof;

(d) Class D Interior Finish. — Flame spread 201-500. Includes any material classified at more than 200 but not more than 500 on the test scale described in paragraph (5) hereof; and

(e) Class E Interior Finish. — Flame Spread over 500. Includes any material classified at over 500 on the test scale described in paragraph (5) below.

(5) Interior finish materials as specified in paragraph (4) above shall be classified in accordance with the Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, NFPA Pamphlet No. 255.

(6) Any material, shown by test to have a life hazard greater than that indicated by the flame spread classification owing to the amount or character of smoke generated, shall be included in the group shown in paragraph (4) above appropriate to its actual hazard, as determined by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(7) Classification of interior finish materials shall be in accordance with tests made under conditions simulating actual installations, provided that the Director General or his duly authorized representative may by rule establish the classification of any material on which a rating by standard test is not available.

B. Fire Retardant Paints:

(1) In existing buildings the required flame spread classification of interior surfaces may be secured by applying a proved fire retardant paints or solutions to existing interior surfaces having a higher flame spread rating than permitted.

(2) Fire retardant paints or solution shall be renewed at such intervals necessary to maintain the necessary fire retardant properties.

C. Automatic Sprinklers:

(1) Where a complete standard system of automatic sprinklers is installed, interior finish with flame spread rating not over Class C may be used in any location where Class B is normally specified, and with rating of Class B in any location where Class A is normally specified, unless specifically prohibited elsewhere in this Rule.

D. Trim and Incidental Finish: Interior finish not in accordance of ten (10%) percent of the aggregate wall and ceiling areas of any room or space may be Class C materials in occupancies where interior finish of lower flame rating is required.

E. Use of Interior Finishes:

(1) Interior finish material shall be used in accordance with requirements for individual classes of occupancy specified elsewhere in the Rule. Wherever the use of any class of interior finish is specified, the use of a class of lower flame spread rating shall be permitted; e.g., where Class B is specified, Class A may be used.

(2) In all new building other than private residence Class A or Class C interior finish shall be used in all basements or other underground spaces from which there is no direct exit to the outside of the building, if subject to occupancy for any purpose other than storage or service facilities.

(3) Interior finish of Class E shall not be used in any room space subject to human occupancy, except to such extent as may be specifically permitted by the Director General or his duly authorized representative on the basis of finding that such use does not significally increase the life hazard, provided, however, that such use of Class E interior finish shall not in any case exceed to ten (10%) percent of the aggregate interior surface of the walls and ceiling of the room or space in which such Class E material is located.

SECTION 3.503. Protective Signalling System. — A. General

(1) The provisions of this Section cover alarm signalling systems which provides fire extinguishing system alarm and supervisory signals. These systems are primarily intended for the protection of life by indicating abnormal conditions and secondarily to summon assistance.

B. Initiation of Signal Indication:

(1) As provided in Divisions 7 through 15, a signalling system shall provide signal indication, due to any or all of the following means of initiation:

(a) Manual fire alarm initiation.

(b) Automatic fire detection and alarm initiation.

(d) Automatic detection and alarm initiation of extinguishing system operation.

(e) Automatic detection and alarm initiation of industrial processes or other conditions endangering life.

(f) Monitoring and supervisory signal initiation of conditions which would prevent operation of an extinguishing system.

(g) Voice communication alarm initiation.

C. System Types:

(1) Systems contemplated by this Rule are classified into four types in accordance with type of action of the signal indicating devices following the operation of an alarm initiating device.

(2) These types are: Non-coded system, common coded systems, selective coded systems and dual coded systems.

(3) A common coded, selective coded, or dual coded system shall be used only as permitted by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15 or as specifically authorized by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

D. Signal Indicating Devices:

(1) Audible alarm indicating devices shall be of such character and so distributed to be effectively heard above the maximum noise level obtained under normal conditions of occupancy.

(2) Audible alarm indication shall produce signals which are distinctive from audible signaling indicating devices used for other purposes in the same area.

(3) Audible fire alarm devices are required by Divisions 7 through 15 other than voice communication shall be used only for fire alarm system purposes.

(4) Visual alarm indicating devices may be used in lieu of audible devices, where permitted by Division 7 through 15.

(5) Except as provided in paragraph "D" (2), where a protective signaling system is required for purpose of evacuation, it shall be so installed as to provide effective warning of fire in any part of the building. Where a building is divided by one (1) fire wall into separate fire sections or two (2) by other means with adequate safeguards against the spread of fire or smoke from one section to another, each section may be considered a separate building.

E. Common Requirements:

(1) Protective signaling system and their component devices or equipment shall be approved for the purpose for which installed.

(2) Systems shall be under the supervision of a qualified, responsible person, who shall cause proper tests and inspection to be made at prescribed intervals and shall have general charge of all alterations and additions to the system.

(3) Systems shall be tested periodically, as specified by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 16 or as specified by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(4) System components or equipment shall be restored to normal condition promptly after each test or alarm and shall be kept in normal condition for operation.

(5) Systems shall be arranged to cause effective response of all required signal indicating devices without the necessity of manual operation after the operation of any signal initiating device.

(6) A signaling system may be arranged to automatically perform local, incidental control functions necessary to make the premises safer in event of fire or to make it possible to hear alarm signals. The performance of incidental control functions necessary to make the premises safer in event of fire or to make it possible to hear alarm signals. The performance of incidental control functions, such as the release of self-opening or self-closing doors, shutting of supplies of gas, fuel oil, or electrical power, switching on emergency lights, switching off air supply ventilating fans, and the like shall not in any way impair the effective response of all required alarm indicating devices. The performance of incidental control functions shall not interfere with the power for lighting or for operating elevators.

F. Manual Alarms Initiation:

(1) Manual fire alarm boxes shall be used only for fire protective signaling purposes.

(2) A manual fire alarm box shall be provided in the natural path of escape from fire, near each exit from an area and shall be readily accessible, unobstructed and at visible points.

(3) Additional fire alarm boxes shall be so located that from any part of the building not more than sixty one (61) meters horizontal distance on the same floor must be traversed in order to reach a fire alarm box.

(4) Manual fire alarm boxes shall be arranged such that there will be no difference between the sounding of actual alarms and drill signals.

(5) Each manual fire alarm box on a system shall be of some general type.

(6) Manual fire alarm boxes shall be tested periodically, as specified by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 16 or as specified by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

G. Automatic Detection and Alarm Initiation:

(1) Automatic fire detection alarm initiating devices shall be installed in areas as required by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15. They shall be located upon the ceiling, on the side walls near the ceiling or at other appropriate locations after an engineering survey has been made.

(2) Automatic fire detection alarm initiating devices shall be approved for the particular application, spacings and locations.

(3) Automatic fire detection alarm initiation devices shall be tested periodically, as specified by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15 or as specified by the Director General or his duly authorized representatives.

(4) The connection of automatic fire detection devices shall not impair the effectiveness and dependability of operation of manual fire alarm boxes to sound the alarm indicating signals.

H. Automatic Smoke Detection and Alarm Initiation:

(1) Automatic smoke detection alarm initiating devices shall be installed in areas as required by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15. The location of smoke detection devices shall be based upon a survey of the area to be protected. They shall be so located and adjusted to operate reliably in case of smoke in any put of the protected area.

(2) Automatic smoke detection devices shall be tested periodically, as specified by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 16 as specified by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(3) The connection of smoke detection devices shall not impair the effectiveness and dependability of operation of manual fire alarm boxes to operate the alarm indicating devices.

I. Extinguishing System Alarm Initiation:

(1) Where a sprinkler system provides automatic detection and alarm initiation it shall be provided with an alarm initiation device which will operate when the flow of water is equal to or greater than that from a single automatic sprinkler.

(2) Extinguishing system alarm initiating devices shall be installed on systems as required by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15.

(3) Extinguishing system alarm initiating devices shall be approved for the particular application and location.

(4) Extinguishing system alarm devices shall be tested periodically, as specified by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15, or as specified by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(5) Means for manually operating the extinguishing system alarm signaling system shall be provided. The manual means shall be located where designated by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

J. Extinguishing System Supervisory Signal Initiation:

(1) Supervisory signal initiating devices, which monitor valves, pressure, water level, temperature, pumps and other conditions which could impair or prevent operation of an extinguishing system, shall be provided where required by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15.

(2) Audible signals from alarm devices initiated by operation of supervisory signal initiating devices shall be separate and distinct from those indicating manual or automatic system operation.

(3) Installation of a supervisory signal initiating device shall not interfere with the normal operation of any part of the extinguishing system.

(4) Supervisory signal initiating devices shall be tested periodically, as specified by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 16 or as specified by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(5) The connection of supervisory signal initiating devices shall be installed so as not to impair the alarm boxes to sound alarm indicating signals.

K. Municipal Fire Department Notification:

(1) An alarm signaling system shall be so arranged that the normal operation of any required alarm initiating device will automatically transmit an alarm to the nearest fire station or to such other outside assistance as may be available.

(2) An alarm signaling system may be connected to the municipal fire department by:

(a) Direct connect remote station system.

(b) Auxiliary connected by municipal alarm system.

SECTION 3.504. Automatic Sprinklers and Other Extinguishing Equipment. A. Automatic Sprinklers:

(1) General:

(a) Each automatic sprinkler system shall be of a standard approved type, so installed and maintained as to provide complete coverage for all portions of the premises protected, except insofar as partial protection is specified by the requirements of this Rule.

(b) Every automatic sprinkler system shall be provided with a waterflow alarm device to give, and, where such alarm facilities meet the provisions of Section 3.503 for automatic fire detection, it may be used in lieu of automatic fire detection facilities required in this Rule.

(c) Where automatic sprinkler protection is provided, other requirements of this Rule may be modified to such extent as permitted by the provisions of this Rule.

(2) Water Supplies:

(a) Each automatic sprinkler system required by this Rule shall be provided with adequate and reliable water supplies subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative. At least one source of supply shall be provided under continuous and automatic pressure, such as from a public water system, a gravity tank or a pressure tank. Supplementary sources may be provided where necessary in the interest of greater reliability or adequate volume.

(3) Maintenance and Supervision:

(a) Each automatic sprinkler system required by this Rule shall be continuously maintained in reliable operating condition at all times, and such periodic inspections and tests shall be made as are necessary to assure proper maintenance.

(b) Where supervised automatic sprinkler protection is specified in this Rule, the automatic sprinkler system shall be provided with approved facilities to assure that it is proper operative condition, such as by electrical connections to a continuously manned control station or fire department headquarters to give automatic notice of any closed water supply valve or other condition that might interfere with the operation of the system; also notice or any flow of water in the system due to fire or other cause. Such facilities shall include provision for immediate alarm to the fire department in case of fire or suspected fire and for appropriate immediate action to restore the sprinkler system to operative condition in case of any derangement.

B. Other Automatic Extinguishing Equipment: In any occupancy where the character of the potential fuel fire is such that extinguishment or control of fire will be more effectively accomplished by a type of automatic extinguishing systems other than automatic sprinkler system such as carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or water spray, a standard, extinguishing system of other type may be installed in lieu of an automatic sprinkler system subject to the approval of the Director General or his authorized representative.

C. Manual Extinguishing Equipment:

(a) Any fire extinguisher provided shall be of the prescribed and approved type.

(b) Each standpipe and hose system provided shall be of the prescribed and approved type.

SECTION 3.505. Segregation and Protection of Hazards.— A. Any progress, operation or storage having a degree of hazard greater than that normal to the general occupancy of the building or structure under consideration shall be enclosed with construction having at least a 4-hour fire resistance rating or shall be provided with automatic fire protection or both, as specified in Divisions 7 through 15. Where a hazard is severe, both the fire-rated construction and automatic fire protection shall be used.

B. All construction enclosing hazardous operation or storage shall have not less than 1-hour fire resistance, and all openings between the balance of the building and rooms or enclosures for hazardous operations or processes shall be protected with self-closing or automatic fire doors.

C. Where hazardous processes or storage are of such a character as to involve an explosion hazard, explosion hazard, explosion venting to outside the building shall be provided by thin glass or other approved vents.

D. Where automatic protection is required, such protection shall be by automatic sprinklers in accordance with Section 3.504 or other approved extinguishing system appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled.

SECTION 3.506. Smoke Partitions. — A. Any smoke partition, required by subsequent portions of this Rule, shall be constructed of fire resistive materials and shall form an effective membrane, continuous from outside wall to outside wall and from floor to floor slab thereby including continuity through all concealed, spaces, such as those found above a suspended ceiling, and including industrial spaces.

B. Smoke partitions shall have openings only for ingress and egress and for building service equipment. Doorways shall be protected by doors meeting the provisions of paragraph "C" hereof, and any openings where building service equipment pierces the partitions shall be closed. Transfer grills, whether equipped with fusible links release dampers or not, shall not be used in these partitions.

C. Doors in Smoke Partitions.

(1) Doors in required smoke partitions shall be of a swinging type and shall have a fire protection rating of at least twenty (20) minutes.

(2) Any glass panels in doors in smoke partitions shall be of transparent wired glass mounted in steel frames.

(3) Doors in smoke partitions shall be automatically self-closing.

(4) Doors in smoke partitions shall close the opening with only the clearance for proper operation under self-closing.

(5) Doors in smoke shall be without undercuts, louvers, or grills.

(6) Doors in smoke partitions shall not incorporate locking devices.

SECTION 3.507. Fire Doors. — A. Any fire door, installed in accordance with the requirements of this Rule shall be of an approved type. The fire protection rating of any fire door shall be as measured in accordance with the appropriate internationally accepted standard. Each fire door shall be appropriate for the location in which it is installed.

B. Any swinging fire door and any door in stair enclosure walls designed to prevent the spread of fire shall be provided with approved positive latching means to hold it in the closed position against the pressure of expanding fire gases.

DIVISION 6

Building Service Equipment

SECTION 3.601. General. — Air conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking, incinerating, or other building service equipment shall not be installed unless prior approval is secured from the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 3.602. Smoke Venting. — A. Design and installation of smoke venting facilities, where required for safe use of exits in windowless buildings, underground structures, and large area factories, shall also be subject to the same approval in the next preceding Section.

B. Natural draft smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level. Such vents shall be normally open or if closed shall be designed for automatic opening in case of fire.

C. Where smoke-venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this Rule, they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulations of smoke during the time necessary to evacuate the area served, using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

D. The discharge apertures of all natural draft smoke vents shall be so arranged as to be readily opened from the exterior by the members of the Fire Service.

E. A power-operated smoke exhaust system may be substituted for required natural draft vents only by specific permission of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 3.603. Rubbish Chutes, Laundry Chutes, and Flue-Fed Incinerators. — A. Every chute and incinerator flue shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 3.501 "A" (1), and the openings therein shall be protected in accordance with a Section 3.501 "A" (3). In new construction, chutes or incinerator flues shall not open directly on any exit or corridor to an exit, but shall be in a separate room or closet, separated from the exit, or from the corridor by an approved self-closing fire door, except that this requirement shall not apply to detached, single-or two-family dwellings.

B. Every incinerator flue, rubbish chute, and laundry chute shall be of a standard type properly designed and maintained for fire safety.

C. In new constructions, any chute other than an incinerator flue shall be provided with automatic fire suppression system.

SECTION 3.604. Automatic Elevators. — Elevators in buildings five storeys or more above or below the ground level shall be arranged for use by members of the Fire Service, unless exempt by the provisions Divisions 6 through 15.

DIVISION 7

Places of Assembly

SECTION 3.701. General Requirements. — A. Location, Occupancy, and Occupant Load

(1) Location of Places of Assembly: The location of a place of assembly shall be limited as follows:

(a) In a building of fire-resistive construction, a Class A, B or C place of assembly shall be permitted at the level of exit discharge and in any story above the level or exit discharge.

(b) In building of heavy timber, protected noncombustible, protected ordinary and protected wood-frame construction, a Class B or Class C places of assembly shall be permitted at the level of exit discharge.

(c) In buildings of noncombustible, ordinary and wood-frame construction, a Class C place, of assembly shall be permitted at the level of exit discharge.

(d) In buildings of any type of construction, a Class A, B or C place of assembly shall be permitted in any story below the level of exit discharge, if the story in which the place of assembly and any story intervening between that story and the level of exit discharge are provided with complete, automatic fire suppression system. If there is any opening between the level of discharge and the exits serving the place of assembly, the level of discharge shall in like manner be protected.

(e) The level of exit discharge shall be measured at the point of principal entrance to the building.

(f) Where the principal entrance to a place of assembly is via a depressed terrace, the terrace shall be at least as wide as the exit which it serves, but not less than one and a half (1.5) meters wide, and it shall be increased in width by fifty (50%) percent of any other exits tributary thereto. The level of the terrace shall be considered the level of exit discharge.

(2) Special Provisions for Places of Assembly in Buildings of Other Occupancy: Any place of assembly and its access to exits in buildings of other occupancy, such as ballrooms in hotels, restaurants in stores, roof top places of assembly, or assembly rooms in schools shall be so located, separated, or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from a fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

(3) Occupancy and Occupant Load:

(a) Definition of Place of Assembly: Places of assembly include, but are not limited to all buildings or portions of buildings used for gathering together fifty (50) or more persons. Places of assembly shall include those facilities used for such purposes as deliberation, worship, entertainment, amusement, or awaiting transportation. Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by less than fifty (50) persons in a building of other occupancy and incidental to such other occupancy shall be classed as part of the other occupancy and subject to the provisions applicable thereto.

(b) Classification of Places of Assembly.— Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity, as follows: Class A, capacity one-thousand (1,000) persons or more; Class B, capacity three hundred (300) to one thousand (1,000) persons; Class C, fifty (50) to three hundred (300) persons.

(c) Occupant Load: The occupant load permitted in any assembly building, structure, or portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the net floor are or space assigned to that use by the square meter per occupant as follows:

(c-1) As assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as auditorium, church, chapel, dance floor, and lodge room: sixty-five hundredths (0.65) square meter per person.

(c-2) An assembly area of less concentrated use such as conference room, dining room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge: one and four-tenths (1.4) square meters per person.

(c-3) Standing room or waiting space: twenty-eight hundredths (0.28) square meter per person.

(c.4) The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load.

(c-5) The occupant load permitted in a building or portion thereof may be increased if the necessary aisles and exits are provided subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative. An approved aisle, exit, and/or seating diagram may be required by the Director General or his duly authorized representative to substantiate an increase in occupant load.

(c-4) Every room constituting a place of assembly and not having fixed seats shall have the occupant load of the room posted in a conspicuous place, near the main exit from the room. Approved signs shall be maintained in a legible manner. Signs shall be durable and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room.

B. Exit Details:

(1) Capacity of Exits: Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony, and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with Section 3.701.

(a) No individual unit of exit width shall serve more than one hundred (100) persons.

(b) Doors leading outside the building at grade level, or not more than three (3) risers above or below grade. Class A ramps or horizontal exits — one hundred (100) persons per exit unit adjusted according to location of exits as required in paragraph c below.

(2) Minimum Number of Exits:

(a) Every Class A place of assembly, capacity of more than one thousand (1,000) persons shall have at least four (4) separate exits as remote from each other as practicable.

(b) Every Class B place of assembly [capacity three hundred (300) to one thousand (1,000) persons] shall have at least two (2) separate exits as remote from each other as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred (600) at least three (3) each exit not less than two (2) units.

(c) Every Class C place of assembly (capacity of 50 to 300 persons) shall have at least two (2) means of exit, consisting of separate exits or doors leading to a corridor or other spaces giving access to two (2) separate and independent exits m different directions.

(3) Location of Exits.

(a) Main Exit. — Every assembly occupancy shall be provided with a main exit. The main exit shall be of sufficient width to accommodate one-half (½) of the total occupant load, but shall be not less than the total required width of all aisles, exit passageways and stairways leading there to, and shall connect to a stairway or ramp leading to a street.

(b) Other Exits. — Each level of an assembly occupancy shall have access to the main exit and in addition shall be provided with exits of sufficient width to accommodate two thirds (2/3) of the total occupant load served by that level. Such exits shall open directly to a street or into an exit court, enclosed stairway, outside stairway, or exit passageway leading to a street. Such exits shall be located as far apart and as far from the main exits as practicable. Such exits shall be accessible from a cross aisle or a side aisle.

(4) Travel Distance to Exits. — Exits shall be so arranged that the total length of travel from any point to reach an exit will not exceed forty six (46) meters in any place of assembly for spaces not protected by automatic fire suppression and sixty one (61) meters in areas so protected.

(5) Types of Exits — (a) Exits of the specified number and width shall be of one or more of the following types, in accordance with the provisions of Division 4 of this Rule.

(a-1) Doors of the swinging type leading directly outside or through a lobby or passageway leading to the outside of the building.

(a-2) Horizontal exits (see Section 3.405).

(a-3) Smokeproof towers (see Section 3.403).

(a-4) Stairs, Class A for all new places of assembly (see Section 3.403).

(c-5) Outside stairs. Same requirements as for stairs, including intermediate handrails on monumental stairs serving main entrance doors (see section 3.404).

(a-6) Ramps Class A for all new Class A places of assembly; Class B for Class B and Class C places of assembly (see Section 3.406).

(a-7) Escalators (see Section 3.408).

(b) Turnstiles — No turnstiles or other devices to restrict the movement of persons shall be installed in any place of assembly in such a manner as to interfere in any way with required exit facilities. (See Division 4 for further requirements for turnstiles).

(6) Panic Hardware — An exit door from an assembly occupancy shall not be provided with a latch or lock unless it is panic hardware.

(7) Seating, Aisles, and Railings:

(a) Seating

(a-1) The spacing of rows of seats from back to back shall be not less than eighty three (83) centimeters, nor less than sixty eight (68) centimeters plus the sum of the thickness of the back and inclination of the back. There shall be a space of not less than thirty (30) centimeters between the back of one seat and the front of the seat immediately behind it as measured between plumb lines.

(a-2) Rows of seats between aisles shall have not more than fourteen (14) seats.

(a-3) Rows of seats opening on to an aisle at one side only shall have not more than seven (7) seats.

(a-4) Seats without dividing arms shall have their capacity determined by allowing sixty (60) centimeters per person.

(b) Aisles — Every portion of any assembly building which contains seats, tables, displays, equipment, or other materials shall be provided with aisles leading to exits as follows:

(b-1) When serving more than (60) seats, every aisle shall be not less than ninety one (91) centimeters wide when serving seats on one side only, and not less than one (1) meter wide when serving seats on both sides. Such minimum width shall be measured at the point farthest from an exit, cross aisles, or foyer and shall be increased in width by two and a half (2.5) centimeters for each meter in length toward the exit, cross aisles, or foyer.

(b-2) When serving sixty (60) seats or less, aisles shall be not less than seventy six (76) centimeters wide.

(b-3) Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer, or exit. The width of such cross aisle, foyer, or exit shall be not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisle plus fifty (50%) percent of the total required width of the remaining aisles which it serves.

(b-4) No dead-end aisle shall be greater than six and one-tenth (6.1) meters in length. In arena or thrust stage theaters, dead-end aisles at the stage shall not exceed five rows beyond a cross aisle.

(b-5) The length of travel to an exit door by any aisle shall be not greater than forty six (46) meters.

(b-6) Steps shall not be placed in aisles to overcome differences in level unless the gradient exceeds twelve and a half (12.5%) percent. Steps in aisles shall conform to the requirement for Class A stairs as to rise end tread;

(b-7) The gradient of sloping aisles shall not exceed twelve and a half (12.5%) percent.

(c-1) The fasciae of boxes, balconies and; galleries shall have substantial railings not less than sixty six (66) centimeters high above the floor.

(c-2) The railings at the ends of aisles extending to the fasciae shall not less than seventy six (76) centimeters high for the width of the aisle, or ninety one (91) centimeters high if at foot of steps.

(c-3) Cross aisles shall be provided with railings not less than sixty six (66) centimeters.

(8) Lighting and Signs — (a) All places of assembly shall have exit lighting in accordance with Section 3.419 and signs in accordance with Section 3.411. All Class A and B places of assembly shall be provided with emergency lighting.

(b) In every auditorium or other places of assembly where pictures, motion pictures or other projections are made by means of directed light, the illumination projections are made by means of directed light, the illumination of the floors of exit access may be reduced during such period or projection to values of not less than two ten-thousandths (0.0002) lumen per square centimeter.

C. Waiting Spaces: — In theaters and similar places of public assembly where persons are admitted to the building at times when seats are not available for them and are allowed to wait in a lobby or similar space until seats are available, such use of lobby or similar spaces shall not encroach upon the required clear width of exits. Such waiting shall be restricted to areas other than the required means of egress. Exits shall be provided for such waiting spaces on the basis of one person for each one-fourth (0.25) square meters of waiting space area. Such exits shall be in addition to the exits specified for the main auditorium area and shall conform in construction and arrangement to the general rules for exits given in this Division.

D Exits Common to Other Occupancies: —

(1) Places of assembly in building of other occupancy may use exits common to the place of assembly and the other occupancy provided that the assembly area and the other occupancy considered separately each have exits sufficient to meet the requirements of this Rule.

(2) Exits shall be sufficient for simultaneous occupancy of both the place of assembly and other parts of the building.

E. Stage and Enclosed Platform:

(1) Definitions:

(a) Enclosed Platforms. — is a partially enclosed portion of an assembly room the ceiling of which is not more than one hundred fifty five.(155) centimeters above the proscenium opening of which is designed or used for the presentation of plays, demonstrations, or other entertainment wherein scenery, drops, decorations, or other effects may be installed or used.

(b) Stage. — is a partially enclosed portion of an assembly building which is designed or used for the presentation of plays, demonstrations, or other entertainment wherein scenery, drops or other effects may be installed or used, and where the distance between the top of the proscenium opening and the ceiling above the stage in more than one hundred fifty two (152) centimeters.

(c) Trust stage. — is that portion of a stage which projects into the audience on the audience side of a proscenium wall or opening.

(d) Arena stage. — is a stage or platform open on at least three (3) sides to audience seating. It may be with or without overhead scene handling facilities.

(e) Proscenium wall. — is a fire resistive wall which separates a stage or enclosed platform from the public or spectator's area of an auditorium or theater.

(2) Every stage equipped with fly galleries, gridirons, and rigging for movable theater-type scenery, and every enclosed platform larger than forty six and a half (46.5) square meters in area shall be protected with the automatic fire suppression system at the ceiling, under the gridiron, in usable spaces under the stage or platform and in auxiliary spaces and dressing rooms, storerooms, and workshops.

When openings are provided in the stage floor for stage lifts, trap doors, or stairs, automatic fire suppression system shall be provided around the opening at the ceiling below the stage, and baffles at least thirty (30) centimeters in depth shall be installed around the perimeter of the opening.

(3) Every stage and every enclosed platform larger than forty six and a half (46.5) square meters shall have ventilators in or above it, operable from the stage floor by hand and also opening by fusible links or other approved automatic heat actuated device, or heat and smoke actuated device, to give a free opening equal to at least five (5) percent of the area floor of the stage or enclosed platform. Where mechanical ventilation is provided it shall be so arranged that natural ventilation, at least equal to the above, will be available. Make up air for mechanical ventilation shall not be obtained from the audience (seating) areas.

(4) The proscenium opening of every stage shall be provided with a fire resistant curtain constructed and mounted so as to intercept hot gases, flames, and smoke, and to prevent glow from a severe fire on the stage showing on the auditorium side within a five (5) minute period. The curtain shall be automatic closing without the use of applied power.

(5) Every stage shall be provided with a fire control station located on or adjoining the stage. The fire control station shall have the following:

(a) Lights to indicate the operations of all emergency light and power circuits.

(b) Manual operating devices to actuate automatic spray heads at proscenium, proscenium curtain, and smoke vents.

(c) Indicator light to show that the automatic fire suppression system is operating, or sprinkler system values are open and system is charged with water under pressure.

(d) A public address system energized from normal and emergency light and power sources.

(e) An alarm system connected to the manager's office, dressing rooms, and auxiliary stage spaces. It shall not sound an alarm audible in the audience or seating portion of the theater.

(6) Auxiliary stage spaces such as under-stage areas, dressing rooms, workshops and similar spaces associated with the functioning of a stage shall comply with the following:

(a) No point within any auxiliary space shall be more than fifteen and one-fourth (15.25) meters from a door providing access to an exit.

(b) There shall be at least two (2) exits available from every auxiliary stage space, one of which shall be available within a travel distance of twenty three (23) meters. A common path of travel of six (6) meters to the two (2) exits shall be permitted.

(d) No workshop involving the use of combustible or flammable paint, liquids, or gases, or their storage shall open directly upon a stage.

(7) Where automatic fire suppression system is not required, the proscenium wall of every theater using movable scenery or decorations shall not have more than two (2) openings entering the stage, exclusive of the proscenium opening. Such openings shall not exceed two (2) square meters each and shall be fitted with self-closing fire doors.

(8) Each stage shall be equipped with a sixty three and a half (63.5) millimeters standpipe and hose on each side of the stage.

F. Projection Booth:

(1) Every place of assembly in which pictures are projected from cellulose acetate, or other safety film using electric arc, xenon, or other light sources which generate hazardous gases, dust, or radiation, shall have a projection room which complies with Section 3.706 and the following paragraph.

(2) There shall be posted on the outside of each projection room door and within the projection room proper, a conspicuous sign in block letters twenty five (25) millimeters stroke stating: "Safety Film Only Permitted in This Room".

G. Projection:

(1) Projection of Exits and Vertical Openings. — All interior stairways and other vertical openings shall be enclosed and protected as provided in Section 3.501.

(2) Interior Finish:

(a) The interior finish requirements of this Section shall be in accordance with Section 3.502 of this Rule and subject to modifications specified therein.

(b) Interior finish in all means of egress in all places of assembly shall be Class A.

(c-1) In Class A and Class B places of assembly: Class A or Class B interior finish.

(c-2) In all Class C places of assembly: Class A, B, or C interior finish.

(d) Screen on which pictures are projected shall comply with requirements of Class A or Class B interior finish.

(3) Hazardous Areas:

(a) Rooms containing high pressure boilers, refrigerating machinery of other than domestic refrigerator type, large transformers or other service equipment subject to possible explosion shall not be located directly under or adjacent to required exits. All such rooms, shall be effectively cut off from other parts of the building by construction having fire resistance rating of not less than one (1) hour.

(b) All openings between the balance of the building and rooms or enclosures for hazardous operations or processes shall be protected by standard self-closing or automatic fire doors and shall be provided with adequate vents to the outer air.

(c) All rooms or areas used for storage of any combustible materials or equipment, or for painting, refinishing, repair, or similar purposes shall be effectively cut off from assembly areas or provided with automatic fire suppression. Where the hazard is severe, both the separation and automatic fire suppression system requirement shall be complied.

H. Building Service Equipment:

(1) Elevators: — Elevators shall not constitute required means of exit. When places of assembly are more than three (3) stories or more than three (3) stories above ground level and equipped with automatic elevators, one or more elevators shall be designed and equipped for fire emergency use by members of the Fire Service. Key operation shall transfer automatic elevator operation to manual and bring elevator to ground or first floor use by said members. The elevator shall be situated so as to be readily accessible.

(2) Air Conditioning. — All air conditioning, heating and ventilation installations shall comply with the provisions of Division 6 of this Rule.

(3) Special Provisions for Food Service Establishments. —

(a) All devices in connection with the preparation of food shall be so installed and operated as to avoid hazard to the safety occupants.

(b) All devices in connection with the preparation of food shall be of an approved type and shall be installed in accordance with good engineering practice.

SECTION 3.702. Outdoor Assembly. — A. All grandstands, tents, and other places of outdoor assembly shall comply with the requirements of NFPA Pamphlet No. 102. Standards for Tents, Grandstands, and air supported Structures used for public assembly.

B. Grandstand and bleacher type seating may be used as indoor type seating when it meets with the requirements of this Division.

SECTION 3.703. Underground Structure and Windowless Buildings. — The requirements of places assembly shall be in accordance with this Divisions and of this Rule.

SECTION 3.704. Special Provisions for Exhibitions Halls. — A. No display or exhibit shall be so installed or operated as to interfere in any way with access to any required exit or with visibility of any required exit or of any required exit sign, nor shall any display block access to fire fighting equipment.

B. All displays or exhibits of combustible material or construction and all booths and temporary construction in connection therewith shall be so limited in combustibility or protected as to avoid any undue hazard of fire which might endanger occupants before they have opportunity to use available exits.

C. Any place of assembly used for exhibition or display purposes shall be equipped with a complete automatic fire suppression system, when the exhibition or display area exceeds one thousand three hundred ninety four (1,394) square meters. For combustible materials not on display, storage room having an enclosure with a fire resistance rating of at least two (2) hours and protected by an automatic fire extinguishing system shall be provided.

SECTION 3.705. Existing Places of Assembly. — A. Capacity Limitations: In existing places of assembly, the Director General or his duly authorized representative may permit occupancy by number of persons not to exceed that for which the existing exits are adequate, provided that measures are established satisfactory to the Director General or his duly authorized representative to prevent occupancy by any greater number of persons.

B. Height Limitations: — Existing places of assembly may be permitted at levels greater than specified in Section 3.701 "A" (1) in buildings provided with automatic fire suppression system.

C. Interior Finish: — In existing places of assembly where interior finish does not conform to the requirements for new assembly buildings, the Director General or his duly authorized representative shall apply the provisions of Section 3.502.

SECTION 3.706. Projection Rooms for Safety Film. — A. Every projection room shall be of permanent construction consistent with the construction requirements for the type of building in which the projection room is located. The room shall have a floor area of not less than seven and four-tenths (7.4) square meters for a single machine and at least three and three-fourths (3.75) square meters for each additional machine. Each motion picture projector, floodlight, spotlight, or similar piece of equipment shall have a clear working space not less than two and one-fourth (1.25) meters.

B. Each projection room shall have at least one out-swinging self-closing door not less than seventy six (76) centimeters wide by two (2) meters high.

C. The aggregate of ports and openings for projection equipment shall not exceed twenty-five (25) percent of the area of the wall between the projection room, and the auditorium. All opening shall be provided glass or other approved material, so as to completely close the opening.

D. Projection booth room ventilation shall be not less than the following:

(1) Supply Air: Each projection room shall be provided with two or more separate fresh air inlet ducts with screened openings terminating within thirty (30) centimeters of the floor, and located at opposite ends of the room. Such air inlets shall be sufficient size to permit an air change every three minutes. Fresh air may be supplied from the general building air conditioning system, providing, it is so arranged that the , projection booth will continue to receive one change of air every three (3) minutes, when no other air is supplied by the general air conditioning system.

(2) Exhaust Air: Each projection room shall be provided with one or more exhaust air outlets which may be manifolded into a single duct outside the booth. Such outlets shall be so located as to ensure circulation throughout the room. Projection room exhaust air system shall be independent of any other air systems in the buildings. Exhaust air ducts shall terminate at the exterior of the building in such a location that the exhaust air cannot be readily recirculated into the supply air system. The exhaust system shall be mechanically operated and of such a capacity as to provide a minimum of one change of air every three minutes. The blower motor shall be outside the duct system. The projection room ventilation system may also appurtenant rooms, such as the generator room and the rewind room.

E. Each projection machine shall be provided with an exhaust duct which will draw air from each lamp and exhaust it directly to the outside of the building in such a fashion that it will not be picked up by supply inlets. Such a duct shall be of rigid materials, except for a continuous flexible connector approved for the purpose. The lamp exhaust systems shall not be interconnected with any other system.

(1) Electric Arc Projection Equipment: — The exhaust capacity shall be five and two-thirds (5.66) cubic meters per minute for each lamp connected to the lamp exhaust system or as recommended by the equipment manufacturer, whichever is greater. Auxiliary air may be introduced into the system through a screened opening to stabilize the arc.

(2) Xenon Projection Equipment: — The lamp exhaust shall exhaust not less than eight and one-half (8.5) cubic meters per minute per lamp, nor less than that exhaust volume required or recommended by the equipment manufacturer, whichever is the greater. The external temperature of the lamp housing shall not exceed fifty four and one-half (54.5ºC) degrees Celsius when operating.

F. (1) Each projection room shall be provided with rewind and film storage facilities.

(2) A maximum of four (4) containers for flammable liquids not greater than one-half (0.5) liter capacity and of a nonbreakable type may be permitted in each projection booth.

(3) Appurtenant electrical equipment such as rheostats, transformers, and generators may be located within the booth or in a separate room of equivalent fire resistance construction.

DIVISION 8

Educational Occupancies

SECTION 3.801. General Requirements. — A. Occupancy and Occupant Load

(1) Classification of Educational Occupancies.

(a) Educational occupancies shall include all buildings used for the gathering of groups of six (6) or more persons for purposes of instructions, such as schools, universities, colleges, and academies.

(b) Educational occupancy includes part-day, nursery schools, kindergartens, day care facilities, and other schools whose purpose is primarily educational even though the children are of pre-school age.

(c) Other occupancies associated with educational institutions shall be in accordance with the appropriate parts of Divisions 3, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15 of this Rule.

(d) In cases where instruction is incidental to some other occupancy, the Section of the Rule governing such other occupancy shall apply.

(2) Occupant Load

(a) The occupant load of educational buildings or any individual story or section thereof for the purpose of determining exits shall be the maximum load as determined by the Director General or his duly authorized representative but not less than one person for each one and eight-tenths (1.8) square meters of net classroom area or four and six-tenths (4.6) square meters of net area of shops, laboratories, and similar vocational rooms. In day nurseries where sleeping facilities are provided the occupant load shall be not less than one person for each three and one-fourth (3.25) square meters.

(b) The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load.

(c) The occupant load of an educational occupancy or portion thereof may be increased over that specified above if the necessary aisles and exits are provided. An approved aisle or seating diagram shall be required by the Director General or his duly authorized representative to substantiate such increase.

(d) The occupant load of individual lecture rooms, gymnasiums, or cafeterias used for assembly purposes of more than one hundred (100) persons shall be determined in accordance with Sec. 3.701.

B. Exit Details

(1) Additional Exit Details. — The provisions of this Sections are based on occupancy by normal individuals. Educational buildings used by persons with physical or mental handicaps shall have additional features as may be required by the Director General or his duly authorized representative to ensure safe use of such exits in an emergency.

(2) Capacity of Exits. —

(a) Every educational building, and every floor, section or room thereof considered separately shall have exits sufficient to provide for the capacity thereof, comprised of one or more types of exits, as follows:

(a-1) The capacity of any door, in accordance with Section 3.402, leading directly outside building at ground level, or not to exceed three (3) risers above or below the ground shall be one hundred (100) persons per unit of exit width per minute.

(a-2) The capacity of any door leading outside building but requiring steps of over three (3) risers to reach the ground shall be one hundred persons per unit of exit width per minute. Steps must have one third more units of exit width than doors to allow for slower travel rate.

(a-3) Capacity of stairs, outside stairs or smokeproof towers, in accordance with Section 3.403 and 3.404 shall be sixty (60) persons per unit of exit width per minute.

(a-4) The capacity of Class A ramps shall be one hundred (100) persons per unit of exit width per minute and for Class B ramps, sixty (60) persons per unit of exit width per minute.

(a-5) Horizontal exits, in accordance with Section 3.405 shall accommodate one hundred (100) persons per unit of exit width per minute.

(b) The same exit units or fraction thereof required for any individual floor may be counted as simultaneously serving all floors above the first story or floor of exit discharge.

(3) Minimum Number of Exits. — Every room or space with a capacity of over fifty (50) persons or over ninety three (93) square meters in area, shall have at least two (2) doorways as remote from each other as practicable. Such doorways shall provide access to separate exits, but, where egress is through corridors, shall open upon a common corridor leading to separate exits in opposite directions.

(4) Travel Distance to Exits. — Travel distance to an exit from any point in a building without a complete automatic fire suppression system shall not exceed forty six (46) meters, and shall not exceed sixty one (61) meters in any building.

(5) Access to Exits. —

(a) Every aisle, corridor, balcony, other means of access to exits, and discharge from exit shall be in accordance with Section 3.401.

(b) Any corridor shall be not less than one and eight-tenths (1.8) meters wide in the clear.

(c) Doors which swing into an exit access corridor shall be recessed to prevent interference with corridor traffic; any doors not so recessed shall open one hundred eighty (180) degrees to stop against the wall. Doors in any position shall not reduce the required corridor width by more than one half.

(d) Drinking fountains or other equipment, fixed or movable shall not be so placed as to obstruct the required minimum one and eight-tenths (1.8) meters corridor width.

(6) Exterior Corridors or Balconies. —

(a) Where exterior corridors or balconies are provided as means of exit, they shall open to the outside air except for railings or balustrades with stairs, or level exits to grade not over seventy six and one-fourth (76.25) meters apart, so located that an exit will be available in either direction from the door to any individual room or space, with dead ends not to exceed six (6) meters. If balconies are enclosed by glass or in any other manner, they shall be treated as interior corridors.

(b) The floors of balconies (exterior corridors) and stairs shall be solid, without openings, and shall comply with requirements for outside stairs as regards balustrades or railings, width and pitch of stairs, and other details, but are not required to be shielded from fire within the building by blank walls, wired glass windows or the like where the stairs are located on the side of balcony or corridor away from the building and are separated from the building by the full required width of the balcony or corridor.

(7) Exit Arrangement. —

(a) Exits shall be so arranged that at least two (2) separate exits will be available from every floor area. Exits shall be as remote from each other as practicable so arranged that there will be no pockets or dead ends in which occupants may be trapped, and in no case shall any dead-end corridor extend more than six (6) meters beyond the stairway or other means of exit therefrom.

(b) Every classroom or room used for educational purposes or student occupancy below the floor of exit discharge shall have access to at least one (1) exit which leads directly to the exterior at level of discharge without entering the floor above.

C. Doors

(1) Door Closure. — All exit doors designed to be kept normally closed shall conform with Section 3.402.

(2) Door Swing. — If a room or space is subject to occupancy by more than fifty (50) persons, exit doors shall swing out. Only one (1) locking or latching device shall be permitted on a door or at leaf of a pair of doors.

(3) Panic Hardware. — Any exterior door and any room door subject to use by one hundred (100) or more persons shall be operated by bars or other panic hardware device, in accordance with Section 3.402, except that a door leading directly to the outside from a classroom occupied by less than one hundred (100) persons may be equipped with the same knob-operated schoolhouse type lock as is used on classroom doors leading to corridor, with no provision whatsoever for locking against egress from the classroom.

D. Lighting and Signs

(1) All educational buildings shall have adequate exit illumination in accordance with Section 3.410. Flexible plan and open plan buildings and buildings designed for night occupancy and portions of buildings having interior and windowless rooms, areas, and corridors shall have emergency lighting.

(2) All educational buildings shall have signs designating the location of exits or the path of travel to reach them, in accordance with Section 3.411.

E. Windows. — Windows for Rescue and Ventilation. — Except in buildings with complete automatic fire suppression systems in accordance with Section 3.504, every room or space used for classroom or other educational purposes or normally subject to student occupancy, unless it has a door leading directly to the outside of building, shall have at least one outside window which can readily be used for emergency rescue or ventilation purposes, and which meets all of the following provisions:

(1) It can readily be opened from the inside without the use of tools;

(2) It provides a clear opening with a minimum dimension of approximately fifty-five (55) centimeters and is approximately one half (0.5) square meter in area;

(3) The bottom of window opening is not more than eighty two (82) centimeters above the floor; and

(4) Where storm windows, screens, or antiburglar devices are used, these shall be provided with quick opening mechanism so that they may be readily opened from the inside for emergency egress and shall be so arranged that when opened they will not drop to the ground.

F. Protection

(1) Protection of Vertical Openings. —

(a) Any interior stairway and. other vertical opening in education buildings shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Section 3.501.

(b) In educational buildings, stairway enclosure will not be required for a stairway serving only one adjacent floor except a basement and not connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors.

(2) Interior Corridors. —

(a) Every interior corridor shall be of construction having not less than a one-hour fire resistance rating, and all openings therein protected accordingly. Room doors may be forty-four (44) millimeters solid bonded core wood doors or the equivalent. Such corridor protection shall not be required when all classrooms served by such corridors have at least one door directly to the outside or to an exterior balcony or corridor as in Section 3.801.

(b) Any interior corridor more than ninety one (91) meters in length shall be divided into sections not to exceed ninety one (91) meters in length by smoke partitions installed in accordance with Section 3.506.

(3) Interior Finish. — Interior finish shall be Class A in corridors, stairways and other means of egress and may be Class B or Class C elsewhere, in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.502.

(4) Fire Alarm System. —

(a) Approved fire alarm facilities capable of being manually operated in accordance with Section 3.503 shall be provided in every educational building.

(b) In buildings provided with automatic fire suppression system the operation of the system shall automatically actuate electrical school fire alarm system.

(5) Automatic Fire Suppression System. — Every portion of educational buildings below the floor of exit discharge shall be protected with complete automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 3.504.

(6) Hazardous Areas. — An area used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, fuel storage, janitors closets, maintenance shops including woodworking and painting areas, laundries and kitchen shall be separated from other parts of the building with construction having not less than a one-hour fire resistance rating, and all openings shall be protected with self-closing fire doors, or such area shall be provided with automatic fire suppression system. Where the hazard is severe, both the fire resistive separation and automatic fire suppression system shall be provided.

G. Building Service Equipment

(1) Elevators. —

(a) An elevator shall not constitute required means of exit.

(b) When an educational occupancy is more than three (3) stories, or more than three (3) stories above the ground level and equipped with automatic elevators, one or more elevators shall be designed and equipped for fire emergency use by fire fighters, as specified in Section 3.604. Key operation shall transfer automatic elevator operation to manual and bring elevator to ground or first floor for use by members of the Fire Service. The elevator shall be situated so as to be readily accessible.

(2) Air conditioning. — Every air-conditioning, heating, and ventilating installation shall comply with Division 6 of this Rule.

(3) Electrical Wiring and Equipment. — Electrical wiring and equipment shall be in accordance with provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code, and all cooking, heating, incinerating and other building service equipment shall be installed in accordance with Division 6.

SECTION 3.802. Special Provisions for Flexible Plan and Open Plan Buildings. — A. Definitions

(1) Flexible plan and open plan educational buildings or portion of a building not having corridors which comply with Section 3.801 and are designed for multiple teaching stations.

(a) Flexible plan buildings have movable corridor walls and movable partitions of full height construction with doors leading from rooms to corridors. Flexible plan buildings without exit access doors between rooms and corridors shall be classified as open plan buildings.

(b) Open plan buildings have rooms and corridors delineated by use of tables, chairs, desks, bookcases, counters, low height partitions, or similar furnishings.

(2) Common Atmosphere. — A common atmosphere exits between rooms, spaces or area within a building, which are not separated by an approved smoke partition.

(3) Separate Atmosphere. — A separate atmosphere exits between rooms, spaces or area, that are separated by an approved smoke partition.

(4) Smoke Partition. — (See Section 3.506) For purposes of this Section, smoke partitions shall also include floors and openings therein.

(5) Room. — For the purpose of this Section, a room is a space or area bounded by any obstruction to egress which at any time enclose more than eighty (80%) percent of the perimeter of the space or area. Openings of less than two (2) meters high shall not be considered in computing the unobstructed perimeter.

(6) Interior Room. — A room whose only means of egress is through an adjoining or intervening room which is not an exit.

(7) Separate Means of Egress. — A means of egress separated in such a manner from other means of egress as to provide an atmosphere separation which preclude contamination of both means of egress by the same fire. (See Section 3.506).

B. Area Limitations and Separations

(1) Flexible plan and open Plan buildings shall not exceed two thousand seven hundred eighty seven (2,787) square meters in undivided area. A solid wall or smoke partition (Section 3.506) shall be provided at maximum intervals of ninety one (91) meters and openings in such walls or partitions shall comply with Section 3.506.

(2) Vertical openings shall be enclosed as required by Section 3.801.

(3) Stages in places of assembly shall be separated from school areas by construction of non-combustible materials having at least a two-hour fire resistance rating and shall comply with Section 3.701.

(4) Shops, laboratories, and similar vocational rooms, as well as storage rooms, shall be separated from school areas by construction having at least one-hour fire resistance rating. They shall have exits independent from other areas.

C. General Provisions

(1) The specific requirements of this Section are not intended to prevent the design or use of other systems, equipment or techniques which will effectively prevent the products of combustion from breaching the atmospheric separation.

(2) The provisions of this subsection shall apply only to the requirements for providing separate atmosphere. The fire resistance requirements shall comply with other provisions of the Rule.

(a) Walls, partitions and floors forming all of or part of an atmospheric separation shall be of materials consistent with the requirements for the type of construction, but of construction not less effective than a smoke partition. Openings in walls or partition, used to allow the passage of light shall be wired glass set in metal frames.

(b) Every door opening therein shall be protected with a fire assembly as required elsewhere in this Rule, but not less than a self-closing or automatic-closing, tight-fitting smoke assembly having a fire-protection rating of not less than twenty (20) minutes.

(c) Ducts penetrating atmospheric separation walls, partitions or floors, shall be equipped with an approved automatic-closing smoke damper when having openings into more than one atmosphere or atmospheric separation shall be maintained by an approved method of smoke control.

(d) All automatic-closing fire assemblies installed in the atmospheric separation shall be activated by approved smoke detectors.

(e) Janitor closets and storage rooms shall be enclosed by materials having one-hour fire resistance. Stages and enclosed platform shall be constructed in accordance with Division 7.

D. Means of Egress

(1) Each room occupied by more than three hundred (300) persons shall have one of its exit access through a separate means of egress. Where three (3) or more means of egress are required, not more than two (2) of them shall enter into the same means of egress.

(2) Means of egress from interior rooms may pass through an adjoining or in intervening room, provided that the travel distances do not exceed those set forth in the succeeding paragraph entitled Travel Distance of Exit. Foyers and lobbies constructed as required for corridors shall not be construed as intervening rooms. Where the only means of egress from a room is through an adjoining or intervening room, smoke detectors shall be installed in the area of common atmosphere through which the means of egress must pass. The detectors shall actuate alarms audible in the interior room and shall be connected to the school fire alarm system.

E. Travel Distance to Exits. — No point in a building shall be more than forty six (46) meters from an exit, measured in accordance with Section 3.401.

F. Interior Finish. — Interior finish in flexible plan and open plan buildings shall be as follows:

(1) Corridors in flexible plan buildings — Class A, on rigid material which will not deform at temperature below two hundred thirty two (232ºC) degrees Celsius. Smoke emissions shall be minimum as approved by the Director General or his duly authorized representative. (See also Section 3.502).

(2) Other than corridor walls — Class A or Class B throughout except that fixtures and low height partitions may be Class C. In one-story buildings the exposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for heavy timber construction may per permitted. (See also Section 3.502).

G. Variable Plans. —

(1) Flexible plan schools may have walls and partitions rearranged periodically, only after revised plans or diagrams have been approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

(2) Open plan schools shall have furniture, fixtures, or low height partitions so arranged that exits will be clearly visible and unobstructed, and exit paths are direct, not circuitous. If paths or corridors are established, they shall be at least as wide as required by Section 3.801.

H. Automatic Fire Suppression Systems. —

(1) Any flexible plan building or open plan building in which the travel distance to exits exceeds forty six (46) meters shall have complete automatic fire suppression systems in accordance with Section 3.504. Such systems shall be electrically interconnected with the school fire alarm system.

(2) Automatic fire suppression systems shall be modified to conform with partition changes. Modification plans shall have prior approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 3.803. Special Provisions for Kindergartens, etc. — Rooms used for kindergarten or first grade pupils shall not be located above or below the floor of exit discharge. Rooms used for second grade pupils shall not be located more than one (1) story above the floor of exit discharge.

SECTION 3.804. Underground and Windowless Educational Buildings. — In addition to the requirements of this Section for Underground and Windowless Educational Buildings, the provisions of Sections 3.1504 of this Rule shall apply and such buildings shall be provided completely with automatic fire suppression system.

SECTION 3.805. Special Provisions for Combined, Occupancies. — A. Assembly and Educational. — Any auditorium, assembly room, cafeteria, gymnasium used for assembly purposes such as athletic events with provisions for seating of spectators, or other spaces subject to assembly occupancy shall comply with Division 7, including Special Provisions for Places of Assembly in Buildings of Other Occupancy, which provided that where auditorium and gymnasium exits lead through corridors or stairways also serving as exits for other parts of the building, the exit capacity shall be sufficient to permit simultaneous exit from auditorium and classroom sections.

B. Dormitory and Classroom. — Any building used for both classroom and dormitory purposes shall comply with the applicable provisions of Division 10 in addition to complying with Division 8. Where Classroom and dormitory sections are not subject to simultaneous occupancy, the same exit capacity may serve both sections.

C. Other Combined Occupancies. —

(1) Any other combinations of occupancy not covered in this Section shall comply with all applicable Divisions of this Rule, with exits adequate to serve all occupancies simultaneously.

(2) Each room having an occupant load of more than one hundred (100) persons shall be located at the floor of exit discharge.

SECTION 3.806. Existing Educational Buildings. — A. General. — An existing building being used for educational occupancies established prior to the effective date of this Fire Code may have its use continued if it conforms or is made to conform to the provisions of this Rule to the extent that, in the opinion of the Director General or his duly authorized representative, reasonable life safety against the hazards of fire, explosion and panic is provided and maintained.

B. Additional Protection. — The provision of additional means of egress, automatic fire suppression system, area separations, emergency lighting, and other alternate means of protection may be used to provide reasonable life safety from fire and panic.

C. Exits.

(1) Exit deficiency may be corrected by adding additional exits, preferably those which will provide direct exit to the outside from classroom or student-occupied areas.

(2) In lieu of direct exit to the outside from classrooms, additional life safety may be afforded by the provision of communicating doors between classroom or student-occupied areas to provide access to at least one (1) exit or exit stair without passing through interior corridors.

D. Interior Finish. — In existing educational buildings which have interior finish that does not comply with the requirements for new buildings, the provisions of Section 3.502 shall be acceptable as alternate requirements.

E. Fire Alarm Systems. — Requirements for Fire Alarm System for existing educational buildings shall conform to those for new educational buildings subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 3.807. Child Day Care Centers. — A. General. —

(1) Application

(a) This Section establishes life safety requirements for child day care centers, in which more than twelve (12) children receive care, maintenance and supervision for twenty-four (24) hours or less per day.

(b) For the purposes of this section, children are classified in age groups, as follows: Children under three (3) years of age, children from three (3) through five (5) years of age, and children six (6) years of age and older.

(c) The text principally applies to centers for children under three (3) years of age. Variations for centers housing children three (3)years of age and older are indicated.

(d) Centers housing children six (6) years of age and older shall conform to the requirements for educational occupancies.

(e) Where a facility houses more than one age group, the requirements for the younger children shall apply, unless the area housing the younger children is maintained as a separate fire area.

(f) Where centers are located in a building containing mixed occupancies, the separation requirements of the Building Code shall be satisfied.

(2) Occupant Load. — The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that floor but not less than one person for each three and one-fourth (3.25) square meters of net floor area used by the children.

B. Exit Details. —

(1) Number

(a) Each floor occupied by children shall have not less than two (2) remote exits. All such exits shall discharge directly to the outside.

(b) The story below the floor of exit discharge may be used in buildings of fire-resistive construction, protected non-combustible construction, protected wood frame construction and protected ordinary construction, if the following conditions are met:

(b-1) For up to thirty (30) children there shall be two (2) remote exits. One exit shall discharge directly outside and the vertical travel to ground level shall not exceed two hundred forty four (244) centimeters. There shall be no unprotected opening into the enclosure of the second exit.

(b-2) For over thirty (30) children a minimum of two (2) exits shall be provided directly outside with one of the two (2) exiting at ground level.

(2) Access to Exits

Travel distance (a) between any room door intended as exit access and an exit shall not exceed thirty and a half (30.5) meters; (b) between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed forty five and eight-tenths (45.8) meters; (c) between any point in a sleeping room or suite, shall not exceed fifteen and one fourth (15.25) meters. The travel distance in (a) and (b) above may be increased by fifteen and one fourth (15.25) meters in building completely equipped with an automatic fire suppression system. Travel distances shall be measured in accordance with Section 3.401.

(3) Doors

(a) Doors in means of egress shall swing in the direction of exit travel and shall meet the requirements of Section 3.801.

(b) Every closet door latch shall be such that children can open the door from inside the closet.

(c) Every bathroom door be designed to permit opening of the locked door from the outside in an emergency; and the opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff.

(4) Stairs

(a) Exit stairs shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 3.401.

(b) There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairs in an exit enclosure nor shall the open space under such stairs be used for any purpose.

(5) Areas of Refuge. — In buildings over five (5) stories above ground level, areas of refuge shall be provided for occupants of child day care centers, either by smokeproof towers or horizontal exits.

(6) Emergency Lighting. — Means of egress in each day care center shall be provided with emergency lighting, in accordance with Section 3.410.

C. Protection

(1) Subdivision into Compartments

(a) Sleeping areas in centers housing children under three (3) years of age shall be compartmented with partitions having a three-fourth (¾)-hour fire resistance rating so there are not more than six (6) children in each compartment.

(b) Compartment doors shall be not less than ninety one (91) centimeters in new construction and not less than eighty one and one-fourth (81.25) centimeters wide in existing buildings. Door assemblies shall have a twenty-minute (20) fire protection rating and shall be equipped with a self-closing device, a latch and an automatic hold-open device as specified in Section 3.902.

(2) Centers in Apartment Buildings

(a) If the two (2) exit access from the center enter the same corridor, as in an apartment building, the exit accesses shall be separated in the corridor by a smoke partition having not less than one-hour fire resistance rating. The smoke partition shall be so located there is an exit on each side of it.

(b) The door in the smoke partition shall be not less than ninety-one (91) centimeters wide.

(c) The door assembly shall have a fire protection rating of at least twenty (20) minutes and shall be equipped with self-closing device, a latch and an automatic hold-open device as specified in Section 3.902.

(3) Minimum Construction Standards. — Centers shall not be located above the heights indicated for the types of construction given in the following table:

Number of stairs (Stories are counted starting at floor of exit discharge)
Type of Construction	Age group	1	2	3	4 and over
Fire Resistive and Protected Noncombustible	0 to 3	X	X	X	X
3 thru 5	X	X	X	X
6 and older	X	X	X	X

Protected wood Frame and Protected ordinary	0 to 3	X	See Note 1	Not Permitted
3 thru 5	X	X	See Note 1
6 and older	X	X	See Note 1

Heavy Timber	0 to 3	X	See Note 1
3 thru 5	X	See Note 1
6 and older	X	See Note 1
0 to 3	X	See Note 1

Unprotected Noncombustible	3 thru 5	X	See Note 1
6 and older	X	See Note 1

Unprotected Wood Frame and Unprotected Ordinary
0 to 3	Not Permitted
3 thru 5	See Note 1
6 and older	See Note 2

Note 1. Permitted if entire building is equipped with an automatic fire suppression system.

Note 2. May be permitted for children three (3) years of age and older if the children are limited to the first floor and number of children is limited to fifty (50) and there are two (2) remote exits; or if they are limited to the first floor and the number of children is limited to one hundred (100) and each room has an exit directly to the outside.

(4) Protection of Vertical Openings. — Any vertical opening in centers shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Section 3.501.

(5) Interior Finish

(a) In centers for children five (5) years old or less, interior finish for all walls and ceilings shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 3.502 and floors shall be Class A, B or C.

(b) In centers for children six (6) years of age or older, interior finish for means of egress shall be Class A or Class B and for individual rooms Class A, B or C. Floors shall be Class A, B or C.

(6) Extinguishment and Alarm Systems —

(a) Smoke, and/or heat detectors shall be installed on the ceiling of each story in front of the doors to the stairways and at no greater than nine (9) meters spacing in the corridors of all floors containing the center. Detectors shall also be installed in lounges and recreation areas in centers. The detectors may be single station units with an integral local alarm having a decibel rating of at least 85, and shall be electrically connected to the centralized fire alarm system.

(b) There shall be a manually operated switch for the fire alarm system on each floor of the center. In centers with more than one hundred (100) children, the fire alarm system shall be installed to transmit an alarm by the most direct and reliable method.

(c) Portable fire extinguishers suitable for Class B fires shall be installed in kitchens and cooking areas, and extinguishers suitable for Class A fires shall be installed throughout the remainder of the center. (See Section 3.504).

(d) Standpipes for use by the Fire Service shall be installed in all buildings of six (6) stories or more housing child day care centers.

(7) Hazardous Areas. — An area used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, fuel storage, janitor's closets, maintenance shops including woodworking and painting areas, laundries and kitchens, shall be separated from other parts of the building with construction having not less than a one-hour fire resistance rating and all openings shall be protected with self-closing fire doors, or such area shall be provided with automatic fire suppression system. Where the hazard is severe, both the fire-resistive separation and automatic fire suppression system shall be provided.

D. Center Service Equipment

(1) Air Conditioning, Ventilation, Heating Cooking, and other Service Equipment. — Air conditioning, ventilating heating, cooking, and other service equipment shall be in accordance with Division 6.

(2) Electrical Services

(a) Electrical wiring in new construction shall be installed in accordance with the provision of the Philippine Electrical Code.

(b) Receptacles and outlets serviced by extension cord type wiring are prohibited. Electrical appliances shall be grounded.

(c) Special protective receptacle covers shall be installed in all areas occupied by children in centers for children under five (5) years of age.

SECTION 3.808. Group Day Care Homes. — A. Application

(1) This section establishes life safety requirements for group day care homes, in which at least seven (7) but not more than twelve (12) children receive care, maintenance and supervision by other than their parents; or legal guardians for twenty four (24) hours per day or less.

(2) For purposes of this section, children are classified in age groups as follows: Children under three (3) years of age; children from three (3) through five (5) years of age, and children from six (6) years of age and older.

(3) This Section principally applies to centers for children under three (3) years of age. Variations for centers housing children three (3) years of age and older are indicated.

(4) Where a facility houses more than one (1) age group, the requirements for the younger age group shall apply, unless the area housing the younger children is maintained as a separate fire area.

(5) When a group day care home is located in a building containing mixed occupancies, the separation requirements of the Building Code shall be satisfied.

B. Exit Details

(1) Number and Type

(a) Each floor occupied by children shall have not less than two (2) remote means of egress.

(b) Where spaces on the floor above the floor of exit discharge are used for sleeping purposes by children, at least one (1) exit shall lead directly, or through an enclosed stairway, to the outside.

(c) Where children are located on a floor below the floor of exit discharge (basement) at least one (1) exit directly to the outside at ground level shall be provided, No facility shall be located more than one (1) story below the ground. Any stairway to the story above shall be cut off by a fire barrier containing a door of at least a twenty-minute fire protection rating, equipped with a self-closing device and a latch.

(2) Doors

(a) Every closet door latch shall be such that children can open the door from inside the closet.

(b) Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit opening of the locked door from outside in an emergency, and the opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff.

C. Protection

(1) Homes in Apartment Buildings

(a) If the two (2) exit accesses from the home enter the same corridor, as in an apartment building, the exit accesses shall be separated in the corridor by a smoke partition having not less than a one-hour fire-resistance rating. The smoke partition shall be located that there is an exit on each side of it.

(b) The door in the smoke partition shall be not less than one (1) meter wide in new, construction and eighty one and one fourth (81.25) centimeters wide in existing buildings. The door assembly shall have a fire protection rating of at least twenty-minutes (20) and shall be equipped with a self-closing device, a latch and an automatic hold-open device as specified in Section 3.902.

(2) Minimum Construction Standards. — Each building used as a group day care home shall meet the requirements of the National Building Code for the applicable class of residential construction.

(3) Protection of Vertical Openings. — The doorway between the floor of exit discharge and any floor below shall be equipped with a self-closing door of at least a twenty-minute fire resistance rating or a forty-four and a half (44.5) millimeters solid bonded wood core door. Where the floor above the floor or exit discharge is used for sleeping purposes, there shall be a self-closing door of a least twenty-minute fire resistance rating or solid bonded wood core door or forty four and one half (44.5) millimeters thickness at the top or bottom or each stairway.

(4) Interior Finish

(a) Interior finish in occupied spaces in the home shall be Class A, B or C, in accordance with Section 3.502.

(b) The interior finish in means of egress shall be Class A or Class B.

(5) Detection Systems. — Where the floor above the floor of exit discharge is used for sleeping purposes there shall be a smoke detector or a single station heat detector/alarm at the top of the stairs in a building three (3) stories or less in height or inside the dwelling unit used as a day care facility in a multiple-dwelling building.

(6) Extinguishers. — A potable fire extinguisher suitable for Class B fires shall be provided for the kitchen and cooking areas.

D. Building Service Equipment

(1) Heating Equipment

(a) Any heater in spaces occupied by children shall be separated from the space by partitions, screens or other means.

(b) Provision shall be made to assure adequate air for combustion and ventilation for the heating equipment.

(2) Electrical Services

(a) Electrical wiring shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code.

(b) In existing buildings, the electrical wiring shall be sized to provide for the load. Electrical appliances shall be grounded. Receptacles and outlets serviced by extension cord-type wiring are prohibited.

(c) Special protective receptacle covers shall be installed in all areas occupied by children in homes for children under five (5) years of age.

SECTION 3.809. Family Child Day Care Homes. — A. General.

(1) Application

(a) This section establishes life safety requirements for licensed family child day care homes, in which fewer than seven (7) children receive care, maintenance and supervision by other than their parents or legal guardians for less than twenty-four (24) hours per day.

(b) For purposes of this section, children are classified in age groups as follows: children under three (3) years of age, children from three (3) through five (5) years of age, and children six (6) years of age and older.

(c) The text principally applies to centers for children under three (3) years of age. Variations for centers housing children three (3) years of age and older are as indicated.

(d) Where a facility houses more than one (1) age group, the requirements for the younger children shall apply, unless the area housing the younger children is maintained as a separated fire area or section.

(e) Where family child day care homes are located in a building containing mixed occupancies, the separation requirements of the Building Code shall be satisfied.

B. Exit Details

(1) Number, Type and Access to Exits

(a) In a one or two family dwelling or building of unprotected wood frame construction used for child care purposes, every room used for sleeping, living, or dining purposes shall have at least two (2) means egress, at least one (1) of which shall be a door or stairway providing a means of unobstructed travel of the outside of the building at street or ground level. No room or space shall be occupied for living or sleeping purposes which is accessible only by a ladder folding stairs or through a trap door.

(b) Where children are located on a floor (basement) below the floor of exit discharge, at least one (1) exit shall be provided directly to the outside at ground level. No facility shall be located more than one (1) story below the ground.

(2) Doors

(a) Each door in a means of egress shall be not less than sixty-one (61) centimeters wide.

(b) Every closet door latch shall be that children can open the door from inside the closet.

(c) Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit the opening of the locked door from the outside in an emergency and the opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff.

(3) Stairs. — Every stairway shall comply at least with the minimum requirements for Class B stairs, as described in Section 3.403 in respect to width, risers, and treads and shall be maintained free of obstruction.

C. Protection

(1) Minimum Construction Standards. — Each building used as a family child day care home shall meet the requirements of the National Building Code for the applicable class of residential construction.

(2) Interior Finish

(a) Interior finish in occupied spaces in the family child day care home shall be Class A, Class, B, or Class C, in accordance with Section 3.502.

(b) The interior finish in means of egress and in rooms into which exits discharge shall be Class A or Class B.

(3) Detection Systems. — Where the floor above the floor exit discharge is used for sleeping purposes, there shall be a smoke detector or a single-station heat detector/alarm at the top of the stairs in a building three (3) stories or less, with open stairways; or inside the dwelling unit used as a day care facility in a multiple dwelling.

(4) Extinguishers. — A portable fire extinguisher suitable for Class B fires shall be provided for the kitchen and cooking areas.

D. Building Service Equipment

(1) Heating Equipment

(a) Unvented room heaters shall not be permitted. Oil and gas fired room shall be installed in accordance with the provision of the Fire Code. A barrier shall be provided to the children from hot surfaces and open flames.

(b) No stove or combustion heater shall be so located as to block escape in case of malfunctioning of the stove or heater.

(2) Electrical Services

(a) Electrical wiring in new construction shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code.

(b) Electrical appliances shall be grounded. Receptacles and outlets services by extension cord-type wiring are prohibited.

(c) Special Protective receptacle covers shall be installed in all areas occupied by children under five (5) years of age.

DIVISION 9

Institutional Occupancies

SECTION 3.901. General. — A. Definitions

(1) Hospitals. — A building or part thereof used for the medical, psychiatric, obstetrical or surgical care, on a 24-hour basis, of four (4) or more inpatients. Hospital, wherever used in this Rule, shall include general hospitals, mental hospitals, tuberculosis hospitals, children's hospitals, and any such facilities providing inpatient care.

(2) Institutional buildings. — Institutional buildings are those used for purposes such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease or infirmity; for the care of infants, convalescent or aged persons; and for penal or corrective purposes. Institutional buildings provide sleeping facilities for the occupants and are occupied by persons who are mostly incapable of self-preservation because of age, physical or mental disability, or because of security measures not under the occupants control.

(3) Nursing Home. — A building or part thereof used for the lodging, boarding and nursing care, on a 24-hour basis, or four (4) or more persons who, because of mental or physical incapacity, may be unable to provide for their own needs and safety without the assistance of another person. Nursing home, wherever used in this Rule, shall include nursing and convalescent homes, skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities, and infirmaries of homes for the aged.

(4) Residential-Custodial Care Facility. — A building, or part thereof, used for the lodging or boarding of four (4) or more persons who are incapable of self-preservation because of age, or physical or mental limitation. This includes facilities such as homes for the aged, nurseries (custodial care for children under six (6) years of age), and mentally retarded care institutions. Day care facilities that do not provide lodging or boarding for institutional occupants are not covered in this Division of the Rule.

B. Classification of Institutional Occupancies. — Sections of institutional buildings may come under other occupancy classification regarding exit requirements if these areas are not used to house institutional occupants, or are not areas in which those persons are treated or to which they have normal access, or which serve as a means of egress for them. Institutional buildings comprise three (3) groups: groups (1) and (2) are treated together in Division 9, and group (3) is considered separately:

(1) Health Care Facilities (Hospitals and Nursing Homes)

(2) Residential Custodial Care (Nurseries, home for the aged, mentally retarded care institutions, etc.)

(3) Residential-Restrained Care (Penal institutions, reformaries, jails, etc.) See Section 3.904.

C. General Requirements

(1) All institutional buildings shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated as to minimize the possibility of a fire emergency requiring the evacuation of occupants. Because the safety of occupants of institutional buildings cannot be assured adequately by dependance on evacuation of the building, their protection from the fire shall be provided by appropriate arrangement of facilities, adequate staffing, and careful development of operating and maintenance procedure composed of the following:

(a) Proper design, construction, and compartmentation;

(b) Provisions for detection, alarm, and extinguishment; and

(c) Fire prevention and the planning, training, and drilling in programs for the isolation of fire and transfer of occupants to areas of refuge or evacuation of the building.

(2) It is recognized that in buildings housing various types of psychiatric patients, or used as penal institutions, it may be necessary to lock doors and bar windows that are equipped sections of this Rule requiring the keeping of exits unlocked may be waived by the Director General or his duly authorized representative. It is also recognized that some psychiatric patients are not capable or seeking safety without guidance. In buildings in which doors are locked or windows are barred, provisions shall be made for the rapid removal of occupants by such reliable means as the remote control of locks or by keying all locks to keys carried by attendants.

(3) Buildings or sections of buildings which house, or in which care is rendered to mental patients who are capable of average judgment in taking action for self-preservation under emergency conditions, in the opinion of competent medical authority approved by the National Government agency having jurisdiction, may come under other sections of this Rule instead of Section 3.902.

SECTION 3.902. New Hospital, Nursing Homes and Residential Custodial Care Occupancies. — A. General

(1) Application. — This Section establishes fire safety requirements for hospitals, nursing homes, and residential-custodial care institutions. Where requirements vary the specific occupancy, such as hospital, nursing home, nursery, residential-custodial care institution, is named in the paragraph pertaining thereto. (See Division 16 for operating features.)

(2) New Construction, Additions, Conversions. —

(a) Any addition shall be separated from any existing non-conforming structure by a non-combustible fire partition having at least a 2-hours fire resistance rating. Communicating openings in such dividing fire partition shall occur only in corridors and shall be protected by an approved self-closing fire door. Such doors shall normally be kept closed.

(b) Any building converted to these occupancies shall comply with all requirements for new facilities.

(3) Occupancy and Occupant Load

(a) Institutional occupancies in buildings housing other occupancies shall be completely separated from them by noncombustible construction having at least a two (2) hours fire-resistance rating. All means of egress from institutional occupancies that traverse non-institutional spaces shall conform to requirements of this standard for institutional occupancies. Any occupancy with a hazard of contents classified higher than that of the institution and located in the same building as institutional occupancies shall be protected as required in Section 3.902. Industrial, office, mercantile and storage occupancies classified as high-hazard shall not be permitted in buildings housing institutional occupancies.

(b) Sections of institutional buildings may be classified as other occupancies if they meet all of the following conditions:

(b-1) They are not intended to serve institutional occupants for purposes of housing, treatment, customary access, or means of egress.

(b-2) They are adequately separated from areas of institutional occupancies by construction having a two (2) hours fire resistance rating.

(c) Auditoriums, chapels, staff residential areas, garages or similar occupancies provided in connection with institutions shall have exits provided in accordance with other applicable sections of this Rule.

(d) The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that floor but not less than one (1) person for each eleven (11) square meters gross floor area in institutional sleeping departments and not less than one (1) persons for each twenty-two (22) square meters of gross floor area of inpatient institutional treatment departments. Gross floor areas shall be measured within the exterior building walls with no deductions. (See Division 2).

B. Exit Details

(1) Number and Types

(a) Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types:

(a-1) Door leading directly outside the building

(a-2) Interior stairs and smoke-proof towers

(a-3) Ramps

(a-4) Horizontal exits

(a-5) Outside stairs

(a-6) Exit Passageways

(b) At least two (2) exits of the above types, remote from each other, shall be provided for each floor or fire section of the building.

(c) Revolving doors shall not be counted as required exits, and shall not be installed except as specifically stated in Section 3.402.

(d) Elevators constitute a supplementary facility, but shall not be counted as required exits.

(2) Capacity of Exits. — The capacity of any required exit shall be based on its width in units of fifty-five (55) centimeters as defined in Section 3.401. The capacity of exits providing travel by means of stairs shall be twenty-two (22) persons per unit of exit width; and exits providing travel without stairs, such as doors or horizontal exits shall be thirty (30) persons per unit of exit width. The capacity of exits in Institutional Occupancies equipped throughout with an automatic fire suppression system may be increased to thirty five (35) persons per unit of exit width for travel by means of stairs, and to forty five (45) persons per unit of exit width for travel without stairs.

(3) Access to Exit

(a) Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit location and access shall be in accordance with Section 3.401, except as modified in the succeeding paragraphs of this subsection.

(b) Travel distance: (b-1)-between any room door intended as exit access and an exit shall not exceed thirty (30) meters; (b-2) between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed forty-six (46) meters; (b-3)-between any point in an institutional sleeping room or suite and an exit access door of that room or suite shall not exceed fifteen (15) meters. Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 3.401. The travel distances in (b-1) or (b-2) above may be increased by fifteen (15) meters in buildings completely equipped with an automatic fire suppression system.

(c) Every institutional sleeping room, unless it has a door opening at ground level, shall have an exit access door leading directly to a corridor which leads to an exit. One adjacent room such as a sitting or anteroom may intervene if all doors along the path of exit travel are equipped with nonlockable hardware, and this intervening room is not intended to serve more than eight (8) institutional sleeping beds. However, special nursing suites or nurseries permitted in paragraph (3) (g) hereof shall not be limited to eight (8) cribs or bassinets.

(d) Aisles, corridors and ramps required for exit access or exit in hospitals or nursing homes shall be at least two hundred forty-four (244) centimeters in clear and unobstructed width. Aisles, corridors and ramps required for exit access or exit in a residential-custodial care institution shall be at least one hundred eighty-three (183) centimeters in clear and unobstructed width. Corridors and ramps in adjunct areas not intended for the housing, treatment, or use of inpatients, shall be at least one hundred eighty-three (183) centimeters in clear and unobstructed width.

(e) Any rooms and any suite or rooms, of more than ninety three (93) square meters shall have at least two (2) exit access doors remote from each other.

(f) Every exit or exit access shall be so arranged that no corridor or aisle has a pocket or dead-end exceeding nine (9) meters.

(g) Any institutional sleeping room which complies with the requirements previously set forth in this section may be subdivided with nonfirerated, non combustible partitions, provided, that the arrangement allows for direct and constant visual supervision by nursing personnel. Rooms which are so subdivided shall not exceed four hundred sixty-five (465) square meters.

(4) Doors

(a) Doors shall be in accordance with Section 3.402, except as modified in this subsection. For door requirements in horizontal exits and smoke partitions see Sections 3.405, 3.506, 3.903 and this Section.

(b) Locks installed on institutional sleeping room doors shall be so arranged that they can be locked only from the corridor side. All such locks shall be arranged to permit exit from the room by a simple operation without the use of a key.

(c) Exit access doors from hospital and nursing home sleeping rooms, diagnostic and treatment rooms or areas such as X-ray, surgery and physical therapy, all doors between these spaces and the required exits, and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at least one hundred twelve (112) centimeters. Doors to residential-custodial sleeping rooms and doors to nursery sleeping rooms and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at least ninety one (91) centimeters wide.

(d) Any door in a fire separation, horizontal exit or a smoke partition may be held open only by an electrical device which complies with Section 3.402. Each of the following systems shall be so arranged as to initiate the self-closing action, by zone or throughout the entire institutional occupancy:

(d-1) The required alarm system

(d-2) The required automatic fire detection system

(d-3) An approved automatic fire suppression system, if required.

(e) Doors in stair enclosures and in walls surrounding hazardous areas shall not be equipped with hold-open devices.

(5) Stairs, Smokeproof Towers. — Every stair and smokeproof tower shall be in accordance with Section 3.403, shall be Class A and shall be constructed as described in this Section.

(6) Horizontal Exits. — A horizontal exit shall be in conformance with Section 3.405 and/or as modified in this subsection.

(a) At least two and eight-tenths (2.8) square meter per occupant in a hospital or nursing home or one and four-tenths (1.4) square meter per occupant in a residential-custodial care institution shall be provided on each side of the horizontal exit for the total number of occupants in adjoining compartments.

(b) A single door may be used as a horizontal exit if it serves one direction only and is at least one hundred twelve (112) centimeters wide for a hospital or nursing home or at least ninety one (91) centimeters wide for residential-custodial care institutions. The swing shall be in the direction of exit travel.

(c) In a hospital or nursing home a horizontal exit in a corridor two and four tenths (2.4) meters or more in width serving as means of egress from both sides of the doorway shall have the opening protected by a pair of swinging doors, each door to be a minimum of one hundred twelve (112) centimeters wide and swinging in the opposite direction from the other.

(d) In a residential-custodial care institution, a horizontal exit in a corridor one and eight-tenths (1.8) meter in width serving as a means of egress from both sides of the doorway shall have the opening protected by a pair of swinging doors, each door to be minimum of eighty one (81) centimeters wide and swinging in the opposite direction from the other.

(e) An approved vision panel is required in each horizontal exit door. Center mullions are prohibited.

(7) Ramps. — Ramps shall be in accordance with Section 3.406. Ramps shall be Class A and shall not exceed one and eight-tenths (1.8) meters in vertical dimension between top and bottom floor elevations. A Class B ramp may be used where the height of the ramp is thirty (30) centimeters or less. Ramp width shall be as specified in this Section.

(8) Emergency Lighting, Exit Markings, Alarms and Communication Systems

(a) Each hospital shall be provided with emergency lighting as described in Section 3.410 and exit markings as described in Section 3.411. Such emergency lighting and the illumination of required exits and directional signs shall be supplied by the Life Safety Branch of the hospital electrical system as described in Chapter 3, NFPA 76A, (1973), Standard for Essential Electrical Systems for Hospitals. The Life Safety Branch shall also serve alarms, emergency communication systems and the illumination of generator set locations as described in paragraph (c), (d) and (e), Section 312 of the same reference.

(b) Each nursing home and residential-custodial care facility shall have emergency lighting in accordance with Section 3.401. Emergency lighting with at least one hour duration shall be provided.

(c) Exit signs shall be provided in each hospital, nursing home, and residential-custodial care facility in accordance with Section 3.411.

(d) Any fire alarm system and any heat or smoke detection System required in any institutional occupancy shall be provided with an alternative power supply in accordance with Section 220, NFPA 72A, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Local Protective Signaling Systems (1972).

C. Protection

(1) Subdivision of Building Spaces

(a) Smoke Partitions Required. — Smoke partitions shall be provided, regardless of building construction type, as follows:

(a-1) To divide into at least two (2) compartments every story used by inpatients for sleeping or treatment and any story having an occupant load of fifty (50) or more persons.

(a-2) To limit on any story the maximum area of each smoke compartment to no more than two thousand one hundred sixteen (2,116) square meters, of which both length or width shall be no more than forty six (46) meters.

Note: Protection may be accomplished in conjunction with the provisions of horizontal exits.

(b) Smoke partitions shall be provided on stories which are usable but unoccupied.

(c) Any smoke partition shall be constructed in accordance with Section 3.506 and shall have a fire resistance rating of at least one (1) hour.

(d) At least two and eight-tenths (2.8) square meters per occupant for the total of bed or litter patients shall be provided on each side of the smoke partition. On other stories not housing bed or litter patients at least one half (0.5) net square meter per occupant shall be provided on each side of the smoke partition for the total number of occupants in adjoining compartments.

(e) Corridor openings in smoke partitions shall be protected by a pair of swinging doors, each door to swing in a direction opposite from the other. The minimum width of each door for hospitals and nursing homes shall be one hundred twelve (112) centimeters, while that for residential-custodial care institutions shall be eighty one (81) centimeters.

(f) Doors in smoke partitions shall comply with Section 3.506 and shall be self-closing and held open only if they meet the requirements of this section.

(g) Vision panels of approved transparent wired glass not exceeding forty six-hundredth (0.46) square meter in steel frames shall be provided in all doors in smoke partitions.

(h) Rabbets, bevels, or astragals are required at the meeting edges, and stops are required on the head and sides of door frames in smoke partitions. Center mullions are prohibited.

(2) Minimum Construction Standards

(a) Institutional buildings of one (1) story only may be constructed of protected non-combustible construction, fire-resistive construction, protected ordinary construction, protected wood frame construction, heavy timber construction, or unprotected noncombustible construction. For the purpose of this subsection, stories shall be counted starting at the lowest floor of exit discharge. All levels below the floor of exit discharge shall be separated from the floor of exit discharge by at least protected non-combustible construction.

(b) Institutional buildings two (2) stories or more shall be at least fire-resistive construction.

(c) Institutional occupancies two (2) or more stories shall have enclosure walls of non-combustible materials having a fire resistance rating of at least two (2) hours around stairways, elevators chutes, and other vertical openings between floors.

Exception: The fire resistance rating of enclosures in institutional occupancies equipped throughout with an approved automatic fire suppression system may be reduced to one (1) hour in buildings up to and including, three (3) stories.

(d) All interior walls and partitions in buildings of fire-resistive and non-combustible, construction shall be composed of non-combustible materials.

(e) Every institutional sleeping room shall have an outside window or outside door arranged and located so that it can be opened from the inside without the use of tools or keys to permit the products of combustion and to permit any occupant to have direct access to fresh air in case of emergency. The maximum allowable sill height shall not exceed ninety-one (91) centimeters above the floor except that in special nursing care areas the window sill may be one and a half (1.5) meters above the floor.

(3) Construction of Corridor Walls

(a) Corridors shall be separated from use areas by partitions having a fire-resistance rating of at least one (1) hour. These walls shall be continuous from the floor slab to the underside of the floor or roof slab above, through any concealed spaces such as those above the suspended ceilings and through interstitial structural and mechanical spaces. Doors with a twenty (20)-minute fire protection rating shall be used on openings other than those serving exits or hazardous areas. Doors shall be provided with latches of a type suitable for keeping the door tightly closed. Transfer grills, whether protected by fusible link-operated dampers or not, shall not be used in these walls or doors. Fixed wired glass vision panels may be placed in corridor walls, provided: they do not exceed eighty four-hundredth (0.84) square meters in size and are installed in approved steel frames. Fixed wired glass vision panels may be installed in wooden doors, provided they do not exceed forty six-hundredth (0.46) square meters in size and are installed in approved steel frames Waiting areas of twenty three (23) square meters or less on an institutional sleeping floor or fifty six (56) square meters or less on other floors may be open to the corridor, provided that they are located to permit direct supervision by the institutional staff so arranged as not to obstruct any access to required exits. Such areas shall be equipped with an electrically supervised automatic smoke detection system installed in accordance with this Section. Not more than one such waiting area is permitted in each smoke compartment.

(4) Protection of Vertical Openings and Firestopping.

(a) Any stairway, ramp, elevator shaft, light and ventilation shaft, chute and other openings between stories shall be enclosed with noncombustible materials and in accordance with Section 3.501 and this Section. A door in a stairway enclosure shall be self-closing, shall normally be kept in closed position and shall be marked in accordance with Section 3.402.

(b) Firestopping shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.402.

(5) Interior Finish. — With or without automatic fire suppression system, interior finish of walls and ceilings in means of egress and of any room shall be Class A in accordance with Section 3.502, while floor finish material shall be Class A or B throughout all hospitals, nursing homes and residential-custodial care facilities.

(6) Alarm, Detection, and Extinguishment Systems.

(a) Every building shall have an electrically supervised automatic fire alarm system capable of being manually operated in accordance with Section 3.503. The fire alarm system shall be installed with provisions for future connection to the nearest Fire Service station in the locality. Internal audible alarm devices shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.503. Presignal systems shall not be permitted in institutional occupancies.

(b) An approved automatic heat and/or smoke detection system shall be installed in all corridors of hospitals, nursing homes, and residential-custodial care facilities. Such systems shall be installed in accordance with the applicable standards of the NFPA Pamphlet No. 71 or 72, but in no case shall smoke detectors be spaced further apart than nine (9) meters on centers or more than four and six-tenths (4.6) meters from any wall. All automatic heat and/or smoke detection systems required by this section shall, be electrically inter-connected to the fire alarm system.

(c) Required fire detection devices or systems shall be in accordance with Section 3.503 and shall be electrically interconnected to the manually operated fire alarm system.

(d) Automatic fire suppression system shall be provided throughout all hospitals nursing homes, and residential-custodial care facilities, except where those of fire-resistive or one-story protected, noncombustible construction.

(e) Automatic fire suppression system shall be in complete accord with the requirements of Section 3.902.

(f) In light hazard occupancies required automatic fire suppression systems shall be in accordance with Section 3.504 for systems and shall be electrically interconnected with the fire alarm system. The main automatic fire suppression control valve shall be electrically monitored so that at least a local alarm will sound when the valve is closed.

(g) If the fire suppression system is an automatic sprinkler, its piping serving no more than six (6) sprinklers for any isolated hazardous area, may be connected directly to a domestic water supply system having a capacity sufficient to provide six (6) liters per minute per square meters of floor area throughout the entire enclosed area. As outside-screw-and-yoke shutoff valve shall be installed in an accessible location between the sprinklers and the connection to the domestic water supply.

(h) Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all institutional occupancies in accordance with Section 3.504.

(7) Hazardous Areas. — Any hazardous area shall be segregated and protected in accordance with Section 3.505. Hazardous areas include, but are not restricted to the following. Those areas marked by asterisk (*) shall be both separation and automatic fire suppression system.

Boiler and heater rooms	*Rooms or spaces including shops, used for the storage of combustible supplies and equipment in quantities deemed hazardous by the Director General or his duly authorized representative. Trash collection rooms Gift shops
Laundries
Kitchens
Repair shops
Handicraft shops
Employee locker rooms
*Soiled linen rooms
*Paint shops

D. Building Service Equipment. — Air-Conditioning, Ventilating, Heating, Cooking, and Other Service Equipment.

(1) Air conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking and other service equipment shall be in accordance with Division 6 of this Rule, and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications, except as modified in the following paragraphs.

(2) Any heating device other than a central heating plant shall be so designed and installed that combustible material will not be ignited by it or its appurtenances. If fuel fired, such heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly from outside, and shall be so designed and installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere of the occupied area. The heating system shall have safety devices to immediately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in case of either excessive temperatures or ignition failure. Fireplaces may be installed and used only on areas other than patient sleeping areas, provided that these areas are separated from patient sleeping spaces by construction having a one-hour fire resistance rating. In addition thereto, the fireplace shall be equipped with a hearth that shall be raised at least ten (10) centimeters, and a heat tempered glass fireplace enclosure guaranteed against break up to a temperature of three hundred forty three (343ºC) degrees Celsius. If special hazards are present, a lock on the enclosure and other safety precautions may be required.

(3) Combustion and ventilation air for Boiler, incinerator or heater rooms shall be taken directly from and discharged directly to the outside air.

(4) Any rubbish chute and linen chute including pneumatic systems shall be safeguarded in accordance with Sections 3.501 and 3.603. An incinerator shall not be directly flue-fed nor shall any floor charging chute directly connect with the combustion chamber. Any trash chute shall discharge into a trash collecting room used for no other purpose and protected in accordance with Section 3.505.

SECTION 3.903. Existing Hospitals, Nursing Homes, and Residential-Custodial Care Occupancies. — A. General

(1) Application. — This section establishes life safety requirements for all existing hospitals, nursing homes, and residential-custodial care institutions. Where requirements vary, the specific occupancy, such as hospital, nursing home, nursery, residential custodial care institution, home for the aged, or mentally retarded care institution is named in the paragraph pertaining thereto. See Division 16 for operating features.

(2) Modification of Retroactive Provisions

(a) This requirement may be modified if their application would be clearly impractical in the judgment of the Director General and if the resulting arrangement could be considered as presenting minimum hazard to the fire safety of the occupants. The requirements may be modified by the Director General and his duly authorized representative to allow alternative arrangements that will secure as nearly equivalent safety to life from fire as practical; but in no case shall be modification afford less safety than compliance with the corresponding provisions contained in the following part of this Rule.

(b) A limited but reasonable time shall be allowed for compliance with any part of this section, commensurate with the magnitude of expenditures and the disruption of services.

(c) When alternate protection is installed and accepted, the institution shall be considered as conforming for purposes of this Rule.

(3) Conversion, Additions, and Modernization

(a) No existing building shall be converted to a hospital, nursing home, or residential-custodial care institution unless it complies with all requirements for new institutional buildings.

(b) A new addition to an existing institution shall be in conformance with Section 3.902 of this Rule. The new addition shall be separated from the existing institution by noncombustible construction having a fire resistance rating of at least two (2) hours, unless the existing institution conform to the requirements of Section 3.902 of this Rule.

(c) No construction in either modernizing or renovation projects shall diminish the fire safety features of the institution currently in effect. Alterations or installations of new building services equipment shall be accomplished as nearly as possible in conformance with the requirements for new construction.

(4) Occupancy and Occupant Load

(a) Institutional occupancies in buildings housing other occupancies shall be completely separated from them by noncombustible construction having a fire resistance rating of at least two (2) hours.

(b) Portions of institutional buildings may come under other occupancy classifications if they are not intended to serve institutional occupants for purposes of housing, treatment, customary access, or means of egress; and they are adequately separated from areas of institutional occupancies construction having fire resistance rating of at least two (2) hours.

(c) Auditoriums, chapels, residential areas, garages or other occupancies in connection with hospitals or nursing homes shall have exits provided in accordance with the other applicable sections of this Rule.

(d) The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that floor, but not less than one (1) person for each eleven (11) square meters gross floor area in institutional sleeping departments and not less than one (1) person for each twenty two (22) square meters of gross floor area of inpatient institutional treatment departments. Gross floor areas shall be measured within the exterior building walls with no deductions.

B. Exit Details

(1) Number and Types

(a) Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types: Doors leading directly outside the buildings (see Section 3.402); Interior stairs and smokeproof towers, Horizontal exits; Ramps; Outside stairs (see Section 3.404—; and Exit passageways (see Section 3.407).

(b) At least two (2) exits of the above types, remote from each other, shall be provided for each floor or fire section of the building. At least one (1) exit in each floor or fire section shall be as indicated.

(c) Revolving doors shall not be counted as required exits, and shall not be installed except as specifically stated in Section 3.402.

(d) Elevators constitute supplementary facility, but are not counted as required exits.

(2) Capacity of Exits. — The capacity of any required exit shall be based on its width in units of fifty-six (56) centimeters as defined in Section 3.401 "D". The capacity of exits providing travel by means of stairs shall be twenty two (22) persons per exit unit, and those exits providing travel without stairs, such as doors or horizontal exits, shall be thirty (30) persons per unit of exit width.

(3) Access to Exits

(a) Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit location and access shall be in accordance with Section 3.401, except as modified in this Division.

(b) Travel distance between any room door intended as exit access and an exit shall not exceed thirty (30) meters; between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed forty six (46) meters; between any point in an institutional sleeping room or suite and an exit access door of that room or suite shall not exceed fifteen (15) meters. Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 3.401.

(c) Every institutional sleeping room, unless it has a door opening at ground level; shall have an exit door access leading directly to a corridor which leads to an exit. One adjacent room such as a sitting or anteroom may intervene if all doors along the path of exit travel are equipped with nonlockable hardware, except as provided in Section 3.903 and this intervening room is not intended to serve more than eight (8) institutional sleeping beds.

(d) Any required aisle, corridor, or ramp shall not be less than one hundred twenty (120) centimeters in clear width when serving as means of egress from institutional sleeping rooms. It shall be of such width and so arranged as to avoid any obstructions to the convenient removal of non-ambulatory persons carried on stretchers or on mattresses serving as stretchers.

(e) Any room, and any suite of rooms, of more than ninety three (93) square meters. shall have at least two (2) exit access doors remote from each other.

(f) Every corridor shall provide access to at least two (2) approved means of egress from the building in accordance with Section 3.401, without passing through any intervening rooms or spaces other than corridors or lobbies. Existing dead-end corridors are undesirable and shall be altered wherever possible so that exits will be accessible in at least two (2) different directions from all points in aisles, passageways, and corridors.

(4) Doors

(a) Every door shall be in accordance with Section 3.402 except as modified in the succeeding paragraphs. For doors in horizontal exits and smoke partitions, Section 3.903 shall govern.

Exception No. 1: Doors leading directly to the outside of the building may be subject to locking from the room side.

Exception No. 2: Doors in homes for the aged may be locked by the occupant, if they can be unlocked from the opposite side and keys are carried by attendants at all times.

(c) Exit access doors from hospital and nursing home sleeping rooms, diagnostic and treatment areas such as X-ray, surgery, and physical therapy, all doors between these spaces and the required exits, and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at least one hundred six (106) centimeters wide.

Exception No. 1: Doors which are so located as not to be subject to use by an institutional occupant shall be not less than seventy-one (71) centimeters wide.

Exception No. 2: Doors in exit stairway enclosures shall not be less than ninety one (91) centimeters wide.

(d) Any door in a fire separation, horizontal exit or a smoke partition may be held open only by an electrical device which complies with Section 3.402. The device shall be arranged that the operation of the following will initiate the self-closing action:

(d-1) The alarm system required in Section 3.903.

(d-2) A local smoke detector designed to detect smoke passing through the opening.

(d-3) A complete and approved automatic fire suppression system or automatic fire detection system.

(e) Doors in stair enclosures or in walls separating hazardous areas shall not be equipped with hold-open devices.

(5) Stairs, Smokeproof Towers and Ramps

(a) Every stair and smokeproof tower shall be in accordance with Section 3.403 and shall be Class A or B.

Exception: Any existing interior stair not complying with Section 3.403 may be continued in use subject to the approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

(b) Every ramp shall be in accordance with Section 3.406, and shall be Class A or Class B. Ramp width shall be as specified in Section 3.903.

(6) Horizontal Exits. — A door in a horizontal exit shall be at least one hundred six (106) centimeters wide and shall be in accordance with Section 3.405, except as modified herein. At least two and eight-tenths (2.8) square meters per institutional occupant shall be provided for the total number of institutional occupants in adjoining compartments. A door, if in horizontal exit, is not required to swing with exit travel as specified in Section 3.405.

(7) Exit Lighting and Signs

(a) Each hospital, nursing home and residential-custodial care facility shall be provided with emergency lighting in accordance with Section 3.410. Emergency lighting of at least one (1) hour duration shall be provided.

(b) Exit signs shall be provided in each nursing home and residential-custodial care facility in accordance with Section 3.411.

C. Protection

(1) Subdivision of Building Spaces

(a) Smoke partitions shall be provided, regardless of building construction, as follows:

(a-1) To divide every story used for sleeping rooms for more than thirty (30) institutional occupants into at least two (2) compartments, and

(a-2) To limit on any story the maximum area of each smoke compartment to no more than two thousand one hundred sixteen (2,116) square meters of which both length and width are limited to forty-six (46) meters. Protection may be accomplished in conjunction with the provision of horizontal exits.

(b) Smoke partitions shall be constructed in accordance with Section 3.506 and shall have a fire resistance rating of at least one-half (½) hour.

(d) Space shall be provided on both sides of the smoke partition or in each area of refuge for the total number of institutional occupants served.

(e) Openings in smoke partition shall be, protected by wired glass panels in steel framed or by forty four and a half (44.5) millimeter solid bonded wood care doors as a minimum.

(f) Doors in smoke partitions shall be self-closing or kept in the open position provided they meet the requirement of Section 3.903. Such doors shall not be required to swing exit travel.

(2) Minimum Construction Standards for Existing Institutions.

(a) For the purpose of this sections stories shall be counted starting at the lowest floor of exit discharge.

(b) Institutional buildings of one (1) story in height only may be of any type of construction.

(c) Institutional buildings up to and including two (2) stories may be constructed of fire resistive construction protected noncombustible construction, protected ordinary construction; protected wood frame construction, heavy timber construction, or unprotected noncombustible construction.

(d) Institutional buildings three(3) stories, or more, in height shall be of fire resistive construction.

Exception: Institutional buildings up to and including three (3) stories may be of protected noncombustible construction if equipped throughout with an automatic fire suppression system.

(e) Every interior wall and partition in buildings of fire-resistive and noncombustible construction shall be of noncombustible materials.

(f) Every institutional sleeping room shall have an outside window and outside door arranged and located to permit the venting of products of combustion and to permit any occupant to have access to fresh air in case of emergency.

Exception: Rooms housing obstetrical labor beds, recovery, emergency observation beds, and newborn bassinets.

(g) Corridors in existing institutional occupancies shall be separated from use areas by walls constructed to resist the passage of smoke. Doors in such corridor partitions, other than those serving exits or hazardous areas, shall be at least forty four and a half (44.5) millimeters solid bonded wood core or equivalent. Doors shall be provided with latches of a type suitable for keeping the door tightly closed.

(h) Transoms, louvers, or transfer grills, whether protected by fusible link-operated dampers or not, shall be closed and made smoke tight by permanent noncombustible construction.

(i) Glass vision panels in such corridor walls or doors shall be of fixed wired glass in steel frames, limited to eighty four hundredths (0.84) square meter per panel.

Exception: Institutional occupancies equipped throughout with an automatic fire suppression system, may be provided with glass vision panels without restriction.

(3) Protection of Vertical Openings and Firestopping.

(a) Each stairway between stories shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 3.501 with partitions having a one (1)-hour fire resistance rating.

Exception: Where a full enclosure is impracticable and the stair is not a required exit, the required enclosure may be limited to that necessary to prevent a fire originating in any story from spreading to any other story.

(b) Any elevator shaft, light and ventilation shaft, chute, and other vertical opening between stories shall be protected as required for stairways.

(c) Each exterior wall of frame construction and interior stud partitions shall be firestopped so as to cut off all concealed draft openings, both horizontal and vertical, between any collar or basement and the first floor. Such firestopping shall consist of suitable noncombustible material or of wood at least five (5) centimeters thick.

(d) Any existing linen and trash chute which opens directly on to any corridor shall be sealed by fire-resistive construction to prevent further use or shall be provided with a fire door assembly suitable for a Class B location and having a fire protection rating of one and one-half (1-½) hours. All new chutes shall comply with Section 3.603.

(4) Interior Finish. — Interior finish shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 3.502. In buildings equipped with a complete automatic fire suppression system, Class C interior finish may be continued in use, except in means of egress.

(5) Alarm and Extinguishing Systems

(a) Every building shall have an automatic and manually operated fire-alarm system, in accordance with Section 3.503. Audible alarm devices shall be used.

(b) An automatic fire suppression system shall be provided throughout all hospitals, nursing homes and residential-custodial care facilities, except buildings of fire-resistive construction of any height or protected non combustible construction not over one (1) story in height.

(c) Any required automatic fire suppression system shall be in accordance with Section 3.504, for systems in light hazard occupancies, and shall be electrically interconnected with the fire alarm system. The main sprinkler control valve on control mechanism shall be electrically monitor so that at least a local alarm will sound when the valve is closed, as a mechanism is operated.

(d) The sprinkler piping, serving no more than six (6) sprinklers for any isolated hazardous area, may be connected directly to a domestic water supply system having a capacity sufficient to provide six (6) liters per minute per square meter of floor area throughout the entire enclosed area. An outside screw-and-yoke shut-off valve shall be installed in an accessible location between the sprinklers and the connection to the domestic water supply.

(e) Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all institutional occupancies in accordance with Section 3.504.

(6) Hazardous Area. — Any hazardous area shall be safeguarded in accordance with Section 3.505. Hazardous areas include, but are not restricted to the following:

Boiler and heater rooms	Rooms or spaces used for storage of combustible supplies and equipment in quantities deemed hazardous by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.
Laundries
Repair Shops

D. Building Service Equipment

(1) Air-Conditioning, Ventilation, Heating, Cooling, and Other Service Equipment

(a) Air-conditioning, ventilation, heating, cooking and other service equipment shall be in accordance with Division 6 of this Rule. They shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications.

(b) Any heating device, other than a central heating plant, shall be so designed and installed that combustible material will not be ignited by it or its appurtenances. If fuel fired, such heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly from the outside, and shall be so designed and installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere of the occupied area. The heating system shall have safety devices to immediately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in case of either excessive temperature or ignition failure.

Exception: Fireplaces may be installed and used only in area other than patient areas, provided that these areas are separated from patient sleeping spaces by construction having a one (1) hour fire resistance rating. In addition, the fireplace shall be equipped with a heat tempered glass fireplace enclosure guaranteed against breakage up to a temperature of three hundred forty three (343ºC) degrees Celsius. If special hazards are present, a lock on the enclosure and other safety precautions may be required.

(c) Combustion and ventilation air for boiler, incinerator, or heater rooms shall be taken directly from and discharged directly to the outside air.

(d) Any rubbish chute and linen chute including pneumatic system shall be safeguarded in accordance with Section 3.63. Existing flue-fed incinerators shall be sealed by fire-resistive construction to prevent further use. Any trash chute shall discharge into a trash collecting room used for no other purpose and protected in accordance with Section 3.505.

E. Windowless Buildings. — See section 3.1504 for requirements.

SECTION 3.904. Penal Institutions. — A. Application. — This part of Rule 3 covers residential-restrained care institutions such as jails, panel institutions, reformatories, prisons and correctional institutions.

B. Residential Restrained Care Institution. — A building or part thereof, used to house occupants under some degree of restraint or security.

C. Occupancy Classification. —

(1) Penal institutions are a complex of structures with each serving a definite and usually different purpose. For instance, in all probability there will be represented in most penal institutions an example of all, or most of all, of the occupancy type classifications. Exits and other features shall be governed by the type of occupancy classification and the hazard of occupancy.

(2) All buildings and structures shall be classified, using Section 3.301, Occupancy Classification, as a guide, subject to the ruling of the Director General or his duly authorized representative in case of question as to the proper classification of any individual buildings or structure. Exit features shall comply with the applicable section of the Rule with some exceptions.

(3) Hazards of contents shall be determined by the Director General or his duly authorized representative, using Section 3.302. The foregoing shall be used in so far as applicable and shall be subject to the ruling of the Director General or his duly authorized representative in case of question.

(4) Custody classification of the institution, as well as individual areas within the complex, shall always be considered by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

D. Means of Egress

(1) Reliable means of egress shall be provided to permit the prompt release of inmates confined in locked sections, spaces, or rooms in the event of fire or other emergency, regardless of the type of occupancy.

(2) Prompt release will be guaranteed by adequate personnel that are continuously on duty twenty four (24) hour and keys which shall be readily accessible.

(3) Any emergency entrance which is locked may be classified as an exit provided that keys are readily available to guards or attendants.

E. Hazardous Areas. — Every hazardous area shall be protected in accordance with Section 3.902 of this Rule.

F. Operating Features. —

(1) Each operating feature shall comply with the Institutional Section of Division 16 of this Rule entitled: Operating Features.

(2) Smoking regulations will depend on management and proper authorities within the institution. The Smoking Regulations contained in Division 16, Operating Features, shall be used as a guide.

DIVISION 10

Residential Occupancies

SECTION 3.1001. Classification. — Residential occupancies shall include all occupancies so classified in Section 3.301. They shall be classified in the following groups, subject to determination by the Director General or his duly authorized representative:

A. Hotels. — Includes buildings or groups of buildings under the same management in which there are more than fifteen (15) sleeping accommodations for hire, primarily used by transients who are lodged with or without means, whether designated as a hotel, inn, club, motel, or by any other name. So called apartment hotel or pension houses shall be classified as hotels, because they are potentially subject to transient occupancy like that of hotels.

B. Apartment Buildings. — Includes buildings containing three (3) or more living units independent cooking and bathroom facilities, whether designated as row house, apartment house, tenement, garden apartment, or by any other name.

C. Dormitories. — Includes buildings where group sleeping accommodation are provided for persons not members of the same family group in one room or in a series of closely associated room under joint occupancy and single management, as in college dormitories, fraternity houses, military barracks, ski lodges, and the like.

D. Lodging or Rooming Houses. — Includes buildings in which separate sleeping rooms; are rented providing sleeping accommodations for a total of fifteen (15) or less persons, on either a transient or permanent basis; with or without meals, but without separate cooking facilities for individual occupants.

E. Single-and-Two Family Dwellings. — Includes detached dwellings in which each living unit is occupied by members of a single family.

SECTION 3.1002. General Requirements. — A. Occupant Load. — The occupant load of residential occupancies in numbers of persons for whom exits are to be provided except in detached single-and-two-family dwellings shall be determined on the basis of one (1) person per eighteen and six-tenths (18.6) square meters gross floor area, or the mixing probable population of any room or section under consideration, whichever is greater. The occupant load of any open mezzanine or balcony shall be added to the occupant load of the floor below for the purpose of determining exit capacity.

B. Capacity of Exits. — Exits, shall be sufficient to provide for the occupant load in numbers of persons as determined in accordance with paragraph "A" of this Section based on the following:

(1) Doors including those three (3) risers or sixty one (61) centimeters above or below ground level, Class A ramps and horizontal exits shall be one hundred (100) persons per unit of exit width per minute.

(2) Stairs and other types of exits not in the preceding paragraph shall be seventy five (75) persons per unit of exit width per minute.

C. Maintenance of Exits. — No door in any means of egress shall be locked against egress when the building is occupied.

SECTION 3.1003. Hotels. — A. General

(1) Public Assembly Occupancies. — Any ballroom, assembly or exhibition hall, and other space used for purposes of public assembly shall be in accordance with Division 7. Restaurants having a capacity of fifty (50) or more persons shall be treated as places of assembly.

B. Exit Details

(1) General Requirements

(a) Any room having a capacity of less than fifty (50) persons with an outside door at street or ground level may have such outside door as a single exit provided that no part of the room or area is more than fifteen and one-fourth (15.25) meters from the door measured along the natural path of travel.

(b) Any floor below the floor of exit discharge occupied for public purposes shall have exits arranged in accordance with the subsequent paragraph of this Section, with access thereto in accordance with Section 3.401.

(c) Any floor below the floor of exit discharge not open to the public and used only for mechanical equipment, storage, and service operations (other than kitchens which are considered part of the hotel occupancy) shall have exits appropriate to its actual occupancy in accordance with applicable sections of this Rule.

(d) The same stairway or other exit required to serve any one upper floor may also serve other upper floor, except that no inside open stairway, escalator, or ramp may serve as a required egress from more than one floor.

(2) Types of Exits. — Exits, arranged in accordance with Division 4, shall be one or more of the following types:

(a) Doors to outside at ground level

(b) Revolving doors, as per Section 3.402 (not at foot of stairs)

(c) Doors to subways, only if the subway meets the requirements or exit passageway or tunnels as specified in Section 3.407.

(d) Interior stairs, Class A or Class B, in accordance with 3.403.

(e) Outside stairs, in accordance with Section 3.404.

(f) Smokeproof towers in accordance with Section 3.405.

(g) Ramps, Class A or Class B, in accordance with Section 3.406.

(h) Escalators, in accordance with Section 3.408.

(i) Horizontal exits, in accordance with Section 3.405.

(3) Capacity of Exits

(a) After determining the occupant load or number of persons in accordance with Section 3.1002, street floor exit shall be designed to provide the necessary units of exit width, as follows:

(a-1) For doors and other level exits, including those sixty one (61) centimeters or three (3) risers above or below ground level, the capacity shall be one (1) unit of exit width for every one hundred (100) persons capacity on street floor.

(a-2) For stairs and other exit requiring descent to the ground, the capacity shall be one (1) unit of exit width for each seventy five (75) persons capacity of the street floor.

(a-3) For each two (2) units required stairways from upper floors discharging through the street floor, one and half (1½) units of exit widths shall be added.

(b) Every floor above or below the floor of exit discharge shall have exits sufficient to provide for the occupant load of that floor, computed using the factors of one hundred (100) persons per unit for travel on the same level and/or seventy five (75) persons for upward travel, as upstairs.

(4) Number of Exits. — Not less than two (2) exits shall be accessible from every floor, including floors below the floor of exit discharge and occupied for public purposes.

(5) Travel Distance to Exits. — Any exit above shall be such that it will not be necessary to travel more than thirty (30) meters from the door of any room to reach the nearest exit.

(6) Access to and Arrangement of Exits

(a) Access to all required exits shall be in accordance with Section 3.401, shall be unobstructed and shall not be veiled from open view by ornamentation, curtain, or other appurtenance.

(b) Means of egress shall be so arranged that, from every point in any open area or from any room door, exits will be accessible in at least two (2) different directions.

(7) Discharge from Exits. —

(a) At least half of the required number of units of exit width from upper floors, exclusive of horizontal exits, shall load directly to the street or through a yard, court, or passageway with protected openings and separated from all parts of the interior of the building.

(b) A maximum of fifty (50%) percent of the exits may discharge through areas on the floor of exit discharge provided:

(b-1) Such exits discharge to a free and unobstructed way to the exterior of the building, which way is readily visible and identifiable from the point of discharge from the exit.

(b-2) The floor of discharge into which the exit discharge is provided with automatic fire suppression System and any other portion of the level of discharge with access to the discharge area is provided with automatic fire suppression system or separated from it in accordance with the requirements for the enclosure of exit. (See Section 3.401).

(b-3) The entire area on the floor of discharge is separated from areas below by construction having a minimum fire-resistance rating of two (2) hours.

(8) Lighting and Signs

(a) Each public space, hallway, stairway, or other means of egress shall have illumination in accordance with Section 3.410. Access to exits shall be continuously illuminated at all times. Any hotel with over twenty five (25) rooms shall have emergency lighting.

(b) Every exit access door from public hallways or from corridors on floors with sleeping accommodations shall have an illuminated sign in accordance with Section 3.411. Where exits are not visible in a hallway or corridor, illuminated directional signs shall be provided to indicate the direction of exit.

C. Protection

(1) Protection of Vertical Openings

(a) Every stairway, elevator shaft and other vertical openings shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 3.501.

(b) Any required exit stair which is so located that it is necessary to pass through the lobby or other open space to reach the outside of the building shall be continuously enclosed down to the lobby level.

(c) No floor below the floor of exit discharge, used only for storage, heating equipment, or other than hotel occupancy open to guest or the public, shall have unprotected openings to floors used for hotel purposes.

(2) Protection of Guest Rooms

(a) In any new hotel building every corridor shall be separated from guest rooms by partitions having at least a one (1) hour fire resistance rating.

(b) Each guest rooms shall be provided with a door having a fire protection rating at least twenty (20) minutes.

(3) Interior Finish. — Interior finish, in accordance with Section 3.502 and subject to the limitations and modifications therein specified, shall be as follows:

(a) For new construction or new interior finish:

(a-1) Exits (See Sections 3.402 and 3.409) — Class A or Class B;

(a-2) Lobbies, corridors — Class A or Class B;

(a-3) Places of assembly — See Section 3.701;

(a-4) Individual guest rooms — Class A, B, or C: and

(a-5) Other rooms — Class A, B, or C.

(b) Existing Interior Finish:

(b-1) Exits (See Section 3.402 through 3.409) — Class A or B;

(b-2) Lobbies and Corridors;

(i) Used as exit access — Class A or B

(ii) Not used as required exit access — Class A, B or C

(b-3) Places of Assembly — (See Section 3.705);

(b-4) Individual guest rooms — Class A, B, or C; and

(b-5) Other rooms — Class A, B or C.

(4) Alarm

(a) An alarm system, in accordance with Section 3.503, shall be provided for any hotel having accommodations for fifteen (15) or more guests.

(b) Every sounding device shall be of such character and so located as to arouse all occupants; of the building or section thereof endangered by fire.

(c) An alarm-sending station shall be provided at the hotel desk or other convenient central control point under continuous supervision of responsible employees.

(d) Suitable facilities shall be provided for immediate notification of the Fire Service and/or private fire brigade in case of fire.

(5) Hazardous Areas

(a) Any room containing high pressure boilers, refrigerating machinery; transformers, or other service equipment subject to possible explosion shall not be located directly under or directly adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively cut off from other parts of the building as specified in Section 3.505.

(b) Every hazardous area shall be separated from other parts of the building by construction having a fire-resistance rating of at least one (1) hour and communicating openings shall be protected by approved automatic or self-closing fire doors, or such area shall be equipped with automatic fire suppression system. Where a hazard is severe, both fire-resistive construction and automatic fire suppression system shall be used. Hazardous areas include, but are not limited to:

(b-1) Boiler and heater rooms

(b-2) Laundries

(b-3) Repair shops

(b-4) Rooms or spaces used for storage of combustible supplies and equipment in quantities deemed hazardous by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

D. Building Service Equipment

(1) Air-Conditioning and Ventilation

(a) Every air conditioning installation shall comply with Division 7.

(b) No transom shall be installed in partitions of sleeping rooms in new buildings. In existing buildings transoms shall be fixed in the closed position and shall be covered or otherwise protected to provide a fire resistance rating at least equivalent to that of the wall in which they are installed.

SECTION 3.1004. Apartment Buildings. — A. General

(1) Any apartment building which complies with all of the preceding requirements of this Section for hotels may be considered as a hotel and, as such, the following requirements for apartment buildings will not be applicable.

(2) Every individual living unit covered by this Section shall at least comply with the minimum provisions of Section 3.1007 entitled Detached Single and Two-Family Dwellings.

B. Exit Details

(1) General Types and Capacities of Exits

(a) Exits of the same arrangement, types and capacities as required by Section 3.1003, shall be provided.

(2) Number of Exits

(a) Every living unit shall have access to at least two (2) separate exits.

Exception 1: Any living unit, which has an exit directly to the street or yard at ground level or by way of an outside stairway or an enclosed stairway with fire-resistance rating of one (1) hour or more serving that apartment only and not communicating with any floor below the floor of exit discharge or other area not a part of the apartment served, may have a single exit.

Exception 2: Any building of any height with not more than four (4) living units per floor, with a smoke-proof tower or an outside stairway as the exit, immediately accessible to all apartments served thereby, may have a single exit.

Exception 3: Any building not more than three (3) stories in height with no floor below the floor of exit discharge or, in case there is such a floor, with the street floor construction of at least one-hour fire resistance, may have a single exit, under the following conditions:

(i) The stairway is completely enclosed with a partition having a fire resistance rating of at least one (1) hour with self-closing fire doors protecting all openings between the stairway enclosed and the building.

(ii) The stairway does not serve any floor below the floor of exit discharge.

(iii) All corridors serving as access to exits at least a one (1) hour fire-resistance rating.

(iv) There is not more than six and one-tenth (6.1) meters of travel distance to reach an exit from entrance door of any living unit.

(3) Access to Exits

(a) Exits shall be remote from each other, as required by Section 3.401.

(b) Exits shall be so arranged that there are no dead-end pockets, hallways corridors, passageways or courts.

(c-1) It will not be necessary to travel more than fifteen and one-half (15.5) meters within any individual living unit to reach the nearest exit, or to reach an entrance door of the apartment which provides access through a public corridor to an exit on the same floor level.

(c-2) Within any individual living unit it will not be necessary to traverse stairs more than one (1) story above or below the floor level of the floor level of the apartment to the nearest exit or entrance door.

(c-3) The entrance door to any apartment is within thirty one (31) meters of an exit or within forty six and a half (46.5) in a building protected by automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504.

(d) Doors between apartments and corridors shall be self-closing.

(4) Discharge from Exits. — Discharge from exits shall be the same as required for hotels. (See Section 3 1003).

(5) Lighting and Signs

(a) Every public space, hallway, stairway, and other means of egress shall have illumination in accordance with Section 3.410. Any apartment building with more than twenty five (25) living units shall have emergency lighting.

(b) Signs in accordance with Section 3.411 shall be provided in all apartment buildings requiring more than one (1) exit.

C. Protection

(1) Segregation of Dwelling Units. — Dwelling units in row apartments shall be separated from each other by partition walls having a fire resistance rating of four (4) hours. Such walls shall be constructed solidly and continuously from the ground to level one (1) meter above the ridge line of the roof.

(2) Protection of Vertical Openings. — Protection of vertical openings shall be the same as required for hotels. (See Section 3.1003). There shall be no unprotected vertical opening in any building or fire section with only one exit.

(3) Interior Finish

(a) For new construction and new interior finish:

(a-1) Exits (See Sections 3.402 through 3.409) — Class A or Class B;

(a-2) Lobbies, corridors and public spaces — Class A or B; and

(a-3) Individual living units — Class A, B or C.

(b) Existing Interior Finish:

(b-1) Exits — Class A or B

(b-2) Other spaces — Class A, B or C.

(4) Alarm Systems. — Every apartment building of more than three (3) stories in height or more than twelve (12) apartment units shall have a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 3.503.

Exception No. 1: Buildings provided with automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 3.504.

(5) Hazardous Areas

(a) Every hazardous area shall be separated from other parts of the building construction having a fire-resistance rating of at least one (1) hour. Communicating openings shall be protected by approved automatic or self-closing doors. Hazardous areas include, but shall not be limited to:

Boiler and heater rooms Rooms or spaces used for

Laundries storage of combustible

Repair Shops supplies and equipment

in quantities deemed

hazardous by the Director

General or his duly

authorized representative.

(b) Where the hazard is high, both fire-resistant construction and automatic fire suppression system shall be provided.

D. Building Service Equipment

(1) Air-Conditioning and Ventilation. — Air conditioning and ventilation, when provided, shall be in accordance with Division 6.

SECTION 3.1005. Dormitories. — A. General

(1) Any dormitory complying with all the requirements for hotels shall be classified as a hotel and shall be subject to the provisions of Section 3.1003.

(2) Any dormitory divided into suites of rooms, with one (1) or more bedrooms opening into a living room or study which has a door opening into a common corridor serving a number of suites, shall be classified as an apartment building. As such, dormitory shall be subject to all requirements of Section 3.1004, and the following provisions of this Section will not be applicable, except that the requirements of Section 3.1005 paragraph "C" on Alarm shall apply.

B. Exit Details

(1) Types and Capacity of Exits

(a) Exits of the same types and capacities as required for hotels shall be provided, except that each street floor door shall be sufficient to provide one (1) unit of exit width for each fifty (50) persons capacity of the street floor, plus one (1) unit for each unit of required stairway width discharging through the street floor.

(2) Travel Distance to Exits. — Exits shall be so arranged that it will not be necessary to travel more than thirty and forty eight hundredths (30.48) meters from any point nor forty six (46) meters in a building protected by automatic sprinklers in accordance with Section 3.504, to reach the nearest outside door or stair, nor to traverse more than a one (1) story flight of inside, unenclosed stairs.

(3) Access to Exits. — Any dormitory shall have exits so arranged that from any sleeping room or open dormitory sleeping area there will be access to two (2) separate and distinct exits in different directions with no common path of travel. However, one means of exit may be accepted where the room or space is subject to occupancy by not more than ten (10) persons and has a door opening directly to the outside of the buildings at street or ground level or to an outside stairway.

(4) Lighting and Signs

(a) Every dormitory shall have lighting in accordance with Section 3.410.

(b) Any dormitory, subject to occupancy by more than one hundred (100) persons, shall have emergency lighting in accordance with Section 3.410 and exit signs in accordance with Section 3.411.

C. Protection

(1) Protection of Vertical Openings. — Every exit stair and other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 3.501.

(2) Interior Finish. — All interior finish of dormitories shall be Class A or B in exits, in lobbies and in corridors, and Class A, B or C elsewhere, in accordance with Section 3.502.

(3) Alarm Systems. — Every dormitory shall have a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 3.503.

D. Building Service Equipment

(1) Every air conditioning installation shall comply with Division 6.

(2) Transoms shall not be installed in partitions of sleeping rooms in new buildings. In existing buildings, transoms shall be fixed in the closed position and shall be covered or otherwise protected to provide a fire-resistance rating at least equivalent to that of the wall in which they are installed.

SECTION 3.1006. Lodging or Rooming Houses. — A. General

(1) This Section applies only to lodging or rooming houses providing sleeping accommodations for less than fifteen (15) persons as specified in Section 3.1001.

(2) In addition to the following provisions, every lodging or rooming house shall comply with the minimum requirements for detached single and two family dwellings.

B. Exit Details

(1) Every sleeping room above the street floor shall have access to two (2) separate means of exit, at least one (1) of which shall consist of an enclosed interior stairway, an exterior stairway, a fire escape or a horizontal exit.

(2) All exits shall be arranged to provide a safe path of travel to the outside of the building, without traversing any corridor or space exposed to an unprotected vertical opening.

(3) Any sleeping room below the street floor shall have direct access to the outside of the building.

C. Alarm System. — A manufacture fire alarm system shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.503.

SECTION 3.1007. Detached Single and Two Family Dwellings. — A. General. — This Rule covers detached single and two family dwellings, as specified in Section 3.1001. Where the occupancy is so limited, the only requirements applicable are those in this Section.

B. Exit Details

(1) Number, Type and Access To Exits

(a) In any dwelling of more than two (2) rooms; every room used for sleeping, living, or dining purposes shall have at least two (2) means of egress, at least one (1) of which shall be a door or stairway providing a means of unobstructed travel to the outside of the building at street or ground level. No room or space shall be occupied for living or sleeping purposes which is accessible only by a ladder, folding stairs or through a trap door.

(b) Every sleeping room shall have at least one (1) outside window. Such window could be opened from the inside, without the use of tools, to provide a clear opening of not less than fifty six (56) centimeters in least dimension and forty five-hundredths (0.45) square meter in area. The bottom of the opening shall be not more than one hundred twenty two (122) centimeters above the floor, except if the room has two (2) doors providing separate ways of escape or has a door leading directly outside of the building.

(c) No required path of travel to the outside from any room shall be through another room or apartment not under the immediate control of the occupant of the first room or his family, not through a bathroom or other space subject to locking.

(d) No exit access from sleeping rooms to outside shall be less than ninety (90) centimeters wide.

(2) Doors

(a) No interior door providing means of exit shall be less than sixty (60) centimeters wide.

(b) Every closet door latch shall be such that children can open the door from inside the closet.

(c) Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit the opening of the locked door from the outside in an emergency.

(3) Stairs. — The width, risers, and treads of every stair shall comply at least with the minimum requirements for Class B stairs, as described in Section 3.403.

C Interior Finish. — Interior finish of occupied spaces of new buildings shall be Class A, B or C, as defined in Section 3.503; and in existing buildings, the interior finish shall be Class A, B, C or D.

D. Building Service Equipment. — No heating equipment such as stove or combustion heater shall be so located as to block escape in case of fire arising from malfunctioning of the stove or heater.

DIVISION 11

Mercantile Occupancies

SECTION 3.1101. General Requirements. — A. Classification of Occupancy

(1) Mercantile occupancies shall include all buildings and structures or parts thereof with occupancy as described in Section 3.301 "E".

(2) Subclassification of Occupancy

(a) Mercantile occupancies shall be classified as follows:

Class A. All stores having aggregate gross area of two thousand seven hundred eighty seven (2,787) square meters or more, or utilizing more than three (3) floor levels for sales purposes.

Class B. All stores of less than two thousand seven hundred eighty seven (2,787) square meters aggregate gross area, but over two hundred eighty seven (287) square meter or utilizing any balcony, mezzanine or floor above or below the street floor level for sales purposes except that if more than three (3) floors are utilized, the store shall be considered Class A, regardless of area.

Class C. All stores of two hundred seventy-eight (278) square meters or less gross area used for sales purposes on the street floor only.

(b) For the purpose of Class A and Class B, C, the aggregate gross area shall be the total area of all floors used for mercantile purposes and, where a store is divided into sections by fire walls shall include the area of all sections used for sales purposes. Areas of floors not used for sales purposes, such as a floor below the street floor used only for storage and not open to the public, shall not be counted for the purpose of the above classifications, but exits shall be provided for such non-sales area in accordance with their occupancy, as specified by other Divisions of these Rules.

(c) A balcony or mezzanine floor having an area less than one-half (½) of the floor below shall not be counted as a floor level for the purpose of applying the classification, but if there are two (2) balconies or mezzanine floors, one (1) shall be counted.

(d) Where a number of stores under different management are located in the same building or in adjoining buildings with no fire wall or other standard fire separations in between, the aggregate gross of all such stores shall be used in determining classification.

B Classification of Hazard. — Mercantile occupancies shall be classified as ordinary hazard in accordance with Section 3.302.

Exception: Mercantile occupancies shall be classified as high hazard if high hazard commodities are displayed or handled without protective wrappings or containers, in which case the following additional provisions shall apply:

(1) Exits shall be located not more than twenty three (23) meters of travel from any point is required to reach the nearest exit.

(2) From every point there shall be at least two (2) exits accessible by travel in different directions (no common path of travel). cCaSHA

C. Occupant Load

(1) For purposes of determining required exits, the occupant load of mercantile buildings or parts of building used for mercantile purposes shall not be less than the following:

(a) Street floor, one (1) person for each two and eight-tenths (2.8) square meters gross floor area. In stores with no street floor as defined in Division 2, of this Rule, but with access directly from the street by stairs or escalators, the principal floor at the point of entrance to the store shall be considered the street floor. In stores where due to difference in grade of streets on different sides, there are two (2) or more floors directly accessible from the street (not including alleys or similar back streets), each such floor shall be considered a street floor for the purpose of determining occupant load.

(b) Sales floors below the street floor: same as street floor.

(d) Floors or sections used only for offices, storage, shipping and not open to the general public: one (1) person for each nine and three-tenths (9.3) square meters gross floor area.

(e) Floors or sections used for assembly purposes: occupant load determined in accordance with Division 7 of this Rule.

(f) Covered Walls: one (1) person for each two and eight-tenths (2.8) square meters gross floor area.

(2) In case of mezzanine or balconies open to the floor below or other unprotected vertical openings between floors as permitted by Section 3.1103, the occupant load (or area) of the mezzanine or other subsidiary floor level shall be added to that of the street floor for the purpose of determining required exits: Provided, however, that in no case shall the total number of exit units be less than would be required if all vertical openings were closed.

SECTION 3.1102. Exit Details. — A. General

(1) All exit facilities shall be in accordance with Division 4 and this Division of this Rule. Only types of exits specified in this Section shall be used as required exit facilities in any mercantile occupancy.

(2) Where a stairway, escalator, outside stair, or ramp serves two (2) or more upper floors, the same stairway or other exit required to serve any one (1) upper floor may also serve other upper floors.

Exception: No inside open stairway, escalator, or ramp may serve as a required egress facility from more than one (1) floor.

(3) Where there are two (2) or more floors below the street floor, the same stairway or other exit may serve all floors, but all required exits from such areas shall be independent of any open stairways between street floor and the floor below it.

(4) Where a level outside exit from upper floors is possible owing to hills, such outside exits may serve instead of horizontal exits. If, however, such outside exits from the upper floor also serve as an entrance from a principal street, the upper floor shall be classified as a street floor in accordance with the definition in Division 2 and is subject to the requirements of this Section for street floors.

B. Types of Exits

(1) Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types:

(a) Doors (see Section 3.402)

(b) Interior stairs, Class A or B or smokeproof towers (see Section 3.403)

(d) Horizontal exits (see Section 3.405)

(e) Ramps (see Section 3.406).

(f) Escalators (see Section 3.408)

(2) In existing interior stair or fire escape not complying with Section 3.403 or Section 3.404 may be continued in use, subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

C. Capacity of Exits

(1) The capacity of a unit of exit width shall be as follows:

(a) Doors including those leading to outside the building at the ground level or three (3) risers above or below the ground level: one hundred (100) persons per unit minute of exit width.

(b) Class A or Class B interior stairs, smokeproof towers, or outside stairs: sixty (60) persons per unit of exit width.

(d) Horizontal exits: one hundred (100) persons per unit per minute of exit width.

(2) In Class A and Class B stores, street floor exit doors or horizontal exit doors, located as required by paragraphs e and f of this Section shall be sufficient to provide the following numbers of units of exit width.

(a) One unit for each one hundred (100) persons capacity of street floor, plus.

(b) One and one-half (1.5) units for each two (2) units of required stairways discharging through the street floor from floors below, plus.

(c) One and one-half (1.5) units for each two (2) units of required stairways discharging through the street floor, plus.

(d) One and one-half (1.5) units for each two (2) units of escalator width discharging through the street floor where escalators qualify as required exits or as means of access to required exits.

(e) If ramps are used instead of stairways, street floor doors shall be provided on the same basis as for stairways, with door width appropriate to the rated discharge of ramps, per Section 3.406.

D. Number of Exits

(1) In Class A and Class B stores at least two (2) separate exits shall be accessible from every part of every floor, including floors below the street floor.

(2) In Class C stores, at least two (2) separate exits shall be provided as specified by the preceding paragraph above.

Exception: Where no part of the Class C store is more than fifteen and a half (15.5) meters from the street door, measured in accordance with Section 3.401, a single exit shall be permitted.

E. Arrangement and Access of Exits

(1) Exits shall be remote from each other and shall be arranged to minimize the possibility that both may be blocked by an emergency.

Exception: A common path may be permitted for the first fifteen (15) meters from any point. (See Section 3.1101, if there are high hazard contents).

(2) The aggregate width of all aisles leading to each exit shall be equal to at least the required width of the exit.

(3) In no case shall any aisle be less than seventy one (.71) centimeters in clear width.

(4) In Class A stores, at least one (1) aisle of one and one-half (1.5) meters minimum width shall lead directly to an exit.

(5) If the only means of entrance of customer is through one (1) exterior wall of the building, two-thirds (2/3) of the required exit width shall be located in this wall.

(6) At least one-and one-half (1.5) of the required exits shall be so located as to be reached without going through check-out stands. In no case shall checkout stands or associated railings or barriers obstruct exits or required aisles or approaches thereto.

F. Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits. — Travel distance to exits, measured in accordance with Section 3.401, shall be no more than thirty and one-half (30.5) meters.

Exception: An increase in the above travel distance to forty six (46) meters shall be permitted in a building completely protected by an automatic FSS system in accordance with Section 3.504.

G. Discharge from Exits. — In buildings with automatic FSS protection in accordance with Section 3.504, one-half (0.5) of rated number of exit units of stairways, escalators or ramps serving as required exits from floors above or below the street floor, may discharge through the main street floor area, instead of directly to the street, provided that:

(1) Not more than one-half (0.5) of the required exit units from any single floor considered separately discharge through the street floor area.

(2) The exits are enclosed in accordance with Section 3.501 to the street floor.

(3) The distance of travel from the termination of the enclosure to an outside street door is not more than fifteen and one-half (15.5) meters.

(4) The street floor doors provide sufficient units of exit width to serve exits discharging through the street floor in addition to the street floor itself, per Section 3.1101.

H. Doors

(1) Every street floor door shall be in accordance with. Section 3.402, and a horizontal exit door, if used, in accordance with Section 3.405.

Exception: In Class C mercantile occupancies doors may swing inward where such doors serve only the street floor area.

(2) Where revolving doors are used to provide part of the required number of units of street floor exit width, such doors shall be used in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.402.

(3) All doors at the foot of stairs from upper floors or at the end of stairs leading to floors below the street floor shall swing with the exit travel.

I. Exit Signs and Lighting

(a) Every mercantile occupancy shall have exit illumination and signs in accordance with Section 3.410 and 3.411.

(b) Every Class A and Class B store shall have emergency lighting facilities conforming to Section 3.410.

SECTION 3.1103. Protection. — A. Protection of Vertical Opening

(1) Any stairway, elevator shaft, escalator opening or other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 3.501, except as permitted in this Section.

(2) Exceptions for Class A stores

(a) In any Class A store, openings may be unprotected between any two (2) floors, such as open stairs or escalators between street floor and the floor below, or open stairs to second floor or balconies or mezzanines above the street floor level (not both to the floor below the street floor and above unless protected by automatic fire suppression system).

(b) In any Class A store with automatic FSS in accordance with Section 3.504, openings may be unprotected under the conditions permitted by Section 3.501 or between the street floor and the floor below the street floor and between street floor and second floor or, if no openings to the floor below the street floor, between street floor, street floor balcony; or mezzanine; and second floor, but not between more than three (3) floor levels.

(c) In existing Class A stores only, one (1) floor above those otherwise permitted may be open if such floor is not used for sales purposes and the entire building is protected by automatic fire suppression system.

(3) Exceptions for Class B stores

(a) In any Class B store, openings may be unprotected between any two (2) floors, such as open stairs or escalators between street floor and the floor below, or between street floor and mezzanine or second floor (but not to both floor below the street floor and above unless protected by automatic fire suppression system).

(b) In any Class B store with automatic FSS in accordance with Section 3.504, openings may be unprotected under the conditions permitted in Section 3.501 or between the floor below the street floor and street floor and between street floor and balcony or mezzanine and second floor.

(c) In any existing Class B store only, all floors permitted under, Class B may have unprotected openings if the entire building is completely protected by automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504.

(4) Exceptions for Class C stores

(a) In any Class C store, openings may be unprotected between street floor and balcony.

(b) In an existing building only, openings may be unprotected between street floor and the floor below or second floor not used for sales purposes.

B. Interior Finish

(1) Interior finish of exits of all stores shall be Class A or Class B, in accordance with Section 3.502.

(2) In any Class A or Class B store, interior finish of the ceiling shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 3.502 unless completely protected by automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504, in which case Class C interior finish may be used. In any Class A or Class B store, interior finish of the walls shall be Class A, Class B or Class C in accordance with Section 3.502.

(3) In any mercantile occupancy, exposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for heavy timber construction may be permitted. Laminated wood shall not delaminate under the influence of heat.

(4) In a Class C store, interior finish shall be Class A, B or C in accordance with Section 3.502.

C. Alarm Systems — Class A and Class B stores shall be provided with an automatic and manual fire alarm system in accordance with Section 3.503.

D. Automatic Sprinkler Protection/Automatic Fire Suppression System. — Approved automatic sprinkler or automatic fire suppression system protection shall be installed in accordance with Section 3.504 in all mercantile occupancies as follows:

(1) In all one (1) story buildings over one thousand three hundred ninety four (1,394) square meters in area.

(2) In all buildings over one (1) story in height and exceeding two thousand seven hundred eighty seven (2787) square meters in gross area.

(3) Throughout floors below the street floor having an area exceeding two hundred thirty two and one-half (232.5) square meters when used for the sale, storage or handling of combustible goods and merchandise.

E. Hazardous Areas

(1) An area used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, fuel storage, janitor closet, maintenance shops including woodworking and painting areas, and kitchens shall be separated from other parts of the building by construction having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one (1) hour, and all openings shall be protected with self-closing fire doors.

(2) Areas with high hazard contents as defined in Section 3.302, shall be provided with both fire-resistive construction and automatic fire suppression system.

SECTION 3.1104. Building Service Equipment. —

A. Air conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking, and other service equipment shall be in accordance with Division 6 of this Rule.

B. An elevator shall not constitute required means of exit. When mercantile occupancies are more than three (3) stories or more than three (3) stories above the street floor and equipped with automatic elevator, one (1) or more elevators shall be designed and equipped for fire emergency use by fire fighters as specified in Division 6 of this Rule. Key operation shall transfer automatic elevator operation to manual and bring elevator to the street floor for use of fire service. The elevator shall be situated so as to be readily accessible by the members of the Fire Service.

SECTION 3.1105. Special Provisions. — A. Self-Service Stores

(1) In any self-service store, no check-out-stand or associated railings or barriers shall obstruct exits or required aisles or approaches thereto.

(2) In every self-service store where wheeled carts or buggies are used by customers, adequate provision shall be made for the transit and parking of such carts to minimize the possibility that they may obstruct exits.

B. Open-Air Mercantile Operations

(1) Open-air mercantile operations, such as open-air markets, gasoline filling stations, roadside stands for the sale of farm produce, and other outdoor mercantile operations shall be so arranged and conducted as to maintain free and unobstructed ways of travel at all times to permit prompt escape from any point of danger in case of fire or other emergency, with no dead ends in which persons might be trapped due to display stands, adjoining buildings, fences, vehicles, or other obstructions.

(2) If mercantile operations are conducted in roof-over areas, they shall be treated as mercantile buildings, provided that canopies over individual small stands to protect merchandise from the weather shall not be construed to constitute buildings for the purposes of this Rule.

C. Combined Mercantile and Residential Occupancies. — No dwelling unit shall have its sole means of exit through any mercantile occupancy in the same building.

Exception No. 1: Where the dwelling occupancy and exits therefrom are separated from the mercantile occupancy by construction having a fire resistance of at least one (1) hour.

Exception No. 2: Where the mercantile occupancy is protected by automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504.

Exception No. 3: Where an existing building with not more than two (2) dwelling units above the mercantile occupancy is protected by an automatic fire detection systems in accordance with Section 3.503.

D. Covered Malls and Walkway. — A covered or roofed interior area used as a pedestrian public way and connecting buildings housing individual or multiple tenants. Use of the term covered mall shall include covered walkways.

(1) Covered Mall and Walkway. — A covered or roofed interior area used as a pedestrian public way and connecting buildings housing individual or multiple tenants. Use of the term covered mall shall include covered walkways.

(2) A covered mall and all buildings connected to it shall be treated as a single mercantile building and shall be subject to the requirements for mercantile occupancies, except as provided herein.

(3) Exit Details

(a) Every covered mall shall have no less than two (2) exits located remote from each other.

(b) No less than one-half (0.5) the required exit widths for each Class A or Class B state connected to a covered mall shall lead directly outside without passing through the mall.

(c) Every mall shall be provided with unobstructed exit access, parallel to and adjacent to the connected buildings. The exit access shall extend to each mall exit.

(d) In no case shall an exit access through a covered mall be less than three (3) meters and sixty six (66) centimeters in clear width.

DIVISION 12

Business Occupancies

SECTION 3.1201. General Requirements. — A. Classification of Occupancy. — Business occupancies shall include all buildings and structures or parts thereof with occupancy described in section 3.301.

B. Classification of Hazard of Contents. — The contents of business occupancies shall be classified as ordinary hazard in accordance with Section 3.302. For purposes of the design of an automatic fire suppression system, as office occupancy shall be classified as "Light hazard occupancy".

C. Occupant Load

(1) For purposes of determining required exits, the occupant load of business purposes shall be no less than one (1) person per nine and three-tenths (9.3) square meters of gross floor area.

(2) In the case of mezzanine or balcony open to the floor below of other unprotected vertical openings between floors, the occupant load of the mezzanine or other subsidiary floor level shall be added to that of the street floor for the purpose of determining required exits. However, in no case shall the total number of exit units be less than would be required if all vertical openings were enclosed.

SECTION 3.1202. Exit Details. — A. General

(1) All exit facilities shall be in accordance with Division 4 and this Division of this Rule. However, only types of exits specified in Subsection b on types of exits may be used as required exit facilities in any business occupancy with access thereto and ways of travel therefrom in accordance with Section 3.401.

(2) If, owing to difference in grade level, any street floor exits are at points above or below the street or ground level, such exits shall comply with the provisions for exits from upper floors or floors below the street floor.

(3) Where a stairway, escalator, outside stair, or ramp serves two (2) or more upper floors, the same stairway or other exit required to serve any one (1) upper floor may also serve other upper floors.

Exception: No inside open stairway, escalator, or ramp may serve as a required egress facility from more than one (1) floor.

(4) Where two (2) or more floors below the street floor are occupied for business use, the same stairways, escalators or ramps may serve each.

Exception: No inside open stairway, escalator or ramp may serve as a required egress facility from more than one (1) floor level.

(5) Floor levels below the street floor used only for storage, heating, and other services equipment, and not subject to business occupancy, shall have exits in accordance with Division 14 of this Rule.

B. Types of exits

(1) Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types:

(a) Doors (See Section 3.402)

(b) Interior stairs, Class A, or B (See Section 3.403)

(b-1) All stairs serving as required means of egress shall be of permanent fixed construction.

(b-2) All stairs shall be enclosed by a separating construction from other parts of the building:

(i) The separation shall have at least a one (1) hour fire resistance rating when the exit connects three (3) stories or less. This applies whether the stories connected are above or below the story at which exit discharge begins.

(ii) The separation shall have at least a two (2) hour fire resistance rating when the exit connects four (4) or more stories, whether above or below the level of exit discharge. It shall be constructed of an assembly of non-combustible or limited-combustible materials and shall be supported by construction having at least a two (2) hour fire resistance rating.

(iii) Any opening therein shall be protected by an approved self-closing fire door. A door designed to be normally closed in a means of egress, such as a door to a stair enclosure or horizontal exit, shall be a self-closing door and shall not at any time be secured in the open position.

(iv) Openings in exit enclosures shall be limited to those necessary for access to the enclosure from normally occupied spaces one for egress from the enclosure.

(b-3) Monumental stairs. Monumental stairs, either inside or outside, shall be accepted as required exits if all requirements for exit stairs are complied with, including required enclosures and minimum width of treads.

Exception: Curved stairs may be accepted with a radius of seven hundred sixty three (763) centimeters or more at the inner edges.

(b-4) Stairs details (See Section 3.404)

(c-1) A smokeproof towers shall be a stairway enclosure so designed that the movement into the smokeproof tower of products of combustion, produced by a fire occurring in any part of the building, shall be limited.

(c-2) A smokeproof tower, as herein specified, shall be a continuous fire-resistive enclosure protecting a stairway from fire or smoke in the building served, with communication between the building and the tower by means of balconies directly open to the outer air.

(c-3) Stairs, enclosure walls, towers shall be of non-combustible materials, and all other requirements specified for inside stairs shall apply to stairs in smokeproof .towers.

(c-4) Stairways shall be completely enclosed by walls having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating and comprised of non-combustible materials. There shall be no openings in wall separating the enclosure from the interior of the building. Fixed or automatic fire windows are permitted in an exterior wall of the stair enclosure not subject to severe fire exposure hazard as defined in the Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, NFPA 80A, from the same or nearby buildings.

(c-5) Access to the smokeproof tower shall be provided from every story through vestibules open to the outside on an exterior wall or from balconies fire exposure hazard as defined in the Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, NFPA 80A. Every such vestibule, balcony or landing shall have an unobstructed length and width not less than the required width of exit doors serving same and exit discharge shall open directly to a street or alley or yard or to an enclosed court open at the top not less than six hundred (600) centimeters in width and ninety three (93) square meters in area.

(c-6) Access from a building to vestibules or balconies shall be through doorways not less than one hundred one and six-tenths (101.6) centimeters wide for new and ninety one and forty four hundredths (91.44) centimeters for existing towers. These openings and the entrances to the towers shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors swinging with the exit travel. Clear wired glass not exceeding forty six hundredths (0.46) square meters shall be provided in all doors giving access to the enclosure.

(d) Horizontal exits (See Section 3.405)

(d-1) Walls or partitions separating building or areas between which there are horizontal exits shall be an assembly of non-combustible materials having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating. They shall provide a separation continuous to ground.

Exception No. 1: Such walls or partitions may be omitted on the street floor when they are supported on other construction having at least a two (2) hour fire resistance rating continuous to the ground and meet all the conditions in the following exception No. 2.

Exception No. 2: Where a fire partition is used to provide a horizontal exit in any story of a building, such partition may be omitted in any lower storey under the following conditions:

(i) The open fire area storey from which the fire partition is omitted shall be separated from the other stories above by construction having at least two (2) hour fire resistance rating; and that

(ii) Required exits from the stories above the open fire area storey shall be separated therefrom by construction having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating and shall discharge outside without travel through the open fire area storey; and that

(iii) Vertical openings between the open fire area story and the stories above shall be enclosed with construction having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating.

Exception No. 3: Where a fire partition is used to provide a horizontal exit for any story below the discharge level, such partition may be omitted at the level of exit discharge under the following conditions:

(i) The open fire area story from the fire partition if omitted shall be separated from the other stories above by construction having at least two (2) hour fire resistance rating; and that

(ii) Required exits from the stories above the open fire area story shall be separated therefrom by construction having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating and shall discharge outside without travel through the open fire area story; and that

(iii) Vertical openings between the open fire area story and the stories above shall be enclosed with constructions having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating.

Exception No. 4: Where a fire partition is used to provide a horizontal exit for any story below the discharge level, such partition may be omitted at the level of exit discharge under the following conditions:

(i) The open fire area story from which the fire partition is omitted shall be separated from the stories below by construction having at least two (2) hour fire resistance rating; and that

(ii) Required exits from stories below the open fire area story shall be separated from the open fire areas story by construction having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating and shall discharge directly outside without travel through the open fire area story; and that

(iii) Vertical openings between the open fire area story and the floors below shall be enclosed with construction having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating.

(e) Outside Stairs (See Section 3.404)

(e-1) Outside stairs shall be separated from the interior of the building by fire resistive walls the same as required for inside stairway enclosures with fire doors or fixed wired glass windows protecting any opening therein. In buildings three (3) stories or less in height, such protection need not be provided where there is a remote second exit.

If four (4) stories or more in height wall openings shall be protected as follows:

(i) If within four and six tenths, (4.6) meter horizontal distance from any balcony, platform, or stairway, constituting a part of the exit. This provision does not apply to a platform or walkway leading from the same floor to the exit. Protection need not extend around a right angle cover (outside angle two hundred seventy (270º) degrees) of the building if there is more than one exit.

(ii) If within three (3) stories or ten and two-third (10.67) meters below any balcony, platform, walkway, or stairway constituting a part of the exit, or with two (2) stories or six and one-tenth (6.10) meters of a platform or walkway leading from any story to the exit.

(iii) If within three (3) meters above any balcony, platform, or walkway or measured vertically from the face of the outside riser.

(iv) Protection for wall openings in the top story shall not be required where stairs do not lead to the roof.

(f) Ramps (See Section 3.406)

(f-1) Enclosure.

(i) When a ramp inside a building is used as an exit or exit component, it shall be protected by separation from other parts of the building as specified in the separating construction for interior stairs.

(ii) Fixed wired glass panels in steel sash may be installed in such a separation in a fully sprinkled building.

(iii) There shall be no enclosed usable space under ramps in an exit enclosure nor shall the open space under such ramps be used for any purpose.

(f-2) Other Ramps

(i) Under all conditions where enclosure of inside ramps is required, outside ramps serving as exits shall be separated from the interior of the building by wall construction that has a fire resistance rating equal to that required for such enclosure. In buildings three (3) stories or less in height, such protection need not be provided where there is a remote second exit. If the ramp is four (4) stories or more in height, the openings shall be protected as follows:

(ii) If within four and six-tenths (4.60) meters horizontal distance from any balcony, platform or ramp, serving as component part of the exit. See requirement for outside stairs.

(g) Escalators (See Section 3.406)

(h) Exit Passageways

(h-1) Any hallway, corridor passage, tunnel underfloor, passageway or overhead passageway shall be permitted as an exit passageway and as an exit component when conforming to all other requirements of the means of egress.

(2) An existing interior stairs or fire escape not complying with Section 3.403 or Section 3.404 may be continued in use subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(3) Slide escapes, elevators or other types of exit facility not specified in the preceding paragraph (i) shall not be used to provide required exits from any business occupancy.

C. Capacity of Exits

(1) The minimum width of any corridor or passageway serving as required exit or means of travel to or from a required exit shall be one hundred twelve (112) centimeters in the clear.

(2) The capacity per minute of a unit of exit width shall be as follows:

(a) Doors, including those leading outside the building at the ground level or three (3) risers above or below the ground level: one unit for one hundred (100) persons.

(b) Class A or Class B stairs, outside stairs or smokeproof tower: one (1) unit for sixty (60) persons.

Class B: one (1) unit for sixty (60) persons.

(d) Escalators: one (1) unit for sixty (60) persons.

(e) Horizontal exits: one (1) unit for one hundred (100) persons, but not more than fifty (50%) of exit capacity.

(3) Any street floor exit, arranged as required by sub-section d and f on Number of Exits and Assessment of Travel Distance to exits, respectively, shall be sufficient to provide the following numbers of units of exit width:

(a) One (1) unit for each one hundred (100) persons capacity of the street floor, plus

(b) One and one-half (1.5) units for each two (2) units of stairway, ramp or escalator from upper floors discharging through the street floor, plus

(c) One and one-half (1.5) units for each two (2) units of stairway, ramp or escalator from floor level below the street floor.

D. Number of exits

Not less than two (2) exits shall be accessible from every part of every floor, including floor levels below the street floor occupied for office purposes or used incidental thereto.

Exception No. 1: For a room or area with a total occupant load of less than one hundred (100) persons (or less than fifty (50) if a commercial place of assembly:

(See Division 7) having direct exit to the street or to an open area outside the building at the ground level with a total travel distance from any point of not over thirty and one-half (30.5) meters, a single exit may be permitted. Such travel shall be on the same floor level or, if the traversing of stairs is required, such stairs shall not be more than four and six tenths (4.6) meters in height, and they shall be provided with complete enclosures to separate them from any other part of the building, with no door opening therein.

Exception No. 2: Any three-story business building not exceeding two hundred seventy nine (279) square meters gross floor area per floor may be permitted with a single stairway to the third floor, if the total travel distance to the outside of the building does not exceed thirty and one-half (30.5) meters, if such stairway does not communicate with any other floor, and if it is fully enclosed or in an outside stairway.

E. Arrangement of and Access to Exits. — Exits shall be remote from each other and shall be arranged to minimize the possibility that both may be blocked by any emergency.

Exception: A common path may be permitted for the first fifteen (15) meters from any point.

F. Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits. —Travel distance exits, measured in accordance with Section 3.401 shall be not more than sixty one (61) meters

Exception: An increase in the above travel distance to ninety one and one-half (91.5) meters shall be permitted in a building completely protected by an automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504.

G. Discharge from Exits

(1) At least one half (½) of the required number of units of exit width from upper floors, exclusive of horizontal exits, shall lead directly to the street or through a yard, court, or passageway with protected openings and separated from all parts of the interior of the buildings.

(2) A maximum of fifty (50%) percent of the exits may discharge through areas on the floor of discharge provided:

(a) Such exits discharge to a free and unobstructed way to the interior of the building, which way is readily visible and identifiable from the point of discharge from the exit.

(b) The floor into which the exit discharge is provided with automatic fire suppression system and any other area with access to the level of discharge is provided with automatic fire suppression system or separated from it in accordance with the requirement for the enclosure of exits (See Section 3.401.)

(c) The entire area on the floor or discharge is separated from areas below by construction having a minimum of two-hour (2) fire-resistance rating.

H. Exit Signs and Lighting

(1) Exit illumination shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.410.

(2) In any office building subject to occupancy by one thousand (1,000) or more persons, emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.410.

(3) Signs designating exits and ways of travel thereto shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.411.

SECTION 3.1203. Protection. — A. Protection of Vertical Openings

(1) Every stairway, elevator shaft, escalator opening and other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 3.501.

Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not more than three (3) floors used for office occupancy only may be permitted in accordance with the conditions of Section 3.501.

Exception No. 2: In existing buildings only, where provided with complete automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504 vertical openings may be unprotected if no protected vertical opening serve as any part of any required exit facility and all required exits consist of smokeproof towers in accordance with Section 3.403, outside stairs in accordance with Section 3.404, or horizontal exits in accordance with Section 3.405.

(2) Floors below the street floor used for storage or other than business occupancy shall have no unprotected openings to business occupancy floors.

B. Interior Finish

(1) Interior finish of exits and of enclosed corridors furnishing thereto or ways of travel therefrom shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with Section 3.502 or Class C if it is protected by automatic fire suppression system.

(2) In general office areas, Class A, Class B or Class C interior finish shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.502.

C. Alarm Systems. — A manual and automatic fire alarm system shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.503 if the total capacity of the building is over one thousand (1,000) persons or if more than two hundred (200) persons are employed above or below the street floor, except in buildings provided with automatic fire suppression system in accordance with either Section 3.504 or 3.503.

D. Hazardous Areas

(1) Any area used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, fuel storage, janitor closets, maintenance shops including woodworking and painting areas, and kitchens shall be separated from other parts of the building by construction having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one (1) hour, and all openings shall be protected with self-closing fire doors.

(2) High fire hazard areas, as defined in Section 3.302, shall be protected by both fire rated construction and automatic fire suppression system.

SECTION 3.1204. Building Service Equipment. — A. Air conditioning, ventilation, heating, commercial cooking, and other service equipment shall be in accordance with Division 6 of this Rule.

B. An elevator shall not constitute required means of exit. When office occupancies are more than three (3) stories or more than three (3) stories above the street floor and equipped with automatic elevators, one (1) or more elevators shall be designed and equipped for fire emergency use by fire fighters as specified in Division 6. Key operation shall transfer automatic elevator operation to manual and bring elevator to the street floor for use by members of the Fire Service. The elevator shall be situated so as to readily accessible to said members.

SECTION 3.1205. Combined Business and Mercantile Occupancy. — In any building occupied for both business and mercantile purposes, the entire building shall have exits in accordance with Division 12 of this Rule.

Exception: If mercantile occupancy sections are effectively segregated from business section, exit facilities may be treated separately.

SECTION 3.1206. High Rise Buildings. — All business occupancy buildings over twenty two and nine tenths (22.9) meters, shall be provided throughout with automatic sprinkler protection, fully electrically supervised and designed in accordance with NFPA No. 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinklers (latest edition); or shall be designed with a system that will provide equivalent life safety. Building height shall be measured from the ground level to the floor of the topmost story.

In addition to the above requirements, all buildings regardless of height shall comply with other applicable provisions of this Code.

DIVISION 13

Industrial Occupancies

SECTION 3.1301. General Requirements. — A. Occupancy and Occupant Load

(1) Occupancy

(a) Industrial occupancies include factories making products of all kinds and properties used for operations such as processing, assembling, mixing, packaging, finishing or decorating, repairing, and similar operations. They shall be sub-divided for purposes of this Rule into the following groups:

(a-1) General Industrial Occupancy. — Includes all manufacturing operations, except high hazard, conducted in buildings of conventional design suitable for various types of manufacture.

This group may include multi-story buildings where floors are rented to different tenants, or buildings suitable for such occupancy and therefore subject to possible use for types of manufacturing with a high density of employee population such as in garment factories. (This covers ordinary and low hazard with moderate and high population density).

(a-2) Special Purpose Industrial Occupancy. — Includes all buildings, except high hazard occupancy, designed for and suitable only for particular types of operations, characterized by a relatively low density of employee population with much of the area occupied by machinery or equipment. (This covers ordinary and low hazard with low population density).

(a-3) High hazard Industrial Occupancy. — Includes those buildings having contents which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity or from which poisonous fumes or explosions are to be feared in the event of fire.

(a-4) Open Industrial Structures. — Includes operations conducted in the open air as distinguished from enclosure within buildings, such as those often found in oil refining and chemical processing plants where equipment is in the open with platforms used for necessary access, sometimes with roofs or canopies to provide some shelter, but no walls.

(2) Occupant Load

(a) The occupant load of industrial occupancies for which exits are to be provided shall be one (1) person per nine and three-tenths (9.3) square meters gross floor area, provided that in Special Purpose Industrial Occupancy and for Open Industrial Structures, the occupant load shall be the maximum number of persons to occupy the area under any probable conditions, and further provided that in existing industrial occupancies, the Director General or his duly authorized representative may waive requirements for additional exits if the existing exits are adequate for the maximum number of persons actually employed.

(b) Every auditorium, restaurant, office, garage and medical facility in connection with industrial occupancies has exits provided in accordance with the other applicable sections of this Rule.

SECTION 3.1302. General Industrial Occupancies. — A. Exit Details

(1) General

(a) Each required exit shall be in accordance with the applicable sections of Division 4, with access thereto and ways of travel therefrom in accordance with Section 3.401.

(b) Where any stairway, escalator, outside stair, or ramp serves two (2) or more upper floors, the same stairway or other exit required to serve any one (1) upper floor may also serve other upper floors.

Exception: No inside stairway, escalator or ramp may serve as a required egress facility from more than one (1) floor.

(c) No slide escape or other type of exit facility not specified in the preceding two (2) paragraphs of this Section, shall be used to provide required exits from any ordinary hazard industrial occupancy.

(d) Where two (2) or more stories below the floor or exit discharge are occupied for industrial use, the same stairways, escalators or ramps may serve each.

Exception: No inside open stairway, escalator or ramp may serve as a required egress facility from more than one (1) floor level.

(e) Any floor below the street floor used only for storage, heating, and other service equipment and not subject to industrial occupancy, shall have exits in accordance with Division 14.

(2) Types of Exits

(a) Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types:

(a-1) Doors (See Section 3.402)

(a-2) Interior stairs, Class A or Class B, or smokeproof towers (See Section 3.403)

(a-3) Outside stairs (See Section 3.404)

(a-4) Horizontal exits (See Section 3.405)

(a-5) Ramps (See Section 3.406)

(a-6) Escalators (See Section 3.408)

(b) Any existing interior stair or fire escape not complying with Section 3.403 or Section 3.404 may be continued in use, subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(3) Measurement of Width of Exits. — The minimum width of any corridor or passageway serving as a required exit or means of travel to or from a required exit shall be one hundred twelve (112) centimeters in the clear.

(4) Capacity of Exits

(a) The capacity of a unit of exit width shall be as follows:

(a-1) Doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three (3) risers above or below ground-level-one unit for one hundred (100) persons.

(a-2) Class A or Class B stairs, outside stairs or smokeproof towers — one (1) unit for sixty (60) persons.

(a-3) Ramps

Class A — one (1) unit for one hundred (100) persons

Class B — One (1) unit for sixty (60) persons

(a-4) Escalators — one (1) unit for sixty (60) persons

(a-5) Horizontal exits — one (1) unit for one hundred (100) persons, but not more than fifty (50%) percent of exit capacity.

(b) Any exit at the floor of exit discharge shall be sufficient to provide the following numbers of units of exit width:

(b-1) One (1) unit for each one hundred (100) persons capacity of the floor of exit discharge, plus

(b-2) One and one-half (1.5) units for each two (2) units of stairway, ramp, or escalator from upper floors discharging through the floor of exit discharge, plus

(b-3) One and one-half (1.5) units for each two (2) units of stairway, ramp, or escalator from floors below the floor of exit discharge discharging through the street floor.

(5) Number of Exits. — Not less than two (2) exits shall be provided for every floor or section, including floors below the floor of exit discharge used for industrial purposes or uses incidental thereto.

Exception: For rooms or areas with a total capacity of less than twenty five (25) persons having direct exit to the street or to an open area outside the building at ground level, with a total travel distance from any point of not over fifteen and one-half (15.5) meters, a single exit may be permitted. Such travel be on the same floor level. If the traversing of stairs is required, there shall not be a vertical travel of more than four and six-tenths (4.6) meters, and such stairs shall be provided with complete enclosures to separate them from any other part of the building with no door openings therein.

(6) Travel Distance to Exits

(a) Exits shall be as remote from each other as practicable, so arranged that it will not be necessary to travel more than thirty one (31) meters from any point to reach the nearest exit, or forty six (46) meters in a building protected by a complete automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504.

(b) In any building used for aircraft assembly or other occupancy requiring undivided floor areas so large that the distances from points within the area to the nearest outside walls where exit doors could be provided are in excess of forty six (46) meters, requirements for distance to exits may be satisfied by providing stairs leading to exit tunnels or to overhead passageways in accordance with Section 3.402. In cases where such arrangements are not practicable the Director General or his duly authorized representative may permit other exit arrangements for one-story buildings with distances in excess of the maximum distances specified in the preceding paragraph if complete automatic fire suppression system protection is provided and if the height of ceilings, ceiling curtain boards, and roof ventilation is such away as to minimize the possibility that employees will be overtaken by the spread of fire or smoke within one hundred eighty three (183) centimeters of the floor level before they have time to reach exits: Provided, however, That in no case may the distance of travel to reach the nearest exit exceed one hundred twenty two (122) meters. Where smoke venting is required as condition for permitting distances of travel to exits in excess of the maximum otherwise allowed, the smoke venting arrangement shall be in accordance with Section 3.602.

(c) From every point there shall be at least two (2) separate exits accessible (except as provided by Section 3.1302), so arranged as to be reached by different paths of travel in different directions.

Exception: A common path of travel may be permitted for the first fifteen (15) meters from any point; i.e., no dead-end may be more than fifteen and one-half (15.5) meters deep.

(7) Discharge from Exits. — A maximum of fifty (50%) percent of the exits may discharge through areas on the floor of discharge provided:

(a) Such exits discharge to a free and unobstructed way to the exterior of the building, which way is readily visible and identifiable from the point of discharge from the exit.

(b) The floor of discharge into which the exit discharges is provided with automatic fire suppression system and any other portion of the level of discharge with access to the discharge area is provided with automatic fire suppression system protection or separated from it in accordance with the requirements for the enclosure of exits (see Section 3.401).

Exception: If the discharge area is a vestibule or foyer with no dimension exceeding three (3) meters and separated from the remainder of the floor or discharge by construction providing protection at least the equivalent of wired glass in steel frames, and serving only for means of egress including exits directly to the outside, the requirements of Section 3.401 may be waived.

(c) The entire area on the floor of discharge is separated from areas below by construction having a minimum of two (2) hour fire-resistance rating.

(8) Signs, Lighting, Alarms

(a) Signs designating exits or ways of travel thereto shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.411.

(b) Exit Lighting shall be provided in accordance with Section 3.410.

(c) Industrial occupancies shall be provided with a manual and automatic fire alarm system in accordance with Section 3.503.

Exception No. 1: If the total capacity of the building is under one hundred (100) and no more than twenty five (25) persons are employed above or below the street floor.

Exception No. 2: Buildings provided with automatic fire detection in accordance with Section 3.503.

Exception No. 3: Buildings provided with automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504.

Exception No. 4: One-story (1) building where the entire area is undivided and all parts thereof are clearly visible to all occupants.

B. Protection

(1) Protection of Vertical Openings

(a) Every stairway, elevator shaft, escalator opening and other vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 3.501.

Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not more than three (3) stories used for industrial occupancy only may be permitted in accordance with the conditions of Section 3.501 "A" (2), with automatic fire suppression system.

Exception No. 2: In any existing building only, where provided with complete automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504, vertical openings may be unprotected if no unprotected vertical opening serves as any part of any required exit facility, and all required exits consist of smoke-proof towers in accordance with Section 3.403, outside stairs in accordance with Section 3.404, or exits in accordance with Section 3.405.

(2) Interior Finish.— Interior finish shall be Class A, Class B or Class C

Exception: Where otherwise permitted by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 3.1303. Special Purpose Industrial Occupancy — A. General. — Special purpose industrial occupancies, as defined in Section 3.1301, shall have exits and other features in accordance with the provisions for general industrial occupancy, as modified in this Section.

B. Exit Details. — Exits need be provided only for the persons actually employed. Spaces not subject to human occupancy because of the presence of machinery or equipment may be excluded from consideration.

C. Protection.

Protection of Vertical Openings. — Where unprotected vertical openings are necessary to manufacturing operations they may be permitted beyond the limits specified for General Industrial Occupancy: Provided, That every floor level has direct access to one (1) or more enclosed stairways or other exits protected against obstruction by any fire in the open areas connected by the unprotected vertical openings or smoke therefrom.

SECTION 3.1304. High Hazard Industrial Occupancy — A. General. — High Hazard Industrial Occupancy, as defined in Section 3.1301, shall comply with the provisions for general Industrial Occupancy, as modified by the following paragraphs.

B. Exit Details

(1) Types of Exits. — In addition to the types of exits for upper floors specified for General Industrial Occupancy, approved slide escapes may be used as required exits for both new and existing buildings. Slide escapes shall only be counted as exits when regularly used in drills, or for normal exit, so that occupants are, through practice, familiar with their use.

(2) Number of Exits. — From every point in every area there shall be at least two (2) exits accessible in different directions. Where floor areas are divided into rooms, there shall be at least two (2) ways of escape from every room, however small.

Exception: Toilet rooms so located that the points of access thereto are out of or suitably from areas of high hazard.

(3) Travel Distance to Exits. — Exits shall be so located that it will not be necessary to travel more than twenty three (23) meters from any point to reach the nearest exit.

C. Protection

(1) Protection of Vertical Openings. — Every vertical opening in a new or existing building or high hazard occupancy shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 3.501.

Exception: Where unprotected openings are necessary to a manufacturing operation they may be permitted by the Director General or his duly authorized representative subject to such restrictions as to occupancy, exits, and other features as the Director General or his duly authorized representative may specify to offset the hazard of the unprotected vertical openings.

(2) Automatic Fire Suppression System

Every high hazard occupancy shall have automatic fire suppression system protection or such other protection as may be appropriate to the particular hazard, inclusion hazard including explosion venting for any area subject to an explosion hazard, designed to minimize danger to occupants in case of fire or other emergency before they have time to utilize exits to escape.

SECTION 3.1305. Open Industrial Structures. — A. Open industrial structures, as defined in Section 3.1301, shall have exit facilities such as to provide at least one (1) means of escape from any point subject to human occupancy, such means of escape affording reasonable safety from any probable fire or smoke therefrom, explosion or release of fumes, all in general conformity with the general provisions of this Division of Rule 3 in so far as applicable, with due allowance for the increased safety inherent in any open structure where any heat, smoke, or fumes will not be confined by walls or roofs.

B. Where subject to occupancy by more than ten (10) persons, at least one (1) additional means of escape shall be provided.

DIVISION 14

Storage Occupancies

SECTION 3.1401. General Storage Occupancies. — A. Occupancy and Classification

(1) Occupancy. — Storage occupancies shall include all occupancies defined in Section 3.301. Areas of storage occupancies which are used for the purpose of packaging, labeling, sorting, special handling, or other operations requiring an occupant load greater than normally contemplated for storage occupancies shall be classified as Industrial Occupancy.

(2) Classification of Contents. — Contents of storage occupancies shall be classified as ordinary hazard, high hazard, or low hazard in accordance with Section 3.302 depending upon the character of the materials stored, their packaging, and other factors.

B. Exit Details

(1) Number of Exits

(a) Every building or structure used for storage and every section thereof considered separately shall have at least two (2) separate means of egress, as remote from each other as practicable.

Exception: In rooms or spaces of less than one thousand three hundred ninety four (1,394) square meters gross area where less than ten (10) persons may normally be present, at least one (1) means of egress shall be provided for any person employed therein.

(b) Every storage area shall have access to at least one (1) means of exit which can be readily opened, not subject to locking at any time that any persons are therein, and not dependent on any power-operated doors except power-operated doors complying with Section 3.402.

(2) Travel Distance to Exits. — Every area used for the storage of high hazard commodities shall have an exit within twenty three (23) meters of any point in the area where persons may be present. Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section 3.401.

Exception: Where automatic fire suppression system protection is provided, distances may be increased to thirty and a half (30.5) meters.

SECTION 3.1402. Special Provisions for Garages. — A. General Requirements

(1) The following provisions apply to parking garages of closed or open type, above or below ground, but not to mechanical or exclusively attendant parking facilities, which are not occupied by customers and thus require a minimum of exits. Where repair operations are conducted the exits shall comply with Division 13 on Industrial Occupancies, in addition to compliance with the following paragraph.

(2) Where both parking and repair operations are conducted in the same building, the entire building shall comply with Division 13.

Exception: If the parking and repair sections are effectively separated by fire-resistive construction, the parking and repair sections may be treated separately.

B. Exit Details

(1) Number and Types of Exits — Every floor of every garage shall have access to at least two (2) separate exits, which shall be doors in accordance with Section 3.402, interior stairs of smokeproof towers in accordance with Section 3.403, outside stairs in accordance with Section 3.404 or a horizontal exit in accordance with Section 3.405.

Exception No. 1: In a ramp open garage with open ramps not subject to closure, the ramp may serve in lieu of the second exit, providing the ramp distance outside at the street level.

Exception No. 2 For garages extending only (1) floor level below the floor of exit discharge, a ramp leading directly to the outside may serve in lieu of the second exit.

Exception No. 3: An opening from the passage of automobiles may serve as an exit from a street floor, provided no door or shutter is installed therein.

C. Arrangement of and Travel Distance to Exit

(1) Exits in garages shall be so arranged that no point in the area will be more than forty six (46) meters (measured in accordance with Section 3.401) from the nearest exit other than a ramp on the same floor level.

Exception No. 1: Travel distance may be increased to sixty one (61) meters for open floors of open garages.

Exception No. 2: Travel distance may be increased to sixty one (61) meters for enclosed garages completely protected by an automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 3.504.

(2) Exits shall be so arranged that from any point in the garage the paths of travel to the two (2) exits will be in different directions.

Exception: A common path of travel may be permitted for the first fifteen (15) meters from any point.

(3) If gasoline pumps are located within any closed parking garage, exits shall be so located that travel away from the gasoline pump in any direction will lead to an exit, with no dead end in which occupants might be trapped by fire or explosion at any gasoline pump. Such exit shall lead to the outside of the building on the same level, or down stairs; no upward travel permitted unless direct outside exits are available from that floor. Any story below the story at which gasoline is being dispensed shall have exits direct to the outside via outside stairs or doors at ground level.

D. Illumination of Means of Egress. — Every public space, hallway, stairway and other means of egress shall have illumination and emergency lighting in accordance with Section 3.410.

E. Exit Marking. — Signs in accordance with Section 3.411 shall be provided for all required exits and exit access.

SECTION 3.1403. Special Provisions for Aircraft Hangars. — A. Exit Details

(1) Exits from aircraft storage of servicing areas shall be provided at intervals of not more than forty six (46) meters on all exterior walls or aircraft hangars. There will be a minimum of two (2) exits serving each aircraft storage or servicing area. Horizontal exits through interior fire walls shall be provided at intervals of not more than thirty and one-half (30.5) meters. Dwarf or "smash" doors in doors accommodating aircraft may be used to comply with these requirements. All doors designated as exits shall be kept unlocked in the direction of exit travel while area is occupied.

(2) Exits from mezzanine floors in aircraft storage or servicing areas shall be so arranged that the minimum travel to reach the nearest exit from any point on the mezzanine shall not exceed twenty three (23) meters. Such exits shall lead directly to a properly enclosed stairwell discharging directly to the exterior or to a suitably cutoff area or to outside stairs.

B. Signs. — Exit signs shall be provided over doors and exit ways in accordance with Section 3.411.

SECTION 3.1404. Special Provisions for Grain Elevators. — A. In grain elevators, there shall be at least one (1) stair tower from stories below the floor of exit discharge to the floor of exit discharge and from the floor of exit discharge to the top floor of the working house enclosed in a dust-tight noncombustible shaft.

B. Noncombustible doors of the self-closing type shall be provided at each floor landing.

C. An exterior stair or basket ladder type fire escape shall be provided from the roof of the working house to ground level or to the roof of an adjoining annex with access from all floors above the floor of exit discharge.

D. An exterior stair or basket ladder type fire escape shall be provided from the roof of each storage annex to ground level.

DIVISION 15

Miscellaneous Structures

Any building or structure occupied for purposes not covered by Division 7 through 15 shall have exits and related safeguards in accordance with the fundamental principles of this Rule, and shall comply with the following provision where applicable.

SECTION 3.1501. Towers. — A. Any tower occupied for purposes such as observation, signaling, either an independent structure or on top of a building, shall be permitted with a single stairway or ramp exit if all of the following conditions are met:

(1) The tower is of such size as not to be subject to occupancy by more than twenty five (25) persons or any one (1) floor level.

(2) The tower is subject only to occupancy by able-bodied persons and is not used for living or sleeping purposes.

(3) The construction is fire-resistive, noncombustible or heavy timber. The interior finish, if any, is Class A or Class B (see Section 3.502), and there are no combustible materials in, under, or in the immediate vicinity of the tower except necessary furniture such as bare wooden or metal chairs or benches.

B. In each tower where there is no occupancy below the top floor-level and the conditions required by the four (4) preceding paragraphs are met, stairs may be open with no enclosure required or, where the structure is entirely open, fire-escape type stairs may be used.

C. Stairs shall be Class B for new construction, but may be outside stairs or fire-escape type stairs for existing towers.

D. A tower, such as a forest observation tower and a railroad signal tower designed for occupancy only by not more than three (3) persons employed therein, may be of any type of construction, and may be served by ladders instead of stairs. However, if used for living or sleeping purposes, it shall at least comply with exit requirements of Section 3.1007 for private dwellings.

SECTION 3.1502. Piers and Water-Surrounded Structure. — A. This Section applies to water-surrounded structure or piers occupied as a place of amusement, passenger terminal, or used for any purpose other than for the mooring of vessels and handling of cargo. Such piers shall be provided with means of exit from any structures thereon and to the shore appropriate to the character of occupancy of the pier in general accordance with the applicable Section of Division .7 through 15.

B. Any pier so occupied, extending more than forty six (46) meters from the shore, shall be so arranged as to minimize the possibility that fire in or under the pier may block escape of occupants to shore by one or more of the following measures:

(1) It must be provided with two (2) separate ways of travel to shore, as by two (2) well-separated walkways or independent structures.

(2) The pier deck must be open fire-resistive and supported with non-combustible materials.

(3) The pier deck must be provided with automatic fire suppression system protection for combustible structure and for superstructure, if any.

(4) It should completely open and unobstructed and is fifteen (15) meters in width if less than one hundred fifty two (152) meters long; or its width is not less than ten (10%) percent of its length if over one hundred fifty two (152) meters long.

C. Any building or structure surrounded by water, such as a light-house shall have sufficient outside area of ground as on an island, or fire-resistive platform, to provide an adequate area of refuge from any fire in the structure. Means shall be available for transportation of occupants away from such structures to the shore or other places of safety, such as by boat or helicopter, in case of fire or other emergency, within a reasonable period of time.

SECTION 3.1503. Vehicle and Vessels. — A. Any house trailer or similar vehicle, railroad car, street car, truck or bus from which the wheels have been removed, a permanent-type foundation provided, or otherwise fixed so that it is not mobile shall be considered as a building and shall be subject to the requirements of this Rule which are applicable to buildings of similar occupancy.

B. Any ship, barge, or other vessel, which is permanently moored or aground and is occupied for purposes other than navigation, shall be subject to the requirements of this Rule applicable to buildings or similar occupancy.

SECTION 3.1504. Underground Structures and Windowless Buildings. — A. General

(1) Any fire area subject to occupancy by one hundred (100) or more persons, from which there is no direct access to outdoors or to another fire area and no outside light or ventilation through windows, shall be equipped with complete automatic fire suppression system protection in accordance with Section 3.504.

(2) Any underground structure, building, or floor area lacking direct outside access or windows and having combustible contents, interior finish, or construction, if subject to occupancy by more than one thousand (1,000) persons shall have automatic smoke venting facilities in accordance with Division 6 in addition to automatic fire suppression system protection.

(3) Any underground structure or windowless building for which no natural lighting is provided, subject to occupancy by more than one hundred (100) persons in any room or fire area, shall be provided with emergency lighting in accordance with section 3.410.

B. Underground Structures. — Where required from underground structures involve upward travel, such as ascending or ramps, such upward exits shall be cut off from main floor areas and shall be provided with outside smoke venting facilities or other means to prevent the exits serving as flues for smoke from any fire in the area served by the exits, thereby making the exits impassable.

C. Windowless Buildings. — Every windowless building shall be provided with outside access panels on each floor level, such panels shall be designed for use by the Fire Service elements working from ladders for purposes of ventilation and rescue of trapped occupants.

DIVISION 16

Operating Features

SECTION 3.1601. General. — The organization of persons for orderly and rapid evacuation of persons is an integral part of the bigger disaster control organization required by the Office of Civil Defense for occupants of buildings and the community. Such disaster control organization include among others, teams for rescue, first aid, damage control, emergency relief and others. Provisions in this Divisions as well as in the rest of the Fire Code requiring the conduct of fire exit drills shall be enforced by the Fire Service, in coordination with the Office of Civil Defense.

A. Fire Exit Drills. —

(1) Fire exit drills conforming to the provisions of this Division shall be regularly conducted in schools and in other occupancies where specified by the provisions of Divisions 7 through 15, or by appropriate action of the Director General or his duly authorized representative, but with any necessary modifications in detail of procedures to make the drills most effective for their intended purpose in any individual building.

(2) Fire Exit Drill, where required, shall be held with sufficient frequency to familiarize all occupants with the drill procedure and to have the conduct of the drill a matter of established routine.

(3) Drills shall be held at unexpected times and under varying conditions to simulate the unusual conditions obtaining in case of fire.

(4) Planning and conduct of drills shall be the responsibility of the persons mentioned in Section 1.103 of Rule 1. Such planning and drill shall be made in consultation and coordination with the Chief of the Local Fire Service concerned and the Office of Civil Defense.

(5) In the conduct of drills, emphasis shall be placed upon orderly evacuation under proper discipline rather than upon speed as such; no running or horseplay shall be permitted.

(6) Drills shall include suitable procedures to make sure that all persons in the building, or all persons subject to the drill, actually participate.

(7) Fire alarm facilities, where available, shall be regularly used in the conduct of fire exit drills.

B. Furnishing and Decorations

(1) No furnishings, decorations, or other objects shall be so placed as to obstruct exits, access thereto, egress therefrom, or visibility thereof.

(2) Furnishing or decorations shall be treated with flame retardant where required by the applicable provisions of the Fire Code.

(3) No furnishing or decorations of an explosive or highly flammable character shall be used in any place of assembly or other occupancy.

C. Automatic Fire Suppression Systems. — All automatic fire suppression systems required by this Rule shall be continuously maintained in reliable operational condition at all times, and such periodic inspections and tests shall be made as are necessary to assure proper maintenance.

D. Alarm and Fire Detection Systems

(1) Systems shall be under the supervision of the person mentioned in Section 1.103 of Rule 1, who shall cause proper tests to be made at specified intervals and have general charge of an alterations and additions.

(2) Systems shall be tested at intervals recommended by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

(3) Fire alarm signaling equipment shall be restored to service as promptly as possible after each test or alarm and shall be kept in normal conditions ready for operation. Equipment requiring rewinding or replenishing shall be rewound or replenished as promptly as possible after each test or alarm.

E. Fire Retardant Paints. — Fire retardant paints or solutions shall be reapplied at such intervals as necessary to maintain the necessary flame retardant properties.

F. Recognition of Means of Egress. — Hangings or draperies shall not be placed over exit doors or otherwise located as to conceal or obscure any exit. Mirrors shall not be placed on exit doors nor in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse the direction of exit.

SECTION 3.1602. Places of Assembly. — A. Drills. — The employees or attendants of places or public assembly shall be trained and drilled in the duties they are to perform in case of fire, panic, or other emergency in order to be of greatest service in effecting orderly exit of occupants.

B. Open Flame Devices. — No open flame lighting devices shall be used in any place of assembly.

Exception No. 1: Where necessary for ceremonial or religious purposes, the Director General or his duly authorized representative may permit open flame lighting under such restrictions as are necessary to avoid danger of ignition combustible materials or injury to occupants.

Exception No. 2: Open flame devices may be used on stages where a necessary part of theatrical performances provided adequate precautions, satisfactory to the Director General or his duly authorized representative, are taken to prevent ignition of any combustible materials.

Exception No. 3: Gas lights may be permitted provided adequate precautions, satisfactory to the Director General or his duly authorized representative, are taken to prevent ignition of any combustible materials.

D. Special Food Service Devices. — Portable cooking equipment not flue-connected, shall be permitted only of follows:

(1) Equipment fueled by small heat sources which can be readily extinguished by water, such as candles or alcohol-burning equipment (including "solid alcohol") may be used provided adequate precautions satisfactory to the Director General or his duly authorized representative are taken to prevent ignition of any combustible materials.

(2) Candles may be used on tables used for food service if securely supported on substantial non-combustible bases, so located as to avoid danger of ignition of combustible materials and only if approved by the Director General or his duly authorized representative. Candle flames shall be protected.

(3) "Flaming Sword" or other equipment involving open flames and flamed dishes such as cherries jubilee, crepes suzette, etc., may be permitted provided necessary precautions are taken, and subject to the approval of the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

E. Smoking. —

(1) Smoking in places of assembly may be regulated by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

(2) In rooms or areas where smoking is prohibited, plainly visible NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted.

(3) No person shall smoke in prohibited areas. The Director General or his duly authorized representative may permit smoking on a stage only when it is a necessary and rehearsed part of a performance and only by a regular performing member of the cast.

(4) Where smoking is permitted, suitable ash trays or receptacles should be provided in convenient locations.

F. Decorations and Stage Scenery

(1) Combustible materials shall be treated with an effective flame retardant material. Stage settings made of combustible materials shall likewise be treated with flame retardant materials.

(2) Only noncombustible materials or fire retardant pressure treated wood may be used for stage scenery or props, on the audience side of the proscenium arch.

(3) The Director General or his duly authorized representative shall impose controls on the volume and arrangement of combustible contents (including decorations) in places of assembly to provide as adequate level of safety to life from fire.

G. Seating

(1) Seats in places of assembly accommodating more than two hundred (200) persons shall be securely fastened to the floor except when fastened together in groups of not less than three (3) or more than seven (7) and as permitted by the next paragraph. All seats in balconies and galleries shall be securely fastened to the floor, except in churches.

(2) Seats not secured to the floor may be permitted in restaurants, night clubs, and other occupancies where the fastening of seats to the floor may be impracticable; Provided, that in the area used for seating (excluding dance floors, stage, etc.,), there shall be not more than one (1) seat for each one and four-tenths (1.4) square meters of net floor area and adequate aisles to reach exits shall be maintained at all times.

Exception: Seating diagrams may be submitted for approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative to allow increase in occupant load.

SECTION 3.1603. Educational Occupancies. — A. Drills

(1) Fire exit drills shall be conducted regularly in accordance with the applicable provisions of the following paragraphs.

(2) There shall be at least four (4) fire exit drills a year in schools.

(3) Drills shall be conducted during class hours; during the changing of classes; when the school is at assembly; during the recess of gymnastic periods; etc., so as to avoid distinction between drills and actual fires. If a drill is called when pupils are going up and down the stairways, as during the time classes are changing, the pupils shall be instructed to form in file and immediately proceed to the nearest available exit in an orderly manner.

(4) Every fire exit drill shall be an exercise in school management for principal and teachers, with the chief purpose of every drill complete control of the class so that the teacher will form its ranks quickly and silently, may halt it, or direct it as desired. Great stress shall be laid upon the execution of each drill in a brisk, quiet, and orderly manner. Running shall be prohibited. In case there are pupils incapable of holding their places in a line moving at a reasonable speed, provisions shall be made to have them taken care of by the more sturdy pupils, moving independently of the regular line of march. cHSTEA

(5) Monitors shall be appointed to assist in the proper execution of all drills, they shall be instructed to hold open doors in the line of march or to close doors where necessary to prevent spread of fire or smoke, per Section 3.402. There shall be at least two (2) substitutes for each appointed monitor so as to ensure proper performance in case of absence or their absence. The searching of toilet or other rooms shall be the duty of the teachers or other members of the staff. If the teachers are to do the searching, it should be done after their classes have joined the preceding lines which are by then made the control of the monitors.

(6) As all drills simulate an actual fire condition, pupils shall not be allowed to obtain anything after the alarm is sounded, even when in home rooms, or account of the confusion which would result in forming the lines and the danger of tripping.

(7) Each class or group shall proceed to a primary predetermined point outside the building and remain there while a check is made to see that all are accounted for, leaving only when a recall signal is given to return to their classrooms, or when dismissed. Such points shall be sufficiently far away from the building and from each other as to avoid danger from any fire in the building, interference with fire department operations, or confusion between different classes or groups. An alternate assembly point shall be planned for and used during other drills to ensure safety to the children if and when the primary assembly point cannot be used for any reason.

(8) Where necessary for drill lines to cross roadways, signs reading "STOP! SCHOOL FIRE DRILL" or equivalent, shall be carried by monitors to the traffic intersecting points in order to stop traffic during the period of the drill.

B. Signals

(1) All fire exit drill alarms shall be sounded on the fire alarm system and not on the signal system used to dismiss classes.

(2) Whenever any of the school authorities determine that an actual fire exists, they shall immediately call the Local Fire Department by using the public fire alarm system or such other facilities as are available. At the same time, they shall try to extinguish the fire as circumstances permit.

(3) In order that pupils will not return to a burning building the recall signal shall be one that is separate and distinct from and cannot be mistaken for any other signals. Such signals may be a green flag or banner. If the recall signal is electrical, the push buttons or other controls shall be kept under lock, the key for which shall be in the possession of the principal or some other designated person in order to prevent a recall at a time when there is a fire. Regardless of the method of recall, the means of giving the signal shall be kept under a lock.

C. Inspection

(1) It shall be the duty of principals and teachers to inspect all exit facilities daily in order to make sure that all stairways, doors, and other exits are in proper condition.

(2) Open plan buildings require extra surveillance to ensure that exit paths are maintained clear of obstruction and are obvious.

D. Child Day Care Centers

(1) Fire prevention inspection shall be conducted monthly by a trained senior member of the staff. A copy of the latest inspection form shall be posted in conspicuous place in the day care facility.

(2) An approved fire evacuation plan shall be implemented not less than once every two (2) months.

(3) Furnishing and decorations in child day care centers shall be in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.1601.

(4) Flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored in areas accessible only to designated individuals.

(5) Waste baskets and other waste containers shall be made non-combustible materials and provided with close fitting covers.

(6) Child-prepared artwork and teaching materials may be attached directly to the walls and shall not exceed twenty (20%) percent of the wall area.

E. Group Day Care Homes. — At least one (1) operable flashlight shall be provided for each staff member in a location accessible to the staff for use in the event of a power failure.

F. Family Child Day Care Homes. — At least one (1) operable flashlight shall be provided in a location accessible to the staff for use in the event of a power failure.

SECTION 3.1604. Institutional Occupancies. — A. Evacuation Plan, Fire Exit Drills

(1) The administration of every hospital, nursing home and residential-custodial care institution shall have an approved evacuation plan for the guidance of all persons in the event of fire. Copies of such plans shall be made available to all supervisory personnel. All employees shall be instructed and keep informed of their detailed duties under the plan. A copy of the plan shall be readily available at all times in the telephone operators position or at the security center.

(2) Every bed intended for use by institutional occupants shall be easily movable under conditions of evacuation and shall be equipped with the type and size of casters to allow easy mobility, especially over elements of the structure such as expansion plates and elevator thresholds. The Director General or his duly authorized representative may make exceptions in the equipping of beds intended for use in areas limited to patients such as convalescent, self-care, or psychiatric patients.

(3) Fire exits drills in hospitals shall include the transmission of a fire alarm signal and simulation of emergency fire conditions except that the movement of infirm or bed-ridden patients to safe areas or to the exterior or the building is not required. Drills shall be conducted quarterly on each shift to familiarized hospital personnel (nurses, interns, maintenance engineers and administrative staff) with signals and emergency action required under varied conditions. At least twelve (12) drills shall be held every year. When drills are conducted between 9:00 o'clock in the evening and 6:00 o'clock in the following morning, a coded announcement may be used instead of audible alarm.

B. Procedure in Case of Fire

(1) Upon discovery of fire personnel shall immediately take the following action:

(a) If any person is involved in the fire, the discoverer shall go to the aid of that person calling aloud an established code phrase. The use of a code provides for both the immediate aid of any endangered person and the transmission of an alarm. Any person in the area, upon hearing the code called, shall transmit the interior alarm using the nearest manual alarm station.

(b) If a person is not involved in the fire, the discoverer shall transmit the interiors alarm using the nearest normal alarm station.

(c) Upon hearing the alarm signal, the personnel concerned shall immediately execute their duties as outlined in the evacuation plan.

(2) The telephone operator shall determine the location of the fire as indicated by the audible signal. In a building equipped with an uncoded alarm system, a person on the floor of fire origin shall be responsible for the prompt notification of the fire location to the telephone operator.

(3) If the telephone operator receives a telephone alarm reporting a fire from a floor, the operator shall regard that alarm in the same fashion as an alarm over the fire alarm system. The operator shall immediately notify the Fire Service and alert all personnel of the place of fire and its origin.

(4) If the interior alarm system is out of service, any person discovering a fire shall immediately notify the telephone operator by telephone. The operator shall then transmit this to the Fire Service and alert all occupants of the building.

(5) A written fire safety plan shall provide for:

(a) Use of alarm

(b) Transmission of alarm to Fire Service

(d) Isolation of fire

(e) Evacuation of area

(f) Preparing building for evacuation

(g) Fire extinguishment

(6) All personnel shall be instructed in the use of, and response to, fire alarms; and in addition, they should be instructed in the use of the code phrase to insure transmission of an alarm under the following conditions:

(a) When the discoverer of a fire must immediately go to the aid of an endangered person.

(b) During a malfunction of the interior alarm system. Personnel hearing the code announced shall first transmit the interior alarm using the nearest manual alarm station and shall then immediately execute their duties as outlined in the institutional fire safety plan.

C. Maintenance of Exits. — Daily inspection and proper maintenance shall be provided to insure the dependability of the method of evacuation selected. Institutions which find it necessary to lock exits shall at all times maintain an adequate staff qualified to release and conduct occupants from the immediate danger area to a place of safety in case of fire or other emergency. Where patent room doors are locked, attendants shall carry master keys to these doors.

D. Smoking. — Smoking regulations shall be adopted and shall include the following minimal provisions:

(1) Smoking shall be prohibited in any room, ward, or compartment where flammable liquids, combustible gases, or oxygen are used or stored and in any other hazardous location. Such areas shall be posted with "NO SMOKING" signs.

(2) Smoking by patients classified as not responsible shall be prohibited.

Exception: When the patient is under supervision.

(3) Ashtrays of noncombustible material and safe design shall be provided in all areas where smoking is permitted.

(4) Metal containers with self-closing cover device shall be readily available to all areas where smoking is permitted.

E. Draperies

(1) Window draperies and curtains for decorative and acoustical purposes shall be treated with flame retardant materials.

(2) Cubicle curtains shall be non-combustible or rendered and maintained flame retardant.

F. Furnishing and Decorations

(1) Furnishing and decorations in institutional occupancies shall be in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.1601.

(2) Combustible decorations are prohibited in any institutional occupancy unless flame retardant.

SECTION 3.1605. Residential Occupancies. — A. Hotel Emergency Organization

(1) All employees of hotels shall be instructed and drilled in the duties they are to perform in case of fire, panic, or other emergency.

(2) Drills of the hotel emergency organization shall be held once every two (2) months covering such points as the operation and maintenance of the available first aid fire appliances, the testing of guest alerting devices, and a study of instruction for emergency duties.

B. Emergency Duties. — Upon discovery of fire, some or all of these duties will become immediately imperative, the number and sequence depending upon the exact situation encountered.

Alarms

Notify office

Notify Fire Service

Notify community fire brigade

Guests

Warn guests or other who are or may become endangered.

Assist occupants to safety, with special attention to the aged, infirm, or otherwise incapacitated.

Search rooms to be sure all occupants have escaped.

Man all elevators (including those of automatic type) with competent operators.

Extinguishment

Extinguish or control the fire, using available first aid equipment.

Send messenger to meet members of the Fire service upon arrival in order to direct latter to exact location of fire.

Special Equipment

Fire Pumps — stand by for instant operations

Ventilating Equipment — in case of dense smoke, stand by, operate under proper instructions, to clear area affected.

Refrigerating Equipment — if machines are definitely endangered, shut them down and blow refrigerant to sewer or atmosphere to prevent explosion.

Generators and Motors — protect against water damage with tarpaulins — shut down motors not needed-keep generators operating to furnish lights, elevator power, etc.

Boilers — if necessary to abandon boiler room, extinguish or dump fire and lower steam pressure by blowing to sewer or atmosphere to prevent possible explosion.

C. Dormitories. — Fire exit drills shall be regularly conducted in accordance with Section 3.1601.

SECTION 3.1606. Mercantile Occupancies. — In every Class A store, employees shall be regularly trained in fire exit drills procedures, in general conformance with Section 3.1601.

SECTION 3.1607. Business Occupancies. — In any building subject to occupancy by more than five hundred (500) persons or more than one hundred (100) above or below the street level, employees and supervisory personnel shall be instructed in fire exit drill procedure in accordance with Section 3.1601, and shall hold practice drills at least twice a year.

SECTION 3.1608. Industrial Occupancy. — In any building subject to occupancy by more than five hundred (500) persons or more than one hundred (100) persons above or below the street level employees and supervisory personnel shall be instructed in fire exit drill procedures in accordance with Section 3.1601 and shall held practice drills at least twice each year.

RULE 4

Maintenance Of Exit Ways

SECTION 4.101. Scope. — Exits serving any building structure or confined area, which is used or intended to be used at any time for human occupancy, shall be maintained in accordance with this Rule.

Buildings or structures which are not provided with adequate egress are unsafe and shall be subject to the abatement procedures specified in the Fire Code.

No exit or port thereof shall be altered in any way unless approved by the Building Official.

SECTION 4.102. Exit Obstruction. — A. Obstruction. — No obstruction or storage shall be placed in a required exit except projections as permitted by the Building Code.

B. Overcrowding. — The number of occupants of any building or portion thereof shall not exceed the permitted or posted capacity.

C. Aisles. — In every portion of a building or area where seats, tables merchandise, equipment or similar material are installed required aisles shall be maintained free of all obstructions.

D. Fire Escapes. — No person shall, at any time, place an encumbrance of any kind before, or upon, any fire escape, balcony or ladder intended as a means of escape from fire.

E. Storageof Materials. — In occupancies other than dwelling, no person shall place, store or keep, or permit to be placed, stored or kept, any material the presence or burning of which would obstruct or render an exit hazardous.

SECTION 4.103. Doors. — A. Doors for egress purposes, shall be maintained as provided in this Rule.

B. All doors, in or leading to, exits shall be maintained openable from the inside without the use of key or any special knowledge or effort at all times when the building or area served thereby is occupied.

C. Special purposes door alarms or bolting devices shall be approved by the Director General or his duly authorized representative prior to installation. Manually operated edge or surface mounted flush bolts are prohibited.

D. Exit doors shall be readily distinguishable from adjacent construction.

SECTION 4.104. Corridor and Exterior Exit Balconies. — A. General. — For the purpose of this Section, the term "Corridor" shall include "exterior exit balcony" and any covered or enclosed exit passageways including walkways, tunnels and walls. Foyers, lobbies and reception rooms meeting construction requirements as specified in the Building Code may be classified as corridors.

Partitions, rails, counters, and similar space dividers not over one and a half (1.5) meters in height above the floor shall not be construed to form corridors.

B. Width. — The required width of every corridor shall be maintained. However, trim handrails and doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width by more than eight (8) centimeters. Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half.

C. Height. — Corridors and exterior exit balconies shall have a clear height of not less than two (2) meters measured from the lowest projection from the ceiling.

D. Access to Exits. — When two or more exits are provided, they shall be maintained that it is possible to go in either direction from any point in the corridor to a separate exit except for dead ends as permitted by the Building Code.

E. Fire Resistance. — Where corridors are required to be fire resistive, all walls, ceilings, and openings shall be maintained as specified in the Building Code.

SECTION 4.105. Stairways. — A. General. — Stairways shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the Building Code.

B. Width. — The width of very stairway shall be maintained. Trim shall not reduce the required width by more than nine (9) centimeters. Handrails may project from each side of a stairway a distance of nine (9) centimeters into the required width.

Handrails and guardrails shall be maintained as required in the Building Code.

C. Landings. — Landings, when provided, shall not be reduced in width by more than nine (9) centimeters in fully open.

D. Headroom. — Every stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less than one hundred ninety five (195) centimeters. Such clearance shall be measured vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway tread nosing to the soffit above at all points.

E. Storage. — Storage under exterior or interior stairways except as provided in this Rule shall not be permitted unless such apace is protected on the enclosed side by one-hour resistive construction as specified in the Building Code.

SECTION 4.106. Ramps. A. General. — A ramp conforming to the requirements of the building Code may be used as an exit.

B. Width. — The width of the ramp shall be maintained as required for corridors.

C. Slope. — The slope of a ramp shall be maintained so as not to exceed twelve and a half (12.5%) percent or a rise of one centimeter for every eight (8) centimeters of forward distance.

D. Handrails. — A ramp with slope exceeding ten (10%) percent a rise of one centimeter for every ten (10) centimeters of forward distance shall have handrails maintained as required for stairways, except that intermediate handrails shall not be required.

E. Surface. — The surface of ramps shall be maintained rough or of non-slip materials.

SECTION 4.107. Horizontal Exit. — A.. If conforming to the provisions of the Building Code, a horizontal exit may be considered as required exit.

B. A horizontal exits fire resistance, opening protection, and discharge areas shall be maintained in conformance with the requirements of the Building Code.

SECTION 4.108. Exit Enclosures. — A. General. — Every exit enclosure shall be maintained in conformity with the requirements of the Building Code.

B. Extent of Enclosure. — Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landing and parts of floors connection stairway flights and shall also include a corridor on the ground floor leading from the stairway to the exterior of the Building. Enclosed corridors or passageways are not required from enclosed stairways.

C. Openings into Enclosures. — There shall be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. All exit doors in exit enclosures shall be maintained self-closing or automatic closing as required in the Building Code.

D. Barrier. — A stairway in an enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an approved barrier is maintained at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accidentally continuing into the basement.

E. Use of space Under Stairs. — There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairways in an exit enclosures nor shall the open space under such stairways be used for any purpose.

SECTION 4.109. Smokeproof Enclosures. — A. General. — A smokeproof enclosure shall consist of a vestibule and continuous stairway from the highest point to the lowest point as required by the Building Code.

B. Outlet. — A smokeproof enclosure shall exit into a public way or into an exit passageway leading to a public way. The exit passageway shall be maintained without other openings.

C. Barrier. — A stairway in a smokeproof enclosure shall not continue below the grade level unless an approved barrier is maintained at the ground level to prevent from accidentally continuing into the basement.

D. Access. — Access to the stairway shall be maintained by way of a vestibule or by way of an open exterior balcony.

E. Ventilation. — Ventilation requirements for smokeproof enclosure shall be maintained as specified in the Building Code.

F. Mechanical Ventilation. — All mechanical ventilating systems and related devices shall be maintained and shall be subject to periodic tests as may be required by the local Fire Service Chief. (see also Rule 32).

SECTION 4.110. Exit Courts. — A. General. — Exit court and exits therefrom shall be maintained in accordance with the provisions of the Building Code.

B. Width. — Required minimum width shall be maintained free of obstruction except for permitted projections.

Where the width is reduced for any cause, the reduction shall be effected gradually by a guardrail at least ninety (90) centimeters in height and making an angle of not more than thirty (30º) degrees with the axis of the exit court.

C. Openings. — Required protection of openings shall be maintained.

SECTION 4.111. Exit Passageway. — The walls of exit passageways shall be maintained without openings other than required exits, widths and heights, fire resistance, and opening protection shall be maintained in accordance with the Building Code.

SECTION 4.112. Signs and Illuminations. — A. Exit Illuminations. — Exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is occupied with light having an intensity of not less than one foot candle at floor level. Such light should be capable of continuing in operation even after normal sources have ceased to supply power.

B. Exit signs. — At every required exit doorway and whenever otherwise required to clearly indicate the direction of egress; an exit sign with letters at least twelve and seven-tenths (12.7) centimeters high and readily distinguishable shall be maintained from all areas serving the occupant load specified in this sub-section. In interior stairways, the floor level leading directly to the exterior shall be clearly indicated.

However, main exterior exit doors which obviously and clearly are identified as exits need not be sign posted when approved by the Building officials.

C. Illumination of Signs. — Exit signs shall be lighted and maintained with two electric lamps of not less than 15 watts each.

RULE 5

Places of Assembly

DIVISION 1

General

SECTION 5.101. Decorative Material. — A. No decorative material shall be used which will ignite and allow flame to spread over the surface when exposed to a flame test. The piece shall be exposed to the flame from a common match and held in a horizontal position twelve and seven-tenths (12.7 mm) millimeters underneath the piece, and at a constant location for a minimum of fifteen (15 sec.) seconds.

B. Treatments may be applied to decorative material to accomplish flame proofing. Such treatments shall be renewed as often as may be necessary to maintain the flameproofed condition of the material.

SECTION 5.102. Pyroxylin Coated Fabric. — Use of pyroxylin coated fabrics inside places of assembly shall be restricted as follows:

A. The nitrocellulose coating shall not exceed four hundred thirty (430) grams for every square meter of fabric.

B. The total surface area of fabric complying with paragraph "A" above shall not exceed one (1) square meter for every four and a half (4.5) cubic meter of room volume.

C. Where the coating exceeds forty seven (47) grams per square meter, the total area of such fabric shall not exceed one (1) square meter for every two and one-fourth (2.25) cubic meter of room volume.

SECTION 5.103. Motion Picture Screens, Stage Curtains and Drapes. — In places of assembly no motion picture screens or screen masking curtains, buntings or other drapes shall be used unless the material is flameproofed and will pass the match-flame test described in Section 5.101 above.

SECTION 5.104. Exit Doors. — During periods when people are inside places of assembly, exit doors shall not be locked, bolted or otherwise obstructed by any means in order to allow for such doors to be opened from the inside by the use of the ordinary door lock or knob or by pressure on the door or by the use of panic release device.

SECTION 5.105. Aisles. — In any place of assembly, the width of the aisles, spacing of rows of seats, distance to the nearest exit, seat spacing shall follow the guidelines in the Building Code.

SECTION 5.106. Use of Exit Ways. — No part of stairway, whether interior or exterior, nor of a fire tower, hallway, corridor, vestibule, balcony or bridge leading to a stairway or exit of any kind, shall be used in any way that will obstruct its use as an exit or that will present hazardous conditions.

SECTION 5.107. Ash Trays. — Where smoking is permitted, there shall be provided on each table, and at other convenient places, approved non-combustible ash trays or match receivers.

SECTION 5.108. Fire Appliances. — A. All places of assembly as defined in Rule 1 shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system or other approved automatic fire extinguishing system. aDcHIC

B. An approved automatic fire-extinguishing or sprinkler system shall also be installed in all building open to the public, (with at least one hundred (100) persons regularly present in the premises to work or congregate) at any given time if such buildings are taller than fifteen (15) meters.

SECTION 5.109. Plan of Exit Ways and Aisles. — A plan showing the capacity and location of exit ways and aisles thereto shall be submitted for approval by the local Chief of Fire Service, and approved copy of such plan shall be kept prominently on display in the premises.

SECTION 5.110. Marking and Lighting of Exits. — All exits in places of assembly shall be marked and lighten in accordance with Section 4.112.

SECTION 5.111. Overcrowding. — A. The number of persons in any building or portion thereof shall not exceed the number of persons for which the building has been designed. The capacity of the building as indicated in the Architect's design computation on file with the Building Official shall be the basis for determining whether or not the building is overcrowded.

B. No person shall permit the overcrowding or admittance of any person beyond the approved capacity of any place of public assemblage. The Chief of the Local Fire Service, upon finding any overcrowding condition or obstruction in aisles, passageways, or other means of egress; or upon finding any condition which constitutes a serious menace to life, shall cause the performance, presentation, spectacles, or entertainment to be stopped until the condition or obstruction is corrected.

SECTION 5.112. Open Flame. — No person shall cause or permit any open flame to be used in any place of public assemblage, or drinking or eating establishments, except when used in conjunction with approved heating or cooking appliances, or under a written permit from the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 5.113. Standby Firemen. — Whenever in the judgment of the Chief of the Local Fire Service, it is essential for public safety in any place of public assembly, or any other place where people congregate, due to the number of persons, or the nature of the performance, exhibition, display contest or activity, to deploy standby firemen, the owner, agent, agent or lessee shall be required to employ one or more experienced firemen, as required and approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service, to be on duty at such place. The said firemen shall be subject to the Fire Service Chief's orders at all times when so employed, and shall be in uniform and remain on duty during the times such places are open to the public, or when the activity is being conducted. Before each performance or the start of the activity, the said firemen shall inspect the required fire appliances provided, to see that they are in proper place and in good working order, and shall keep diligent watch for fires during the time such place is open to the public or such activity is being conducted and take prompt measures for the extinguishment of fires that may occur. Firemen shall not be required or permitted, while on duty, to perform any other duties than those herein specified.

SECTION 5.114. Permit Required for Use of Candles and Open Flames. — A. No person shall use or allow to be used, any open flame or burning candles in connection with any public meeting or gathering for purposes of deliberation, worship, entertainment, amusement, instruction, education, recreation, awaiting transportation, or similar purpose, or in places of public assemblage such as churches, schools, restaurants, eating establishments, cocktail lounges or bars, without first obtaining a permit from the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. No person shall use or allow to be used any open flame, burning candle or candles, in any building or place in such a manner as to create a fire or life hazard.

SECTION 5.115. Detailed Requirements for the Use of Candles. — The following detailed requirements will be used for guidance in the issuance of permits for the use of candles.

A. Basic requirements for Candle holders.

(1) The diameter of the base must be at least one-half (½) the height of the candle holder.

(2) The base must support the light or lamp on the entire perimeter. The use of legs is not permitted unless the lamp is stable.

(3) The flame must be completely enclosed. Any opening for air supply must not be more than nine and a half (9.5) millimeter in diameter.

(4) Any shade must be securely attached to the lamp.

(5) Any shade must be of fire resistive materials.

(6) The candle holder must be securely attached to the base.

(7) The candle must be secured in the holder so that it will not easily separate from the holder if dropped.

(8) The candle must be located in the holder so that there is a minimum fifty (50) millimeters between the top of the flame and any combustible material that might be placed on top of the holder.

(9) All material except the candle itself, shall be non-combustible.

(10) A model must be submitted to the Chief of the Local Fire Service or his authorized representative and approved by make and model number prior to use.

B. Candles Used in Connection with Religious or Ritualistic Ceremonies.

(1) Candles used in churches, lodge hall and similar places shall be limited to areas out of the reach or way of the occupants using the area.

(2) Candelabra with lighted candles shall be securely fastened in place so that they cannot tip over. They shall be located away from occupants using the area and away from possible contact of drapes, curtains or other combustible materials.

(3) Candelabra shall be high enough so that clothing cannot come in contact with the flame.

(4) Candles held in persons hands are especially dangerous and should be handled with extreme care. Where battery operated simulated candles are available, they should be used.

DIVISION 2

Reviewing Stands, Grandstands and Bleachers

SECTION 5.201. General. — All grandstands, reviewing stands, and bleachers shall be designed in accordance with Section 1207 of the Building Code.

SECTION 5.202. Exits. — Adequate exit shall be provided to allow people to evacuate the grandstand, reviewing stand or bleacher in case of fire or any emergency.

SECTION 5.203. Safe Dispersal Areas. — A. All exits shall lead to safe dispersal areas. Exit safe dispersal shall have two (2) exits leading to a public way.

B. If more than 6,000 persons are to be accommodated within such area, there shall be a minimum of three exits, and for more than 9,000 persons there shall be at least four exits. The aggregate clear width of exits from a safe or dispersal area shall be determined on the basis of not less than one exit unit of fifty six (56) centimeters for each 500 persons to be accommodated and no exit shall be less than one hundred twelve (112) centimeters in width. Exits shall be a reasonable distance apart but shall be spaced not less than one fifth (1/5) of the perimeter of the area apart from each other.

RULE 6

Fire Protection Appliances

DIVISION I

Installation and Maintenance

SECTION 6.101. Installation. — A. The Director General or his duly authorized representative shall designate, based on internationally accepted standards, the type and number of fire appliances to be installed and maintained in and upon all buildings and premises other than private dwellings. This designation and establishment of requirements shall be based on calculations or anticipation of the relative severity of probable fire, including the rapidity with which it may spread. Such fire protection appliances shall be of a type suitable for the probable class of fires associated with the used and contents of such building or premises, and shall be manufactured in accordance with internationally recognized standards, and tested and approved by a competent laboratory.

B. In occupancies of an especially hazardous nature, or where special hazards exit in addition to the normal hazard of the occupancy, or when access by fire apparatus is unduly difficult, additional safeguards may be required consisting of additional fire fighting appliance units, more than one type of appliance, or special system suitable for protection against the anticipated hazard involved. Such devices or appliances may consist of automatic fire alarm systems, automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe or hoses, fixed or portable fire extinguishers, suitable asbestos or fire resistant blankets, breathing apparatus, manual or automatic covers, or carbon dioxide, foam or other special fire extinguishing systems. Where such systems are required and installed, they shall be provided in accordance with applicable internationally accepted standards and the rules and regulations of the Integrated Police Systems. All sprinkler systems, automatic fire fighting systems, wet and dry standpipes and basement pipe inlets shall be installed in accordance with internationally recognized good practice.

C. All premises where buildings or portion of buildings, other than dwellings, may hereafter be constructed are located more than forty five (45) meters from a public street, access of water to such premises shall be provided as may be required by the Chief of the Local Fire Service through approved fire hydrants connected to a water system capable of supplying the water flow required to fight the anticipated fire. The location of such hydrants shall be as designated by the Fire Service Chief. Paved access to fire hydrants shall be provided and maintained to accommodate fire fighting apparatus.

SECTION 6.102. Removal. — No person shall remove, tamper with, or otherwise disturb any fire hydrant or fire appliance required to be installed or maintained under the provisions of this Rule except for the purpose of extinguishing fire, training purposes, re-charging, or making necessary repairs, or when permitted by the Chief of the local Fire Service. Whenever a fire appliance is removed as herein permitted, it shall be replaced or reinstalled as soon as the purpose for which it was removed has been accomplished.

SECTION 6.103. Maintenance. — All sprinkler or automatic fire extinguishing systems, fire hydrant systems, standpipe systems, fire alarm systems, portable fire extinguishers and other fire protective or extinguishing systems or appliances, which have been installed in compliance with this Rule, any permit or order, or because of any law or ordinance, shall be maintained in an operative condition at all times and shall be replaced or repaired when defective. All repairs and servicing shall be made in accordance with these Rules and Regulations.

SECTION 6.104. Foam Fire Protection Required. — A. Foam fire protection as herein required shall be provided for above-ground tanks except those of the floating roof type, or pressure tanks operating at or above seventy and one-half (70.5) grams per square centimeters gauge pressure, and used for the storage or handling of Class I flammable liquids when such tank or group of tanks spaced less than fifteen (15) meters apart shell to shell, has a liquid surface area in excess of one hundred forty (140) square meters. This section shall be deemed as complied with if aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) is provided together with the appropriate application devices. This requirement shall also apply:

(1) When such tank or tanks are used for the storage of crude oil.

(2) When such tank or tanks are used for in-process products-handling and are located within thirty (30) meters of any fire still, heater, related fractioning or processing apparatus, or similar device at a processing plant or petroleum refinery.

(3) When such tank or tanks are used for the storage of refined products and do not conform with the other provisions of this Rule.

(4) In addition to the above requirements, the Director General or his duly authorized representative may require foam fire protection when unusual exposure hazard exits because of topographical conditions; nature of the occupancy and proximity on the same or adjoining property of hazards, and height and character of construction of such buildings; capacity, construction, and maintenance of such tanks; and character of liquids to be stored; degree of private fire protection to be provided; and facilities of the local Fire Service to cope with flammable and combustible liquid fires.

B. Where foam protection is required for any tank or group of tanks used for the storage of more than one product, the largest tank or tanks in such group shall be considered as storing the product requiring the greatest amount of protection and be the basis for the required quantity of protective solution to make available on the premises, and such protection shall be available as herein required.

C. Where foam fire protection is required, installation shall meet the requirements of National Fire Protection Association pamphlet No. 11 on "Foam Extinguishing System", except that where tank shells are accessible for the erection of portable foam applicators, such shall be approved as an acceptable substitute and be deemed adequate compliance.

D. Where foam fire protection is required, foam producing materials may be stored off the premises under the following conditions:

(1) Such materials stored off the premises shall be of the proper type suitable for use in equipment of the installation where required.

(2) Such materials shall be immediately available at the storage location at all times.

(3) Adequate loading and transportation facilities shall be assured for their immediate use and application.

(4) At the time of a fire, these off-premises supplies shall be accumulated in sufficient quantities, before placing the equipment in operation, to insure foam production at an adequate rate without interruption until extinguishment is effected.

SECTION 6.105. Vaporizing Liquid Extinguishers. — A. Vaporizing liquid extinguishers shall not be installed or used in any location except as provided in this Section.

Vaporizing liquid extinguishers may be installed or used on the following:

(1) Pole Top Fires

(2) "Rib" fires in cotton gins

(3) Any other installation or use when the Director General or his duly authorized representative determines that such installation or use is not contrary to public safety or welfare.

B. Existing Installations.

(1) Those vaporizing liquid extinguishers now installed or used in areas other than those listed in the preceding sub-paragraph, which were installed prior to the effective date of this Rule may continue to use, provided such use as determined by the Director General or his duly authorized representative, is not contrary to public safety or welfare.

(2) When vaporizing liquid extinguishers located in areas other than those listed in this section were installed prior to the effective date of this Rule are to be replaced with those approved for such installation by the Director General or his duly authorized representative, replacement extinguishers shall not be of the vaporizing type.

SECTION 6.106. Sale of Sub-Standard or Defective Fire Extinguishers. — No person shall sell, or trade any form, type, or kind of fire extinguisher which is not approved, or which is not in proper working order, or the contents of which do not meet the requirements of this Rule or internationally accepted standards. However, this Section shall not apply to the sale or trade of fire extinguishers to any person or firm engaged in the business of selling or handling such extinguishers, or the sale or exchange of obsolete or damaged equipment as junk. Any violation of his Section shall be referred to the Department of Trade.

SECTION 6.107. Fire Extinguishing Equipment in Parking Stations. — No person shall operate any lot, parcel of land, or premises where three or more vehicles are stored, kept or parked for the public in the open air or under a roof, whether a charge be made for such packing or not, and where an attendant is on duty, without keeping a first aid fire appliances, on hand at all times.

SECTION 6.108. A. General. All fire extinguishing systems shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of this Rule.

All those threads used in connection with fire extinguishing systems shall comply with the standards of the Fire Service.

B. Definitions. "COMBINATION STANDPIPE" is a fire line system with a constant water supply and installed for the use of the Fire Service and the occupants of the building.

"DRY STANDPIPE" is a fire line system without a constant water supply and is equipped with a fire service inlet and outlet connections, and installed exclusively for the use of the Fire Service.

"FIRE DEPARTMENT HOSE CONNECTION" is a hose connection at grade or street level for use by the Fire Service only.

"WET STANDPIPE" is an auxiliary fire line system with a constant water supply installed primarily for emergency fire use by the occupants of the building.

C. Approvals. All fire-extinguishing systems including automatic sprinklers, combination standpipes, dry and wet standpipes, special automatic extinguishing systems, and basement inlet pipes, shall be approved by the Chief of the local Fire Service and shall be subject to such periodic tests as may be required.

SECTION 6.109. Detailed Installation Requirements. — Fire extinguishing systems shall be installed and maintained in accordance with the Standard of the National Fire Protection Association, or other internationally recognized standards. However, the following shall be deemed as exceptions:

1. Automatic fire sprinkler systems that have at least one water supply of adequate pressure, capacity and reliability.

2. Automatic fire sprinkler systems which may be connected to the domestic water supply main when approved by the Chief of the local Fire Service provided that the domestic water supply is of adequate pressure, capacity and sizing for the combined domestic and fire sprinkler requirements. In such case, the fire sprinkler system connection shall be made between the public water main or meter and the building shut-off valves and there shall be no intervening valves or connections. The Fire Service connections may be omitted when approved by the local Fire Service Chief.

3. The sprinkler alarm valve for an automatic fire-sprinkler system may be omitted when the sprinkler system serves less than six heads or where the system is connected to an approved fire alarm system.

SECTION 6.110. Dry Standpipes. — A. General. Dry standpipes shall comply with the requirements of this Section.

B. Location. There shall be one dry standpipe outlet connection located at every floor level landing above the first floor of every required enclosed stairway or smokeproof enclosure. No point within a building requiring dry standpipes shall be more than forty (40) meters travel distance from a dry standpipe outlet connection.

Portions of dry standpipe systems not located within an enclosed stairway or smokeproof enclosure shall be protected by a degree of fire resistance equal to that required for vertical enclosures in the building in which they are located.

C. Detailed Requirements. 1. Construction. Fitting and connections shall be of sufficient strength to withstand twenty one (21) kilos per square centimeter of water pressure when ready for service. All dry standpipes shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than twenty one (21) kilos per square centimeter of pressure for two hours and in no case shall the pressure be less than three and one-half (3.5) kilos per square centimeter above the maximum working pressure.

2. Piping. All horizontal runs of dry standpipes systems shall have a twenty (20%) percent slope for the purpose of draining. Where pipe traps occur in such standpipes systems including Fire Service connections, they shall be provided with drains.

3. Size. The size of the standpipe shall be not less than one hundred two (102) millimeters in buildings in which the highest outlet is twenty three (23) meters or less above the Fire Service connection and shall be not less than one hundred fifty three (153) millimeters where the highest outlet is higher than twenty three (23) meters above the Fire Service connection.

4. Fire Service Connections. All one hundred two (102) millimeter dry standpipes shall be equipped with a four-way Fire Service connection. All fire service connections shall be located on a street front, not less than forty six (46) centimeters nor more than one hundred twenty two (122) centimeters above grade and shall be equipped with an approved straight way check valve and substantial plugs or caps. All Fire Service connections shall be protected against mechanical injury and shall be visible and accessible. More than one Fire Service connection may be required.

5. Outlets. Each standpipe shall be equipped with an approved six and four-tenths (6.4) centimeters outlet not less than sixty one (61) centimeters nor more than one hundred twenty two (122) centimeters above the floor level of each story. All dry standpipes shall be equipped with a two-way, six and four-tenths (6.4) centimeters outlet above the roof line of the building when the roof has a slope of less than thirty four (34) percent. All outlets shall be installed so that a thirty (30) centimeters long wrench may be used in connecting the hose with clearance for the wrench on all sides of the outlet. Standpipes located in smokeproof enclosures shall have outlets located in the vestibule or on the balcony. Standpipes outlets in stairway enclosures or smoke towers shall be so located that the exit doors do not interfere with the use of the outlet. All outlets shall be equipped with an approved valve, cap and chains.

6. Signs. An approved durable sign with raised letters of at least twenty five (25) millimeters in height, shall be permanently attached to all Fire Service street connections. Such sign shall read. "DRY STANDPIPE".

SECTION 6.111. Wet Standpipe. — A. General. Wet standpipes shall comply with the requirements of this Section.

Required wet standpipes extending from the cellar or basement into the topmost story shall be provided in assembly occupancies with an occupant load exceeding 1,000; in educational, institutional hazardous storage, business and mercantile, industrial, and hotels and apartments occupancies four or more stories in height; and in hazardous storage and business and mercantile occupancies having a floor area exceeding one thousand eight hundred sixty (1,860) square meters per floor. However, the following shall be deemed as exceptions:

1. Wet standpipes are not required in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic fire suppression system.

2. Wet standpipes shall not be required in basement or cellars equipped with a complete automatic fire suppression system.

3. Wet standpipes shall not be required but only encouraged in assembly area used solely for worship.

B. Location. Wet standpipes shall be located so that all portions of the building are within six (6) meters of a nozzle attached to twenty two (22) meters of hose.

In theaters, auditoriums and other assembly occupancies were the occupant load is more than 1,000, outlets shall be located on each side of any stage, on each side of the rear of the auditorium and on each side of the balcony.

C. Detailed Requirements. — 1. Construction. Wet standpipes shall be installed and tested as required for the water distribution system within the building.

2. Size. The size of the standpipes shall not be less than sixty four (64) millimeters in diameter when the height of the riser is fifteen (15) meters or more above the source and shall not be less than fifty one (51) millimeters, in diameter when the height of the riser is less than fifteen (15) meters above the source.

3. Outlets. All interior wet standpipes shall be equipped with a thirty eight (38) millimeters valve in each story, including the basement or cell roof the building and located not less than ninety one (91) centimeters nor more than one hundred eighty two (182) centimeters above the floor.

4. Water Supply. The wet standpipe shall deliver not less than one hundred thirty two (132) liters of water per minute at not less than one and eight-tenths (1.8) kilos per square centimeters residual pressure from each of any two outlets flowing simultaneously for 30 minutes. When more than one interior wet standpipe is required in the building, such standpipes may be connected at their bases or highest points by pipes of equal size. Where combination standpipes are installed, the thirty eight (38) millimeters outlet system may be supplied from the combination system with a fifty one (51) millimeter connecting line.

5. Pressure and gravity tanks. Pressure or gravity tanks shall have a capacity sufficient to furnish at least two hundred sixty five (265) liters of water per minutes for thirty (30) minutes. Other such tanks shall be located so as to provide not less than one and eight-tenths (1.8) kilos per square centimeters residual pressure from each of two (2) outlets flowing simultaneously for thirty (30) minutes. Discharge pipes from pressure tanks shall extend five (5) centimeters from and into the bottom of such tanks. All tanks shall be equipped with a manhole, ladder and platform, drainpipe, water pressure gauges, and a pressure relief valve. Each pressure tank shall be tested in place after installation and proved tight at a hydrostatic pressure required, but not less than ten (10) kilograms per square centimeters. Where such tanks are used also for domestic purposes, the supply take off for such purposes shall be located above the required capacity of such tanks. Supply tanks shall be supported on non-combustible construction with not less than ninety one (91) centimeters clearances over the top and under the bottom of an adjacent construction. Approved pressure gauges shall be provided at pressure tanks and at the fire pump.

6. Fire Pumps. Fire pumps shall be approved and shall deliver not less than the required fire flow and pressure. Such pumps shall be supplied with adequate power source and shall be automatic in operation. Where the wet standpipe system is supplied with water from the domestic supply of the building, approved fire pumps shall not be required provided the domestic pump used delivers the required fire flow.

7. Hose and Hose Reels. Each wet standpipe outlet shall be supplied with a hose not less than thirty eight (38) millimeters in diameter. Such hose shall be equipped with an approved variable for nozzle. An approved hose reel rack or cabinet shall be provided and shall be located so as to make the hose accessible. The hose reel rack or cabinet shall be recessed in the wall or protected by suitable cabinets.

8. Connection to Fire-Sprinkler System. Wet standpipe system may be supplied from a fire-sprinkler system only when in compliance with NFPA Standards.

9. Pressure Reduction. Where the static pressure at any standpipe outlet exceeds seven (7) kilos per square centimeters, an approved pressure reduction device shall be permanently installed at the outlet to reduce the water flow so that the nozzle pressure does not exceed five and six tenths (5.6) kilos per square centimeter in accordance with Table No. 6.111.

TABLE No. 6.111
STANDPIPE PRESSURE AT HOSE OUTLET	SIZE OF ORIFICE* (Millimeter)
7.75	27.0
8.45	23.0
9.15	23.8
9.86	19.1
10.56	18.3
11.27	17.5
11.97	16.7
12.68	15.9
14.08	15.1
15.85	14.3
17.61	13.5
19.72	12.7

* (Orifice size to reduce pressure at twelve and seven-tenths (12.7) millimeter nozzle tip to five and six-tenths (5.6) kilos per square centimeter, when using a thirty eight (38) millimeter hose that is twenty three (23) meters long.)

SECTION 6.112. Combination Standpipes. — A. General. All combination standpipes shall comply with the requirements of this Section. Design and installation shall be in accordance with NFPA pamphlet No. 14. Where a combination standpipe system is installed in accordance with this Section, a separate dry standpipe system need not be installed.

Required combination standpipe shall be maintained in accordance with this Section.

B. Location. Combination standpipe systems shall have connections for dry standpipes located as required in Section 6.110 "B" and shall have wet standpipe outlets as required in Section 6.111 "B".

Portions of combination standpipe systems, including extensions for wet standpipe outlets, not within an enclosed stairway or smokeproof enclosure shall be protected by a degree of fire resistance equal to that required for vertical enclosures in the building in which they are located.

In buildings where more than one combination standpipe system is provided, they shall be cross connected at the bottom.

C. Detailed Requirements. 1. Construction. Combination standpipe systems shall be installed and tested as required for dry standpipe systems in accordance with Section 6.110 "C".

2. Size. Combination standpipe systems shall not be less than fifteen (15) centimeters in diameter.

3. Riser shut off valve and drain. Each individual riser must be equipped with an OS and Y valve at its base and approved valve for draining.

4. Fire Service Connections. All combination standpipe systems shall be equipped with a four-way Fire Service connections. Combination standpipe system with three or more standpipes shall be provided with not less than two four-way service inlet connections.

All Fire Service connections shall be located an a street front not less than forty six (46) centimeters nor more than one hundred twenty two (122) centimeters above grade and shall be equipped with an approved straightway check valve and substantial plugs or caps. All Fire Service connections shall be located on a street front not less than forty six (46) centimeters nor more than one hundred twenty two (122) centimeters above grade and shall be equipped with an approved straightway check valve and substantial plugs or caps. All Fire Service connections shall be protected against mechanical injury and shall be visible and accessible. The number of Fire Service connections shall be determined by the Chief of the local Fire Service.

5. Outlets. Every standpipes shall be equipped with a sixty four (64) millimeter outlet not less than sixty one (61) centimeter not more than one hundred twenty two (122) centimeters above the floor level at each story. All standpipes shall be equipped with a three-way sixty four (64) millimeter outlet above the roof line when the roof has a slope of less than thirty four (34) percent. Roof outlets are not required for roofs with a slope greater than thirty-four (34%) percent. All outlets shall be installed so that a thirty (30) centimeters long wrench may be used in connecting the hose with wrench clearance on all sides of the outlet. Standpipes located in smokeproof enclosures shall have outlets at the vestibule or balcony. Outlets above the fourth floor above grade shall be provided with thirty (30) meters of sixty four (64) millimeter approved unlined fabric hose with twenty five and four-tenths (25.4) millimeters orifice, straight-tipped brass nozzle without a shutoff at the nozzle unless waived by the Chief of the local Fire Service. Such outlets shall be identified with a sign having seventy six (76) millimeters high letters reading; "FIRE SERVICE USE ONLY". The hose and nozzle shall be installed in an approved hose cabinet. An approved drip cock or drain connection shall be located between the standpipes outlet and the hose. Roof outlets need not be provided with hoses.

6. Signs. An approved durable sign with raised letters at least twenty five (25) millimeters high shall be permanently attached to all Fire Service street connections and test connections, and such sign shall read "COMBINATION STANDPIPE AND TEST CONNECTIONS".

SECTION 6.113. Building Under Construction. — A. General. During the construction of a building and until the permanent fire-extinguishing system has been installed and is in service, fire protection shall be provided in accordance with this Section.

B. Where Required. Every building, six stories or more in height, shall be provided with not less than one standpipe for Fire Service used during construction. Such standpipes shall be installed when the progress of construction is not more than fifteen (15) meters in height above grade. Such standpipe shall be provided with fire department inlet connections at accessible locations adjacent to usable stairs. Such standpipe systems shall be extended as construction progresses to within one floor of the highest point of construction having secured decking or flooring.

In each floor there shall be provided sixty four (64) millimeter valve outlet for Fire Department use. When construction height requires installation of a combination standpipe, fire pumps and water main connections shall be provided to serve the standpipe.

C. Temporary Standpipe. Temporary standpipes may be provided in place of permanent systems if they are designed to furnish two hundred eighty four (284) liters of water per minute at three and one half (3.5) kilos per-square centimeters pressure with a standpipe of not less than ten (10) centimeters. All outlets shall not be less than sixty four (64) millimeters. Pumping equipment sufficient to provide this pressure and volume shall be available at all times when a combination system is required.

D. Detailed Requirements. Standpipe systems for buildings under construction shall be installed as required for permanent standpipe system.

SECTION 6.114. Basement Pipe Inlets. — A. When Required Basement pipe inlets shall be installed in the first floor of every story, warehouse, or factory having cellars or basements.

B. Location. The location of basement/pipe inlets shall be as required by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

C. Detailed Requirements. All basement pipe inlets shall be of cast iron, steel, brass, or bronze with lids of cast bronze.

The basement pipe inlet shall consist of a sleeve not less than twenty (20) centimeters inside diameter extending through the floor and terminating flush with or through the basement or cellar ceiling and shall have a top flange recessed with an inside shoulder to receive the lid. The top flange shall be installed flush with finish floor surface. The lid shall be a solid casting and have a lift recessed in the top. This lid shall be provided with a casting sign reading: "FIRE SERVICE ONLY, DO NOT COVER". The lid shall be installed in such a manner to permit its easy removal from the flange shoulder.

RULE 7

Suppression Control of Hazardous Fire Areas

SECTION 7.101. Intent. — The unrestricted use of grass, grain, brush or forest-covered land, in hazardous fire areas, is a potential menace to life and property from fire and resulting erosion. It is, therefore, the intent of this Rule to provide necessary safeguards to prevent the occurrence of fires and to provide adequate fire protection facilities to control the spread of fire which might be caused by recreational, residential, commercial, industrial or other activities conducted in any hazardous fire area.

SECTION 7.102. Authority to Stipulate Permit Conditions. — The Chief of the local Fire Service shall have the authority required by this Rule to stipulate conditions as he deems necessary in all permits. If in his judgment, public safety would be better served, he may refuse to issue any such permit.

SECTION 7.103. Restricted Entry. — The Chief of the local Fire Service shall officially determine and publicly announce when any hazardous fire area shall be closed to entry and when such area shall again be opened to entry. No person other than those hereinafter expressly exempted shall go on or be upon any hazardous fire area, except public roadways, inhabited areas, or established trails and camp sites which have not been closed during such time when the hazardous fire area is closed to entry. It is not the intention of this Section to prohibit residents or owners of private property within any hazardous fire area or their guests from going or being upon their lands, and such persons are to such extent exempted from the provisions of this Section. This Section does not apply to any entry, in the course of duty, by any peace police officer, or any other duly authorized public officer, member of Fire Service or member of the Bureau of Forest Development.

SECTION 7.104. Trespassing on Posted Property Prohibited. — A. Whenever the Chief of the Fire Service determines that any specific area within a hazardous fire area presents an exceptional and continuing fire danger because of the density of natural growth, difficulty or terrain, proximity to structures, or accessibility to the public, he shall declare such area closed until changed conditions warrant termination of closure. The Chief of the Fire Service shall order any such area posted as hereinafter provided.

B. Approved signs prohibiting entry by unauthorized persons and referring to this Rule shall be placed on every area ordered posted by the Chief of Fire Service pursuant to Section 7.104 "A" above.

C. No persons shall enter or remain within any area closed and posted by the Chief of the Fire Service pursuant to Section 5 "A" and "B" above; provided that the following persons shall be exempted from the provisions of this Section: owners or occupants of private or public property within closed and posted areas, their guests; local, provincial and national officials or their authorized agents acting in the course of duty.

SECTION 7.105. Smoking Prohibited. — No persons shall light, ignite, or otherwise set fire to or smoke any tobacco, cigarette, pipe, or cigar in any hazardous fire area; provided, however, that nothing in this Section shall apply to any place of habitation, or within the boundaries of any established smoking area or camp site as designated by the Chief of the local Fire Service.

SECTION 7.106. Spark Arresters Required. — Each chimney used in conjunction with any fireplace, barbecue, incinerator, or any heating appliance in which solid or liquid fuel is used, upon any building, structure, or premises located within sixty (60 m) meters of any hazardous fire area, shall be maintained with a spark arrester constructed with heavy wire mesh or other noncombustible material with openings not to exceed thirteen (13 mm) millimeters.

SECTION 7.107. Tracer Bullets, Tracer Charges, Rockets and Model Aircraft Prohibited. — A. No person shall fire or cause to be fired any tracer bullet or tracer charge into or across any hazardous fire area, nor shall have in his possession any tracer bullet or tracer charge on such area.

B. No person shall use, fire or project into or across any hazardous fire area any rocket, model plane, glide or balloon powered with an engine, propellant, or other feature liable to start or cause fire in said area.

SECTION 7.108. Explosives and Blasting. — No person shall possess, keep, store, sell, offer for sale, give away, use discharge, transport, or dispose of in any manner any explosives within any hazardous fire area except by the authority of a written permit from the Chief of the local Fire Service.

SECTION 7.109. Fireworks Prohibited. — A. No person shall use or possess fireworks in a hazardous fire area.

B. The Chief of the local Fire Service shall seize, take, remove, or cause to be removed all fireworks in violation of this Section.

SECTION 7.110. Apiares. — No person shall use any lighted or smoldering material in connection with smoking bees in or upon any hazardous fire area except by the authority of a written permit from the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 7.111. Open Flame Devices. — A. No person shall operate or use any device, machine, or process such as a welding torch, tar pot, decorative torch, or any other device liable to start or cause fire in or upon any hazardous fire area, except by the authority of a written permit from the local Chief of the Fire Service; provided, however, that no permit will be required if such use is within inhabited premises or designated camp sites, and such uses are a minimum of nine (9 m) meters from any grass, grain, brush or forest covered areas.

B. No person shall operate or use any flame employing device such as a lantern or kerosene road flare as a signal or marker in or upon any hazardous fire area. This Section shall not apply to or restrict the proper use of fuses at the scenes of emergencies, or as required by standard railroad operating procedures.

SECTION 7.112. Outdoor Fires. — A. No person shall build, ignite, or maintain any outdoor fire of any kind or character, or for any purpose whatsoever, in or upon any hazardous fire area, except by the authority of a written permit from the local Fire Service Chief. No permit will be required for outdoor fires within inhabited premises or designated camp sites where such fires are built in a permanent barbecue, portable barbecue, outdoor fireplace, incinerator, or grill and are a minimum of nine (9 m) meters from any grass, grain, brush or forest covered area. Such a permit shall incorporate such terms and conditions which if ill reasonably safeguard public safety and property. Regardless of permit, however, no person shall build, ignite or maintain any outdoor fire in or upon any hazardous fire area, under the following conditions:

1 When any high wind is blowing, or

2. When there is no person aged 17 or over present watch and capable of tending such fire; or

3. Such times as public announcement is made that there shall be no open burning.

B. No person shall use any permanent barbecue, portable barbecue, outdoor fireplace, or grill for the disposal of rubbish, trash or combustible waste material.

SECTION 7.113. Incinerators and fireplaces. — A. No person shall build, install, or maintain any incinerator, outdoor fireplace, permanent barbecue, or grill in any hazardous fire area, without first securing written approval of the local Fire Service Chief.

B. Every incinerator, outdoor fireplace, permanent barbecue, or grill shall be maintained in good repair and in a safe condition at all times. All openings, in any such appliance, shall be provided with an approved spark arrester, screen or door. If required for their proper functioning, barbecues and grills may be approved with certain openings left unprotected.

SECTION 7.114. Clearance of Brush or Vegetative Growth from Electrical Transmission Lines. — A. Support Clearance. Any person owning, controlling, operating or maintaining any electrical transmission line upon any hazardous fire area shall, at all times, maintain around and adjacent to any pole supporting a switch, fuse, transformer, lightning arrester, line junction, dead end, corner pole, towers, or other poles or towers at which power company employees are likely to work most frequently an effective firebreak, consisting of a clearing of not less than three (3 m) meters in each direction from the outer circumference of such pole or tower. Provided, however, that this provision shall not be deemed to apply to lines used exclusively as telephone, telegraph, telephone or telegraph messenger call, fire or alarm lines, or other lines classed as communication circuits by a Public Utility.

B. High Tension Line Clearance. Any persons owning, controlling, operating or maintaining any electrical transmission line upon any hazardous fire area shall maintain a clearance of the respective distances as specified in this Section in all directions between all vegetation and all conductors carrying electrical current:

1. For lines operating at 2400 volts and less than 68,000 volts, one and one-fifth (1.20 m) meters.

2. For lines operating at 68,000 volts and less than 110,000 volts, one and four-fifth (1.80 m) meters.

3. For lines operating at 110,000 volts and over, three(3 m) meters.

In any case, such distance shall be sufficient great to furnish the required clearance from the particular wire or conductor to any position of such wire or conductor at any temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit or less. Forked trees, dead trees, old decadent or rotten trees, those weakened by catfaces, decay or disease, and trees leaning toward the line, which may contact the line from the side or may fall on the line, shall be felled, cut or trimmed so as to remove the hazard.

C. Self-Supporting Aerial Cable. No clearing to obtain line clearance is required when self-supporting aerial cable is used except that forked trees, leaning trees, and other growth which may fall across the cable and break it shall be removed.

D. Exception: Nothing contained in this Section shall be construed to require any person to maintain any clearing on land where such person does not have the legal right to maintain such clearing, nor shall any provision of this Rule be construed to require any person to enter upon or to damage property of another without consent of the owner thereof.

SECTION 7.115. Clearance of Brush or Vegetative Growth from Structure. — A. Any person owning, leasing, controlling, operating or maintaining any building or structure in, upon or adjoining any hazardous fire area, and any person owning, leasing or controlling any land adjacent to such building, or structures, shall at all times.

1. Maintain around and adjacent to such building or structure an effective firebreak made by removing and clearing away, for a distance therefrom of not less than nine (9 m) meters on each side thereof, all flammable vegetation or other combustible growth. This Section shall not apply to single specimens to trees, ornamental shrubbery, or similar plants used as ground covers, provided that they do not form the native growth to any structure.

2. Maintain around and adjacent to any such building or structure additional fire protection or firebreak made by removing all brush, flammable vegetation, or combustible growth located from nine (9) to thirty (30 m) meters from such building or structure as may be required by the local Fire Service Chief when he finds that because of extra hazardous conditions a firebreak of only nine (9 m) meters around such structures is not sufficient to provide reasonable fire safety. Grass and other vegetation located more than nine (9 m) meters from such building or structure and less than forty five (45 cm) centimeters in height above the ground may be maintained where necessary to stabilize the soil and prevent erosion.

3. Remove that portion of any tree which extends within three (3 m) meters of the outlet of any chimney.

4. Maintain any tree adjacent to or overhanging any building free of deadwood.

5. Maintain the roof of any structure free of leaves, needles, or other dead vegetative growth.

SECTION 7.116. Clearance of Brush or Vegetative Growth from Roadways. — A. The local Fire Service Chief may remove and clear within three (3 m) meters on each side of every roadway all flammable vegetation or other combustible growth, and may enter upon private property to do so. This Section shall not apply to single specimens of trees, ornamental shrubbery; or cultivated ground cover such as green grass, ivy, succulents, or similar plants used as ground covers, provided that they do not form a means of readily transmitting fire. As used in this Section "roadway" means that portion of a highway or private street improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel.

B. If the local Fire Service Chief determines in any specific case that difficult terrain, danger of erosion or other unusual circumstances make strict compliance with the clearance of vegetation provisions of Section 7.115, 7.116 of this Rule undesirable or impractical, he may suspend enforcement thereof and require reasonable alternative measures designed to advance the purposes of this Rule.

SECTION 7.117. Illegal Dumping. — No person shall place, deposit, or dump any garbage, cans, bottles, papers, ashes, refuse, trash, rubbish, or combustible waste material in or upon any hazardous fire area. No person shall dump such material in, upon, or along any trail, roadway, or highway in any hazardous fire area. Public and private dumping areas having been approved by the local Fire Service Chief shall be deemed to be in compliance with this Rule.

SECTION 7.118. Disposal of Ashes. — No persons shall place, deposit, or dump any ashes or coals in or upon any hazardous fire area except; in the hearth of an established fire pit, camp stove, or fireplace; or in a non-combustible container with a tight-fitting lid which is kept or maintained in a safe location not less than three (3 m) meters from any combustible vegetation or structure; or where such ashes or coals are buried and covered with thirty (30 cm) centimeters of mineral earth not less than eight (8 m) meters from any combustible vegetation or structure.

SECTION 7.119. Illegal use of Fire Roads and Firebreaks. — A. No person, except public officer acting within the scope of their duties, shall travel upon, or drive or park any motorcycle, motor scooter, or motor vehicle upon any fire road or firebreak beyond the point where travel is restricted by a cable, gate, or sign, without the permission of the property owner or owner involved. No person shall park any vehicle so as to obstruct the entrance to any fire road or firebreak.

B. No person shall install or maintain a radio or television aerial, or guy wires, thereto or any other obstruction on any fire road or firebreak, which is less than five (5 m) meters above such fire road or firebreak.

SECTION 7.120. Use of Motorcycles, Motor Scooters, and Motor Vehicles. — No person shall operate any motorcycle, motor scooter, or motor vehicle except upon clearly establish public or private roads within any hazardous fire area without first having secured a permit to do so from the local Fire Service Chief. No such permit shall be issued unless written permission from the property owner is first presented.

SECTION 7.121. Tampering with Department Locks, Barricade Signs of Fire Service. — A. No person shall tamper with, mutilate, destroy, or remove any lock, barricade, seal, cable sign, or marker installed within any hazardous fire area by or under the control of the Chief, or other duly constituted authority.

B. No unauthorized person shall unlock any gate, door, barrier, or lock installed by or under the control of the local Fire Service Chief, or other duly constituted authority.

SECTION 7.122. Liability for Damage. — The expenses of fighting any fires which are the result of a violation of this Rule are a charge against the person whose violation, of this Rule caused the fire. Damages caused by such fires shall constitute a debt of such person, and are collectible by the local Fire Service Chief in the same manner as in the case of an obligation under a contract, expressed, or implied.

RULE 8

Smoking

SECTION 8.101. Designated Areas Where Smoking Shall Be Prohibited. — Where conditions are such as to make smoking a hazard in any area of piers, wharves, warehouses, stores, industrial plants, institutions, schools, places of assembly, and in open spaces where combustible materials are stored or handled, the Chief of the Local Fire Service is empowered and authorized to order the owner or occupant in writing to post "NO SMOKING" signs in each building, structure, room or place in which smoking shall be prohibited. Such signs shall be conspicuously and suitably located. The Chief of the Local Fire Service shall designate specific safe locations, if necessary, in any building, structure, or place in which smoking may be permitted.

SECTION 8.102. Smoking. — A. It shall be unlawful for any person, during that period of the year declared by the Chief of the Local Fire Service as the hazardous season, to light, ignite or smoke any tobacco, cigarette, pipe or cigar in or upon any brush or forest covered land, or land covered with any flammable material, or upon any road or trail traversing any such brush, or forest covered land or land covered with flammable material. However, nothing in this section shall apply to the area within the boundaries of any established smoking areas as designated by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. It shall be unlawful for any person to utilize any lighted or smoldering material in connection with the smoking of bees or in or near any apiary located in or upon mountainous, brush, or forest covered land, or land covered with flammable material, without first having obtained a permit to do so from the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 8.103. "No Smoking" Sign. — The letters "NO-SMOKING" shall be white, at least ten (10 cm) centimeters high, upon a red background. The posting location of such signs shall be as required by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

RULE 9

Company and Community Volunteer Fire Brigades

SECTION 9.101. Organization. — This Rule shall provide the general guidelines for the organization, equipage, operation, and proficiency training of company and community fire brigades. Such fire brigades shall be separated and distinct from the fire exit drill organization provided for elsewhere in this Rule.

SECTION 9.102. Nature Of Required Organization. — Every business establishment and barangay should provide an organization to deal with fires and related emergencies when they occur. The chairman/captain of the barangay or head of the business establishment should evaluate the potential magnitude of a fire emergency within the community or property or of an exposure fire and the availability of fire fighting assistance from a public fire department to determine the nature of the organization to be established. For purposes of this Rule, "company" shall include government offices and buildings.

SECTION 9.103. The Fire Brigade or Brigades. — In its most simple form, this organization would consist of the barangay captain/chairman or head of the establishment assisted by selected personnel. In communities or establishments where more persons are available, they should be organized as a team, or teams, to function as a fire brigade. The availability of fire fighting assistance from a public fire service or a private fire department may affect the nature of the fire brigade organization. These do not necessarily take the place of fire brigade in parts of a large community or establishment. Individual fire brigades may respond to alarm in all areas of an establishment or community; or each geographical or functional area may have a separate fire brigade organization established according to its needs. The organization should be such that a fire brigade is on duty or on call at all times.

SECTION 9.104. Components. — The equipment that must be put into service at a fire will determine the number of men required for each operating unit or company into which the brigade is organized and the total number may be composed of two or more men to operate a specific item of equipment or a larger group to perform more complicated operations. Each company should have a leader and each brigade should have a chief.

SECTION 9.105. Fire Brigade Chief's Responsibilities. — The following shall be an inherent part of the responsibilities of the Fire Brigade Chiefs:

A. Fire-Loss Prevention Management. — The Barangay Chairman/Captain, or establishment Head, with the Fire Brigade Chief shall be accountable for prevention of fire loss. Where they do not themselves perform them, they should assign a fire loss prevention man to perform the duties directly associated with the responsibility for fire loss prevention.

B. Management Decisions in Fire Brigades. — The fire loss prevention staff man, acting for the Fire Brigade Chief should:

1. Provide equipment and supplies for the brigade or brigades.

2. See that the brigades are suitably staffed and trained.

3. Select the fire brigade and unit leaders.

C. Inherent Capabilities of Fire Brigade Chiefs and Unit Leaders. — Fire brigade chiefs and unit leaders should have administrative and supervisory abilities.

D. Duties of Fire Brigade Chiefs. — A Fire Brigade Chief's duties include the following:

1. Periodic evaluation of the equipment available of fire fighting. He shall be responsible for setting in motion necessary procedures for replacing missing equipment or correction of inoperative equipment. He should also call to the immediate attention of the establishment head or barangay chairman, or his fire loss prevention staff man, any situation likely to reduce the effectiveness of fire fighting operations.

2. Provision of plans of action to meet possible fire situation in the plant or community subject to the approval of the barangay chairman or establishment head or fire loss prevention staff man.

3. Periodic review of the brigade roster and preparation of recommendations that additional members be selected, appointed and made available to update the roster.

4. Preparing the plan for training members of the brigade.

E. Assistant Chiefs. — Enough assistant chiefs should be appointed to cover the chief's position around the clock. Their rank, one to another, and to the chief, should be established to provide for succession in the event of absence.

SECTION 9.106. Personnel. — The fire brigade composition shall be filled up on a voluntary basis.

SECTION 9.107. Qualification for Membership in the Brigade. — Members of the fire brigade should consist of persons who have met qualifications appropriate for fire brigade work. Its membership should consist of the necessary personnel in the case of establishment. The barangay chairman/captain or head of the establishment should identify the persons who will perform the duties to assist brigade members in an emergency by reason of their normal responsibilities and decide which ones should be assigned these functions (such as electricians and plumbers).

SECTION 9.108. Availability of Personnel. — To qualify as a member of a fire brigade, individuals should be available to answer alarms and to attend required training sessions. A pre-arranged schedule for availability should be established to prevent conflict of duties and to cover absences such as regular off-duty periods, vacations and sickness:

SECTION 9.109. Physical Requirements. — Minimum physical requirements should be established. A periodic physical examination is desirable.

SECTION 9.110. Identification. — Members of the brigade should be given some appropriate identification such as a card, for a number of purposes. These include assistance in reaching the area in an emergency and identification by guards for movement within the area or parts of it where fire brigade duties have to be performed.

SECTION 9.111. Training Schedule. — A schedule of training should be established for members of the brigade. Members should be required to complete a specified program of instruction as a condition to regular membership in the brigade. Training sessions should be held at least once monthly.

SECTION 9.112. Scope of Training. — All members of the brigade, regardless of the fire fighting team or company to which they belong should be trained. They should be instructed in the handling of any and all of the fire rescue apparatus available. The training program should be adopted to the purpose of the particular brigade. It should include fire fighting with portable fire extinguishers, the use of hose lines, ventilation of buildings, salvage operations, and performing related rescue operations.

SECTION 9.113. Updating of Training Programs. — The training program should keep up with problems presented by new fire hazards in the property for new fire extinguishing equipment and methods provided for its protection.

SECTION 9.114. Assistance in Training Programs. — Assistance in setting up a training programs for the fire brigade can be obtained from outside agencies. Among these are the Fire Service of the Integrated National Police Fire Schools, educational extension services, fire marshal's department insurance inspection bureaus, colleges and others, where the service training is given. Members of the brigade should be afforded opportunities to improve their knowledge of fire fighting and fire prevention through attendance at meetings and special training classes where available.

SECTION 9.115. Training Facilities. — Where the number of men participating in the fire brigade training program warrants such arrangement, a special space or room in the area or establishment for the brigade's use should be made available for that part of a training program requiring lectures or classroom instruction. Training aids such as books, literature and films should be kept at such a location when one is provided.

SECTION 9.116. Practice Drills. — Practice drills should be held to check the ability of members to perform the operations they are expected to carry out with the fire equipment provided. Drills should occasionally be held under adverse weather conditions to work out special procedures needed under such circumstances.

SECTION 9.117. Operation of Equipment. — In drills, equipment should be operated whenever possible. For example, portable extinguishers should be actually discharged, respiratory protective equipment should be operated, and the water should be turned into hose lines.

SECTION 9.118. Control of Drills. — Practice drills should always be carried out under the control of the chief and leaders of units or brigade companies at a moderate pace with emphasis on effectiveness rather than speed.

SECTION 9.119. Reactivation of Equipment. — At the conclusion of a practice drill, equipment should be promptly placed in readiness to respond to a fire call.

SECTION 9.120. Inspection and Scheduled Maintenance Work. — Certain inspections and maintenance of fire equipment, both fixed and portable, may be assigned to individual members of the fire brigade. However, the fire loss prevention man should establish the necessary schedules for such work, and should assign these duties to specific personnel and see that these inspections and maintenance operations are carried out and reports filed.

SECTION 9.121. Inspection and Service Personnel. — Large communities and establishments should maintain inspectors who are not necessarily members of the fire brigade to carry on a continuous inspection and service program for fire protection equipment.

SECTION 9.122. Equipment Check List. — The brigade should be provided with equipment and tools of a variety and in such numbers as to enable it to perform the service for which it is organized. This equipment should include items additional to the fixed or portable equipment provided in buildings and yards. Below is a list of the principal categories of equipment which should be considered by the fire loss prevention man and the fire brigade chief for acquisition as original equipment for the brigade and for its regular maintenance or replacement:

A. Portable Fire Extinguishers.

B. Hose and hose accessories, including hydrant wrenches, hydrant valves, rope tools or hose straps, rope combination, shut-off nozzles, gated wyes, double female hose couplings, and hose spanners.

C. Portable lighting equipment, including portable electric generators, lanterns and a supply of extra batteries.

D. Portable water pumps and their related accessories and fuel.

E. Forcible entry tools, including axes, saws, plaster hooks and pike poles, claw tools, door openers and crowbars.

F. A selection of ladders of sufficient length for the work required.

G. Salvage equipment including salvage covers, brooms and squeegees.

H. Rescue and first aid equipment. The exact equipment provided should be governed by the extent to which members of the brigade have been trained in its use. It may include first aid kits and resuscitation equipment (inhalator, resuscitator or a modification of these devices with spare cylinders or gas where used).

I. Space and replacement equipment. These should include items which the members of the fire brigade have to regularly service or replace. The exact items should be determined with consideration of their availability and their relative importance. These items should include fusible links for fire doors and automatic sprinkler heads.

J. Personnel protective equipment, including helmets, coats, waterproof mitten and rubber boots. Pompier belts or rope tools and respiratory protective equipment may be included depending on the extent to which members are trained in their safe and effective use. The number of each item which should be provided is based according to the number of members of the brigade required to use such items of equipment at one time.

K. Transportation facilities. — The brigade should have transportation equipment as is needed for its particular work. In some communities or establishments, small trucks for inside use or motor trucks for outside use may be desirable.

SECTION 9.123. Equipment Storage. — Storage space for the fire brigade and equipment should be provided so that it can be promptly obtained for use and properly maintained.

SECTION 9.124. List of Available Equipment. — The barangay chairman or establishment head, the fire loss prevention man, or the fire brigade chief should maintain a list of equipment available which might be useful in fire brigade work but which is not in the custody of the fire brigade. These includes such items as portable lighting equipment, power saws and other cutting tools, portable pumps, air moving equipment, electric motors for replacement purposes, tarpaulins, and roofing material. The list should show where each item of equipment is usually located and the name and location of the person in whose custody it may be found. A list of equipment and service agencies from which equipment or assistance may be obtained together with phone numbers, should be kept up to date.

RULE 10

Airport, Heliports and Helistops

DIVISION 1

General

SECTION 10.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to airports, heliports, helistops and aircraft hangars.

SECTION 10.102. Dispensing Flammable or Combustible Liquids. — No dispensing, transfer or storage of flammable or combustible liquids shall be permitted inside of any building or structure, except as provided in Rule 23.

SECTION 10.103. Transferring Fuel. — A. No flammable or combustible liquid shall be dispensed into or removed from the fuel system of an aircraft within any aircraft hangar.

B. No flammable or combustible liquid shall be dispensed into or removed from a container, tank, vehicle or aircraft except in a location approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 10.104. Application of Flammable Finishes. — The application of flammable finishes shall be done only in locations approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 10.105. Cleaning Parts. — No person shall clean any aircraft, engines or parts of aircraft in an aircraft hangar nor within fifteen (15) meters of another aircraft, buildings or hangar with any flammable liquid having a flash point under thirty seven and eight-tenths (37.80ºC) degrees Celsius.

SECTION 10.106. Drip Pans. — Every aircraft hangar shall be equipped and maintained with metal drip pans under the engines of all aircraft stored or parked thereon.

SECTION 10.107. Open Flame. — No open flame, flame producing device, or other source of ignition shall be permitted in any hangar, except in locations approved for the use thereof by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 10.108. Smoking. — "NO SMOKING" signs with letter at least seventy six (76) millimeters high on a contrasting background shall be posted conspicuously throughout every aircraft hangar and each fuel transfer point except in approved designated and posted locations where smoking is permitted.

SECTION 10.109. Running Engines. — No person shall run the engine of any aircraft in any aircraft hangar except in approved engine test areas.

SECTION 10.110. Repairing Aircraft. — All repairing of aircraft requiring the use of open flames, spark-producing devices or the heating of parts above two hundred sixty (260ºC) degrees Celsius shall be done in the open or in a room separated from any hangar or other building by a fire resistive construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than two (2) hours.

SECTION 10.111. Combustible Storage. — No person shall store combustible or other hazardous materials in an aircraft hangar, except in locations and containers approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 10.112. Portable Fire Extinguishers. — A. Portable fire extinguishers suitable for flammable liquid and electrical type fires shall be provided following the NFPA standards No. 10.

B. Every vehicle used for towing aircraft and every welding apparatus shall be equipped with at least one fire extinguisher having a minimum 4-B-C classifications.

C. Every aircraft refueller shall be equipped with a minimum of two B-C Fire extinguishers. The fire extinguishers shall be readily accessible from either side of the vehicle.

D. At every aircraft service station, including heliports, there shall be at least one fire extinguisher having a minimum 6-B-C classification, and shall be so located that no pump or dispenser shall be more than twenty three (23) meters from such extinguisher.

E. Use of any fire extinguisher equipment under any circumstances shall be reported to the aircraft manager and the Chief of the local Fire Service.

SECTION 10.113. Aircraft Service Station. — A. No person shall install, operate or maintain any aircraft service station, except in accordance with the provisions of this code.

B. Transforming apparatus used, or intended to be used for fuelling aircraft shall be approved and shall be installed, operated, and maintained in accordance with the applicable provisions of this Rule.

SECTION 10.114. Pumps. — All pumps of a positive displacement type shall be provided with a by-pass relief valve set at a pressure of not more than thirty five (35) percent in excess of the normal working pressure of such unit. Such units shall be equipped and maintained with a pressure gauge on the discharge side of the pump.

SECTION 10.115. Dispensing Hose and Nozzle. — A. Only hose which is designed for the transferring of hydrocarbon liquids will be permitted.

B. The length of hose shall be limited to the actual needs of the individual transfer apparatus. Such hose shall be equipped with an approved shut-off nozzle. Fuel transfer nozzles shall be of self-closing type, designed to be actuated by hand pressure only. No notches or other devices shall be used for holding the nozzle valve handle in open position. Such nozzle shall be equipped with a grounding cable complete with proper attachment for the aircraft to be serviced.

SECTION 10.116. Protection of Electrical Equipment. — Electrical wiring, switches, lights and other sources of ignition, when located in a compartment housing piping, pumps, air eliminators, water separators, hose reels and the like shall be enclosed in a vapor-tight housing. Any electric motor located in such a compartment shall be of a type approved for use in hazardous locations under the Philippine Electrical Code.

SECTION 10.117. Venting of Electric Compartments. — Compartments housing piping and the like, pumps, air eliminators, water separators, house reels, shall be adequately ventilated at floor level or within the floor itself.

SECTION 10.118. Accessory Equipment. — Ladders, hose reels, and similar accessory equipment, shall be of an approved type and constructed substantially as follows:

A. Ladders constructed of non-combustible material may be used with, or attached to, any aircraft refueller unit provided the manner of attachment or use of such ladder is approved and shall not occasion or constitute any additional fire or accident hazard in the operation of such refueller unit.

B. Hose reels used in connecting with any such refueller unit shall be constructed of noncombustible materials and shall be provided with a packing gland or other device which will preclude fuel leakage between such reel and the fuel manifold in connection therewith.

SECTION 10.119. Bonding and Grounding. — A. Every transfer apparatus shall be metallically interconnected with the tank, chassis, axles and springs of every aircraft refueller unit.

B. Every aircraft refueller unit shall be provided and maintained with a substantial heavy ground cable of sufficient length to be bonded to the aircraft to be serviced. Such cable shall be metallically connected to the transfer apparatus of chassis of the aircraft refueller unit on one and shall be provided with a suitable metal clamp on the other end, to be fixed to the aircraft.

The ground cable shall be bare or have a transparent protective sleeve and be carried on a reel or in a compartment for no other purpose in such a manner that it will not be subjected to sharp kinks or accidental breakage under conditions of general use.

DIVISION 2

Refueller Units

SECTION 10.201. Construction of Aircrafts Refuellers. — A. Tank vehicles shall be designed and constructed in accordance with NFPA pamphlet No. 385, "Tank Vehicles for Flammable Liquids," and NFPA pamphlet No. 407, Part VI, "Aircraft Fuel Servicing Tank Vehicles."

B Every aircraft refueller unit shall be equipped and maintained with an approved transfer apparatus.

1. If such transfer apparatus is operated by an individual unit of the internal combustion motor type, such power unit shall be located as remotely as practicable from any pumps, piping, meters, air eliminators, water separators, hose reels, etc., and shall be housed in separate compartment from any of the aforementioned items; the fuel tank in connection therewith shall be suitably designated and installed and the maximum capacity shall not exceed nineteen (19) liters when such tank is installed on any such engine or in any compartment housing any such engine. The exhaust pipe, muffler and tail pipes shall be shielded.

2. If operated by gears or chains, the gears, chains, shafts, bearings, housing and all parts thereof shall be of an approved design and shall be installed in a workmanlike manner and so maintained.

3. Flexible connections for the purpose of eliminating vibration may be permitted if the material used therein is designated, installed and maintained in an approved manner and provided such connections do not exceed sixty one (61) centimeters in length.

SECTION 10.202. Operations, Maintenance and Use of Aircraft Refueller Units. — The following regulations shall apply to the operation, maintenance, and use of aircraft refueller units in addition to all other applicable provisions of this Code.

A. Aircraft refueller units shall be stored on parking aprons and not be less than fifteen (15) meters from any building at a location approved by the manager of the Airport and the Chief of the local Fire Service.

B. Mechanical repairs on such units shall be done only at approved locations. Minor adjustments or repairs may be made when necessary to move such units to the storage locations when failure occurs elsewhere on the airport or heliport.

C. Every aircraft refueller unit which is operated by any person other than the permittee or his regularly authorized employee, shall be provided with a legible sign visible from the outside thereof showing the name of the person, firm or corporation operating such unit.

SECTION 10.203. Fuelling and Defuelling. — A. Aircraft refueller units shall not be located, parked, or permitted to stand under any portion of an aircraft nor in any position where such unit could obstruct egress from any aircraft should fire occur during fuel transfer operations.

B. Every aircraft refueller unit shall be electrically bonded to the aircraft being fueled or defueled and either the aircraft refueller unit or the aircraft shall be adequately grounded in an approved manner. A drag chain or flexible ground conductor shall not be deemed to fulfill the requirements of this Section for grounding during fuel transfer.

Transfer nozzles shall be equipped with approved bonding conductors which shall be clipped or otherwise positively engaged with the bonding attachment provided on the aircraft adjacent to the fuel tank cap.

All bonding and ground connections required by this Section shall be made prior to any fuel transfer and shall not be disconnected until fuel transfer operations are completed.

C. During fuel transfer operations, a qualified person shall be in control of each transfer nozzle and another qualified person shall be in immediate control of the fuel pumping equipment to shut off or otherwise control the flow of fuel from the time fuelling operations are begun, until they are completed.

However, for under wiring refueling, the person stationed at the point of fuel intake may be eliminated.

D. Fuel transfer nozzles shall not be held in the open position by any device other than by direct hand pressure of the operator.

SECTION 10.204. Qualified Operator. — Aircraft refueller unit shall be attended and operated only by persons instructed in methods of proper use and operation and who are qualified to use refueller units in accordance with minimum safety requirements. Each qualified operator shall be required to carry on his person an identification card issued by his employer certifying his qualifications.

SECTION 10.205. Protection of Hose. — The fuel transfer hoses shall be properly placed on the approved reels, or in the compartment provided, or may be stored on top decking of refuellers, if proper height rail is provided for security and protection of such equipment before any aircraft refueller unit is moved. Such transfer hose shall not be lopped or dropped, over any part of the refueller unit, except as herein provided, nor shall fuel transfer hose be dragged when such refueller unit is moved from one fueling position to another.

SECTION 10.206. Maintenance. — A. Every aircraft refueller unit and all equipment shall be maintained in a safe operating condition and in good repair at all times.

B. On finding any aircraft service equipment which is in use during fueling operations to be defective or in a state or disrepair, and by reason of such defect or state of disrepair, the use of such aircraft servicing equipment constitutes an undue fire hazard, the Chief of the Local Fire Service shall order the use of such equipment discontinued until such repairs, replacements or changes are made as may be necessary to render the same safe for continued use. No person shall use any such defective equipment until the same is rendered safe to the satisfaction of the Chief of the local Fire Service.

SECTION 10.207. Loading and Unloading. — A. Aircraft refueller units shall be loaded only at an approved loading rack, except that when defuelling aircraft, such unit may be loaded from the fuel tanks or the aircraft.

B. The fuel cargo of any such unit shall be unloaded only by approved transfer apparatus into the fuel tanks of aircraft, underground storage tanks or approved gravity storage tanks.

SECTION 10.208. Loading Passengers. — Passengers may be loaded aboard an aircraft during the time fuel transfer operations are in progress provided the following provisions are strictly enforced by the owner of such aircraft or his authorized employee:

A. No person shall smoke or produce any open flame in the cabin of the aircraft or on the outside thereof within fifteen (15) meters of such aircraft.

A qualified employee of the air vehicle owner shall be responsible for seeing that the passengers are not allowed to smoke when remaining aboard the aircraft, nor while going across the ramp from the gate to such aircraft or vice-versa.

B. Passengers shall not be permitted to linger about the plane but shall proceed directly between the loading gate and the aircraft.

C. Passenger loading stands shall be left in loading position until all fuel transfer operations are completed.

D. Fuel transfer operations shall not be performed on the main exit side of any aircraft containing passengers except when the owner of such aircraft or a capable and qualified employee of such owner shall remain inside the aircraft to direct and assist the escape of such passengers through regular and emergency exits in the event fire should occur during such fuel transfer operations.

SECTION 10.209. Smoking, Open Flame and Service Equipment. — No person shall smoke or produce any open flame within fifteen (15) meters of any point where fuel is being transferred nor shall any electrical or motor driven devices be connected to or disconnected from any aircraft at any time fueling operations are in progress on such aircraft.

DIVISION 3

Helistops

SECTION 10.301. General. — Helistops on top of buildings that have been constructed in accordance with requirements of the Building Code or other locations must be maintained in accordance with this Rule.

SECTION 10.302. Clearance. — The touch down area shall be surround on all sides by a clear area having a minimum average width of roof level of four and six-tenths (4.6) meters but no width less than one and a half (1.5) meters and shall be so maintained.

SECTION 10.303. Flammable Liquid Spillage. — Landing areas on structures shall be so maintained as to confine any flammable liquid spillage to the landing area itself and provision shall be made to drain such spillage away from any exit or stairway serving the helicopter landing areas or from a structure housing such exit or stairway.

SECTION 10.304. Exit Ways. — Exit and stairways from helistops shall be maintained in accordance with Rule 9 "Maintenance of Exit Ways," except that all landing areas located on building or structures shall have two or more exits. For landing platforms or roof areas less than eighteen and three-tenths (18.3) meters in length, or less than one hundred eighty six (186) square meters in area, the second exit may be a fire escape on ladder loader to the floor below.

SECTION 10.305. Civil Aeronautics Administration Approval. — Before operating helicopters from helistops, approval must be obtained from the Civil Aeronautics Administration.

RULE 11

Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants

SECTION 11.101. General. — Automobile tire manufacturing and rebuilding plants shall conform with all other applicable requirements of this Rule as well as to the provisions to this Rule.

SECTION 11.102. Construction and Protection Requirements. — Tire manufacturing, recapping or rebuilding shops shall comply with the requirements of fire as to construction, electrical installations.

SECTION 11.103. Dust Collecting System. — Buffing machine shall be located in a room separated from the remainder of the plant by a fire resistive construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than one (1) hour, with each door opening protected by an approved self-closing fire door. Each machine shall be connected to an adequate dust collection system discharging into suitable container which shall be cleaned at frequent intervals.

SECTION 11.104. Ventilation. — Each room where rubber cement is used or mixed, or flammable solvents are applied, shall be equipped with effective mechanical and/or natural ventilation.

SECTION 11.105. Use and Storage. — Rooms for the use and storage of rubber cement and other flammable or combustible liquids shall conform with the requirements of this RULE 23 "Flammable and Combustible Liquids" Division IV "Container and Portable Tank Storage."

RULE 12

Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk Yards or Waste Material Handling Plants

SECTION 12.101. General. — Wrecking yards, junk yards, and waste material handling establishments shall conform with all other applicable requirements of this Rule as well as the provisions of this Rule.

SECTION 12.102. Storage. — The storage of combustibles shall be in accordance with this Rule. No smoking, or open flame, shall be permitted in any area where combustible fibers or other combustible waste materials are stored or handled. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be provided in accordance with Rule 8 of this Rule.

SECTION 12.103. Burning Operations. — The burning of wrecked or discarded motor vehicles or of junks, or of any waste materials shall be done only in locations and in a manner approved or prescribed for such purpose by the Local Fire Service Chief.

SECTION 12.104. Picking Rooms. — Picking refers to the act of segregating like or similar items from a bale, bundle or large pile of waste materials and placing them in separate smaller piles prior to a rebaling or disposal. Picking shall be done in rooms separated from storage rooms or other occupancies by fire resistive walls and doors having a fire resistance of not less than one hour. Picking rooms shall be provided with exhaust systems to adequately and safely remove dust and dirt.

SECTION 12.105. Welding and Cutting. — Welding and cutting operations shall conform with the requirements of Rule 39.

SECTION 12.106. Access to Area. — No motor vehicles, or any part therefore, junk, or other waste material, shall be stored, displayed or kept in such a manner as to unnecessarily hinder or endanger fire fighting operations. Aisles or passageways shall be provided so as to permit reasonable access for fire fighting equipment and personnel.

RULE 13

Bowling Alleys

SECTION 13.101. General. — Bowling alleys shall conform with all other applicable requirements of this Rule, as well as the provisions of this Rule.

SECTION 13.102. Alley Resurfacing and Refinishing. — Resurfacing and refinishing operations shall not be carried on while the establishment is open for business. The Local Fire Service shall be notified when alleys are to be resurfaced or refinished. Proper ventilation shall be provided. Heating, ventilating, or cooling system employing recirculation of air shall not be operated during resurfacing and refinishing operations or within one hour following the application of flammable finishes. All electric motors or other equipment in the area which might be a source of ignition shall be shut down, and all smoking and use of open flames prohibited during the application of flammable finishes and for one hour thereafter.

SECTION 13.103. Pin Refinishing. — A. Pin refinishing involving the application of flammable or combustible finishes or sanding or buffing operations if done within a building shall be done only in fire resistive room having a fire resistive rating of two hours.

B. Sanding and buffing machines shall be provided with approved equipment for collecting dust during such operations. Contents shall be removed daily and disposed of safely.

C. All power tools shall be effectively grounded.

D Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in any room shall not exceed a combined aggregate of two hundred twenty-five (225) liters, it shall be in flammable liquid storage cabinet or in approved safety containers not exceeding nineteen (19 l) liters individual capacity. A metal waste can with a self-closing cover shall be provided for all waste rags and materials with the contents to be removed daily. Smoking shall be prohibited at all times in pin refinishing rooms.

RULE 14

Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin)

SECTION 14.101. Display of Plastics. — All displays of cellulose nitrate plastic articles in stores shall be in show cases or show windows, except as permitted below:

A. Articles may be placed on table. Display tables shall not be over ninety (90 cm) centimeters wide and three (3 m) meters long placed at least ninety (90 cm) centimeters apart. When articles are displayed on counters, such counters shall be arranged in like manner.

B. Spaces beneath tables shall be kept free of storage of any kind, and accumulations of paper, refuse and other combustible material.

C. Sales or display tables shall be arranged and located so as not to interfere with free passage of exits in the event of fires.

D. No light shall be located directly above any cellulose nitrate material or storage, unless the light fixture is provided with a suitable guard to prevent heated particles from falling therefrom.

SECTION 14.102. Storage Handling. — All raw cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) material in buildings shall be kept and handled as follows:

A. An approved vented cabinet or vented and sprinklered vault shall be provided for the storage of cellulose nitrate plastics in excess of ten (10 kg) kilograms in any building.

B. Not more than four hundred fifty (450 kg) kilograms of raw material may be stored in cabinets in any one workroom. A cabinet contain not more than two hundred twenty-five (225 kg) kilograms to be kept in two (2) compartments therein at not more than one hundred twelve and a half (112.5 kg) kilograms per compartment.

C. All raw material in excess of that permitted in b. above be kept in vented vaults not exceeding forty two (42 cu. m) cubic meters capacity with one automatic sprinkler head to each three and a half (3.5 cu. m.) cubic meters of total vault space and with construction and venting conforming with the requirements described in this Rule and satisfactory to the Fire Service Chief.

D. No cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) shall be stored within one (1 m) meter of any heat producing appliances, steam pipes, radiators or chimneys.

E. Factories manufacturing articles of cellulose nitrate plastics shall be provided sufficient sprinklered and vented cabinets, vaults or storage rooms, approved by the Fire Service Chief or his duly authorized representative to prevent the accumulation in work rooms of improperly stored raw stock, stock in process, or finished articles.

F. Operators in work rooms of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) factories shall be stationed at least one (1 m) meter apart, and the amount of material per operator shall not exceed one-half (½) day supply and shall be limited to three (3) tote boxes including material awaiting removal or use.

G. All waste cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) materials such as shavings, chips, turnings, sawdust, edgings and trimmings shall be kept under water in metal receptacles until removed from the premises.

SECTION 14.103. Fire Protection Equipment. — All new and existing buildings or any portion of buildings used for the manufacture or storage of articles of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) in quantities exceeding forty five (45 kg) kilograms shall be equipped with an approved system of automatic sprinklers.

SECTION 14.104. Heating Equipment. — A. Heating equipment containing ignition sources shall not be permitted in any room used for the storage of cellulose nitrate plastics nor within six (6 m) meters of any manufacturing operations.

B. Heating shall be by low pressure steam or hot water radiators.

RULE 15

Combustible Fibers Storage and Handling

SECTION 15.101. Loose Storage. — Loose combustible fibers (not in suitable bales or packages), shall be stored as shown in Table No. 15.101.

TABLE NO. 15.101
Vol. of Material Cu. M	Method of Storage
0-100	Combustible Fiber Storage Bin
101-500	Combustible Fiber Storage Room
500-1000 Unprotected	Combustible Fiber Storage Vault
1000-up Protected	Combustible Fiber Storage Vault

However, loose fiber not to exceed one thousand (1000 cu. m.) cubic meters may be stored in a detached "loose house" suitably located, with the opening properly protected against entrance of sparks. The loose house shall be used for no other purpose.

SECTION 15.102. Baled Storage. — A. No single block or pile shall contain more than seven hundred (700) cubic meters of fiber exclusive of aisles or clearances. Blocks or piles of baled fiber shall be separated from adjacent storage by aisles not less than one and a half (1.5) meter wide, or by barriers consisting of continuous sheets of non-combustible material extending from the floor to a height of at least thirty (30) centimeters beyond the side of the piles.

B. Sisal and other fibers in bales bound with combustible tie ropes, as well as jute and other fibers liable to swell when wet, shall be stored to allow for expansion in any direction without endangering building walls, floors, ceilings or columns. Not less than one (1) meter clearance shall be left between walls and the sides of piles except that if the storage compartment is not more than nine (9) meters in width, forty five (45) centimeters clearance at side walls will be sufficient, provided a center aisle of not less than one and a half (1.5) meters width is maintained.

C. Not less than one (1) meter clearance shall be maintained between sprinkler pipes in protected storage vaults, and the tops of piles.

SECTION 15.103. Storage of Agricultural Products. — A. No person shall store hay, straw or other similar agricultural products adjacent to buildings or combustible material unless a cleared distance equal to the height of the pile is maintained between such storage and combustible material and buildings.

B. Storage shall be limited to stocks of one hundred (100) metric tons. Either a fire resistive wall with a fire resistance rating of one hour or a clear space of six (6) meters shall be maintained between such stacks.

SECTION 15.104. Dust Collecting System. — Equipment or machinery which generates or emits combustible fibers shall be provided with an adequate dust collecting and exhaust system, installed in conformance with internationally recognized good practice.

SECTION 15.105. Flash or Spark Suppressors. — All forklifts, vehicles, and equipment used within combustible fibers storage areas shall be equipped with flash or spark suppressors or arrestors.

RULE 16

High Piled Combustible Stock

SECTION 16.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to the storage of high piled combustible stock. Factors such as: method and height of stock piling, combustibility of materials, fuel load and rate of spread, areas and size of piles, aisleways, water supplies, sprinkler protection, building construction including height and area, draft curtains, roof vents and fire separations are considered in setting forth the provisions of this Rule.

SECTION 16.102. Definitions. — A. High Filed Storage is defined to include combustible materials in closely packed piles more than five (5) meters high or materials on pallets or in racks more than four (4) meters high. For highly combustible materials such as rubber goods and certain plastics, the critical height of piling may be as low as two and four-tenths (2.4) meters.

B. Building shall be deemed to be used for the storage of high piled combustible stock when the floor area used for such purpose exceeds either one-tenth (0.1) of the total floor area or two hundred thirty two (232.0) square meters.

SECTION 16.103. Classification of Contents. — A. Occupancies shall be classified according to the combustibility of the contents, with primary consideration given to the intensity of fire which could occur and based on the form in which the products are stored, method of storage, rate of heat release and period of active burning.

B. The following classification of materials shall be used as a guide in determining sprinkler, venting, aisle spacing and other fire safety requirements for high piled combustible storage.

1.	LOW HAZARD MATERIALS
	Items unpacked except as Noted
Appliances, electrical	Metals on wood pallets
Cables and wiring on reels	Sugar, bagged, raw
Fertilizers, bagged	Tobacco in hogsheads
Wallboard, gypsum
Hides, leather	Wool, baled
Inert materials, bagged
2.	AVERAGE HAZARD MATERIALS:
	Stock in Cartoons
Books	Lubricants, in cans
Ceramics	Metals
Cereals	Paints, oil base, in cans
Fiberboard, vegetable	Pharmaceuticals, Alcoholic elixirs, tonics, etc., less than 80 proof
Foods, frozen
Glass
Glycols, in cans	Plastics, low hazard
Groceries	Stationery
Hydraulic fluids, in cans	Sugar, bagged, refined
Insulation, noncombustible	Textiles
Tobacco products
Liquids, noncombustible, in bottles	Wiring, electric
Yarns
	Other Stock
Cartons, flats	Paper and pulp, horizontal storage (without racks)
Clothing, packaged or
in racks	Pillows (excluding foamed rubber and foamed plastics)
Feed, bagged
Fiberboard, vegetable on pallets	Pulp, baled
Flour bagged	Rags, baled
Grain, bagged	Rugs (no foamed backing)
Mattresses	Shingles, asphalt
(excluding foamed	Sugar, bagged, refined
rubber and foamed
plastics)
Paper and pulp, rolled,
vertical storage (adequately
banded)

3. HIGH HAZARD MATERIALS

a. Flammable liquids pasted in cans metal containers

b. Baled cork or other insulating materials

c. Upholstered furniture

d. Linoleum rugs or piles

e. Alcohol, weighty proof or higher in barrels, tank or bottles

f. Paper products in loose form not baled not banded and stored horizontally

g. Baled waste paper

h. Pharmaceutical containing eighty (80) proof alcohol or higher in bottles or plastic bottles.

i. Other plastic products

j. Bags and mats with plastic foam or cellular rubber backing

4. VERY HIGH HAZARD MATERIALS

a. Paper products such as pulp paper, waxed paper, asphalt coated paper in loose form or bobbins or rolled, not banded or baled, and stored vertically.

b. Pyroxylin or Foam plastic products, unpacked or packed in carton.

c. Rubber goods and foamed rubber products, unpacked or packed in carton.

d. Flammable liquids, such as acetone, alcohol, lighter fluids, varnish, paints, cleaning fluids and the like packed in plastic containers or glass or bottles.

e. Unbaled cork or other insulating materials.

f. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

SECTION 16.104. Permit. — No person shall use any building or portion of a building for the storage of high piled combustible stock without first obtaining a permit from the Local Fire Service Chief. A floor plan showing the dimension and location or stock piles and aisles shall be submitted upon application for a permit.

SECTION 16.105. Sprinkler Systems. — A. An automatic sprinkler system shall be required in each building or portion of a building used for the storage of high piled combustible stock when the area exceeds two-thirds of the sum of the basic floor area and the allowable increase for such building, as specified in the Building Code.

B. The design and installation of sprinkler systems shall conform to NFPA pamphlet No. 13, except as herein provided.

C. Sprinkler systems shall be designed by a sprinkler engineer.

D. Sprinkler discharge densities (liters/square meters) for high piled stock not exceeding six and four-tenths (6.4) meters shall conform to the following table:

COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION HAZARD CLASSIFICATION	I or II	II H.T.	III or IV
Low Hazard	8.2	8.2	10.2
Average Hazard	9.4	11.4	13.5
High Hazard	14.3	17.1	20.4
Very High Hazard

The protection of high piled stock between six and four-tenths (6.4) meters and seven and six-tenths (7.6) meters in height will require up to thirty (30) percent increase in the densities listed in the above table. Stock piled more than seven and six-tenths (7.6) meters in height will require multi-level sprinkler application.

E. Sprinkler systems protecting high piled stock shall be designed and installed to discharge the required water density within the following prescribed minimum areas, except that areas shall be not less than three hundred seventy one and six-tenths (371.6) square meters in calculating water flows when densities of less than one thousand one hundred forty one (1141.0) liters per minute per square meters are specified.

Low Hazard	371.6 sq. m.
Average Hazard	278.7 sq. m.
High Hazard	418.1 sq. m.
Very High Hazard	557.4 sq. m.

The above listed minimum areas are based on compliance with these regulations with regard to roof venting draft curtains, aisle spacing, size of pile and method of storage. Higher densities may be required in buildings which do not conform to these standards.

F. Sprinklers shall not be installed within any roof vent, not below any vent in a location which would adversely affect the function of such vent.

G. Sprinkler systems shall be designed to utilize sprinklers with ordinary temperature classification, except that sprinklers with an intermediate classification may be used in the design of systems to protect high or very high hazard occupancies.

H. A minimum clearance of one (1) meter shall be provided between sprinkler deflectors and top of storage.

SECTION 16.106. Roof Vents and Venting Ratios. — A. Roof vents shall be installed in each building or portion of a building used for the storage of high piled combustible stock.

B. The design and installation of roof vents shall be as specified in the Building Code except as herein provided.

C. Vents shall be installed in the roof, except that perimeter venting in the exterior walls by use of windows will be permitted to vent the roof areas within twenty three (23) meters of an exterior wall. Tops of such windows shall be located within thirty one (31) centimeters of the roof or ceiling level and windows shall be not less than seventy six and two tenths (76.2) centimeters nor more than one and five tenths (1.5) meters in depth. Roof areas more than twenty three (23) meters from an exterior wall shall be provided with roof vents. Venting shall be provided in accordance with the following table:

COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION	I or II	II H.T.	III or IV
Low Hazard	8.2	8.2	10.2
Average Hazard	9.4	11.4	13.5
High Hazard	14.3	17.1	20.4
Very High Hazard

D. The minimum dimension of any roof vent shall be not less than one and two-tenths (1.2) meters.

E. Vents shall consist of automatic roof vents equipped with a fusible link designed to released prior to sprinkler operation, or roof openings covered with approved plastics that will melt when heated and drop out prior to sprinkler operation. Windows shall be equipped with single thickness glass or plastic panels.

SECTION 16.107. Draft Curtains. — A. Draft curtains shall be provided to limit the area of sprinkler operation and to aid the operation of roof vents. Draft curtains shall comply with the requirements of the Building Code except as herein provided.

B. Draft curtains shall be at least two (2) meters in depth and shall be of noncombustible materials. In low or average hazard occupancies, draft curtains shall divide the under roof area into sections not to exceed nine hundred twenty nine (929) square meters. In high or very high hazard storage areas, draft curtains shall divide the under roof area into sections not to exceed five hundred fifty seven and four-tenths (557.4) square meters.

SECTION 16.108. Aisles. — Aisles separating high piled stock shall be not less than two and four-tenths (2.4) meters in width. Aisles separating stock more than six (6) meters in height shall be not less than three (3) meters in width. Main aisles shall be located beneath draft curtain. Stock piles shall not extend beyond or beneath a draft curtain. Aisles not less than one hundred eleven and eight tenths (111.8) centimeters in width shall be established to provide access to exits and fire department access doors.

SECTION 16.109. Access to Buildings. — Access shall be provided at ground level for fire fighting purposes in accordance with the Building Code, except as herein provided. There shall be at least one (1) door not less than two (2) meters in height for each thirty (30) lineal meters or fraction thereof of exterior wall provided on at least two (2) sides of the building, except where such walls are not accessible because of proximity to adjacent structures. Metal roll up doors are not acceptable for such purposes.

RULE 17

Compressed Gases

SECTION 17.101. Storage Containers. — A. Cylinders and pressure vessels shall be designed, constructed, tested, and maintained in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

B. Each cylinder pressure vessel, or group of containers shall be marked with the name of the gas contained in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

SECTION 17.102. Cylinder Systems for Flammable Anesthetic and Non-Flammable Medical Gases. — Cylinder containing flammable anesthetics and non-flammable medical gases, in hospitals and similar facilities, shall be stored, handled and used in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

SECTION 17.103. Pipe Distribution Systems for Non-Flammable Medical Gases. — Piped distribution system handling non-flammable medical gases in hospitals and similar facilities shall be installed and used in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

SECTION 17.104. Bulk Oxygen Systems Installed at Industrial and Institutional Consumer Sites. — Bulk oxygen located at industrial and institutional consumer sites shall be installed in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

SECTION 17.105. Storage and Use of Cylinders. — All compressed gas cylinders in service or in storage shall be shut off, the valves locked in closed position, and adequately secured to prevent falling or being knocked over.

RULE 18

Cryogenic Fluids

DIVISION 1

General

SECTION 18.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to the storage, handling and transportation of cryogenic fluids as hereinafter defined.

SECTION 18.102. Definitions. — Below ground container shall mean a storage installation in which the maximum liquid level in the container is below the surrounding grade or below a backfill berm, which is at least 10 feet wide at the top, and then slopes away from the container at a natural angle of repose or is retained 10 feet from the container by a retaining wall, and constructed of earth, concrete, solid masonry, or suitable material designed to prevent the escape of liquid.

Container as used in this Rule shall mean any cryogenic vessel whether used for transportation or storage.

Cryogenic fluids shall be defined as those fluids that have a normal boiling point below — 200ºF. (See Table No. 18.102)

Cryogenic vessel shall mean any pressure vessel, low-pressure tank, or atmospheric tank on which venting, insulation, refrigeration or a combination of these, are used in order to maintain the operating pressure within the design pressure, and the contents in a liquid phase.

Cryogenic Inground Container shall mean a container in which the maximum liquid level is below the normal surrounding grade and is constructed essentially of natural materials, such as earth and rock and dependent upon the freezing of water-saturated earth materials for its tightness or impervious nature.

Flammable Cryogenic Fluids shall mean those cryogenic fluids which are flammable in their vapor state.

Safety Factor shall mean the ratio of the design burst pressure to the maximum working pressure and shall not be less than four.

System shall mean any assembly of any equipment consisting of the container or containers, appurtenances, pumps, compressors, and connecting piping.

SECTION 18.103. Permits. — A permit shall be obtained from the proper authority for the following:

1. Production, storage or sale of cryogenic fluids.

2. Transportation on the highway of flammable cryogenic fluids in excess of four hundred fifty (450) liters.

3. Transportation on the highway of liquefied oxygen or cryogenic oxidizers in four hundred fifty (450) liters.

4. Storage and transporting of non-flammable nontoxic cryogenic fluids in excess of one thousand nine hundred (1,900) liters.

5. Storage or use of more than thirty eight (38) liters of liquefied oxygen, flammable cryogenic fluids or cryogenic oxidizers.

NOTE: This Section shall not apply to vehicles properly equipped for and using cryogenic fuels as the primary fuel for propelling the vehicle.

SECTION 18.104. Approval of Containers, Equipment and Devices. — A. All containers, equipment and devices used for the storage, handling and transportation of cryogenic fluids shall be of a type, material and construction approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service as suitable for such use. Approval shall be based upon satisfactory evidence that the design, construction and test are in accordance with nationally recognized standards.

B. Containers, equipment or devices which are not designed and constructed in compliance with recognized standards may be approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service upon representation of satisfactory evidence that they are designed and constructed for safe operation.

The following data shall be submitted to the Chief of the Local Fire Service with the application for approval.

1. Type and use of container, equipment or device.

2. Material to be stored, handled, or transported.

3. Description showing dimensions and materials used in construction.

4. Design pressure, maximum operating pressure, and test pressure.

5. Type, size and setting of safety devices.

6. Such other data as the Chief of the Local Fire Service may request.

SECTION 18.105. Electrical Equipment. — A. Electrical installations and equipment shall conform to the provisions of the Electrical Code.

B. Lighting, including emergency lighting, shall be provided for fire protection appliances and operating facilities such as walkways, control valves, and gages, as may be required.

SECTION 18.106. Electrical Grounding or Bonding. — A. Containers, systems, and equipment used for flammable cryogenic fluids shall be grounded and/or bonded. Electrical grounding and/or bonding shall be provided as required by NFPA Pamphlet No. 77, and the Philippine Electrical Code. Suitable means shall be taken to protect the system against corrosion including corrosion caused by stray electric currents.

B. Containers and systems containing cryogenic fluids under pressure are not required to be equipped with lighting protection.

SECTION 18.107. Warning Labels. — Warning labels and signs shall be posted on containers and equipment and at such locations as may be prescribed by the Chief of the Local Fire Service. (Refer also to Rule 27).

SECTION 18.108. Dispensing Areas. — Dispensing of flammable cryogenic fluids, liquefied oxygen, or liquid oxidizers shall be only at approved locations.

DIVISION 2

Containers

SECTION 18.201. Container Design, Construction and Testing. — A. Containers used for the storage and handling of cryogenic fluids shall be of approved materials and design. Materials shall meet all requirements as set forth in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, or shall be proven by test or listed in nationally recognized standards to have suitable mechanical properties for cryogenic use.

B. Metallic containers shall be built, inspected and tested in accordance with applicable provisions set forth in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, or with applicable provision of API Standard 620, Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, depending upon temperature and pressure of product stored.

C. Concrete containers shall be built in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Building Code. Barrier materials used in connection with concrete but not functioning structurally, shall be materials authorized by the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code.

SECTION 18.202. Container Pressure Relief Devices. — A. All pressure containers shall be protected by a pressure relieving device or devices. If only one pressure relief device is used, it shall be set to operate at a pressure not to exceed the maximum allowable working pressure; Additional relief devices may be set to operate at a higher pressure but shall not exceed 110 percent of the maximum allowable working pressure.

B. Containers subject to an exposure fire hazard shall be protected by pressure relieving devices designed to protect against excessive pressure caused by fire exposure. Such devices shall be see to operate at a pressure not in excess of 110 percent of the maximum allowable working pressure, and shall have a relieving capacity sufficient to prevent the pressure from rising more than 20 percent above the maximum working pressure. If only one device is used, it shall be set to operate at a pressure not to exceed the maximum allowable working pressure.

C. Relief devices shall be located so that they are readily accessible for inspection and repair and shall be protected against tampering. All relief devices shall be so designed or located that moisture cannot collect and freeze in a manner which would interfere with proper operation of the device.

D. No shutoff valves shall be installed between relief valves and container except that a shutoff valve may be used on multiple valve installations where the arrangement of the valves will provide full required flow through the relief devices at all times.

E. Outer containers shall be equipped with pressure and vacuum relief devices or rupture disc to adequately protect the container.

F. Heat exchangers and similar vessels shall be protected with a relieving device of sufficient capacity to avoid over pressure in case of an internal failure.

G. Safety relief valves shall normally be mounted in a vertical position and shall not be subjected to low temperature except when operating.

SECTION 18.203. Pressure Relief Vent Piping. — A. All relief vent piping shall have at least the area of the relief valve and so arranged as not to unduly restrict the flow.

B. Relief devices and/or relief device vent piping shall be so arranged that escaping gas will discharge unobstructed to the open air and not impinge on personnel containers, equipment and structures or enter enclosed spaces.

C. Vents shall be installed in such a manner as to exclude or remove moisture and condensate, and to prevent malfunction due to the freezing or icing. Drains shall be so installed as to prevent possible flame impingement on the container, piping, equipment and structures.

SECTION 18.204. Insulation. — Insulation shall be non-combustible and shall be non-reactive with oxygen enriched air.

SECTION 18.205. Marking on Containers. — Each container shall be identified by the attachment of a nameplate in an accessible place marked with the following information:

1. Builder's name and date built.

2. Nominal capacity, liters

3. Maximum allowable working pressure

4. Maximum permissible specific gravity of liquid to be stored.

5. Maximum level to which container may be filled with stored liquid.

6. Maximum level to which container may be filled with water for test.

7. Minimum temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) for which container was designed.

SECTION 18.206. Filling Limits. — A positive alarm or other approved device shall be provided to warn against overfilling.

DIVISION 3

Storage

SECTION 18.301. Installation of Aboveground Containers. — A. Containers shall be provided with substantial concrete or masonry foundations, or structural steel supports on firm concrete or masonry foundations. Foundations and supports shall be of a material and design to withstand the low temperature effects of cryogenic fluid spillage. Structural steel supports, exceeding forty six (46) centimeters in height, or flammable cryogenic fluid containers shall be protected with protective costing having a fire-resistance rating of two hours.

B. Horizontal containers shall be so mounted on foundations as to permit expansion and contraction. Every container shall be supported to prevent the concentration of excessive loads on the supporting portion of the shell. That portion on the container in contact with foundation or saddles shall be protected against corrosion.

C. Secure anchorage or elevation of container shall be provided in an area which may be subjected to flooding.

D. Storage containers, piping, valves, regulating equipment, and other accessories shall be protected against physical damage and against tampering.

E. Containers shall be secured as may be necessary to prevent shifting or upset.

SECTION 18.302. Drainage, Dikes and Walls for Above-Ground Containers. — A. The area surrounding a container for cryogenic fluids shall be diked to prevent accidental discharge of fluids from endangering adjacent containers, buildings and equipment, adjoining property or reaching waterways. These provisions may be altered or waived when determined by the Chief of the Local Fire Service, that such container does not constitute a hazard, after consideration of special features such as topographic conditions, nature of occupancy, proximity to buildings on the same or adjacent property, capacity and construction of containers and characters of fluids to be stored.

B. Where drainage system is utilized to provide the required protection, such system shall comply with the following: Drainage shall be provided at a slope of not less than one (1) per cent away from the container towards an impounding basin or an appropriate means of disposal having a capacity equal to the container being served. This termination area and the route of the drainage system shall be so located that a fire occurring in the drainage system will not seriously endanger adjacent containers or property.

C. Where diked areas are utilized to provide protection the following shall apply:

1. More than one, container may be installed in a single area provided:

(i) The usable volume of the enclosure shall at least one hundred (100) percent of the capacity of the largest container enclosed.

(ii) Containers shall be elevated above grade so that cryogenic liquid will not reach the outside container wall in the event of a liquid spill, or

(iii) If cryogenic liquid can reach the outside container wall, the material that can be wetted by spilled liquid shall be suitable for use at the temperature of the liquid with the lowest normal boiling within the enclosure.

2. Dike walls shall be of earth or other materials compatible to the fluid stored; designed to be liquid tight, and to withstand thermal shock.

3. The dike and diked area shall be kept clear of all weeds, grass, and other combustible material.

4. Containers of cryogenic fluids shall not be located within dikes enclosing flammable or combustible liquid containers LPG containers or compressed gas containers.

SECTION 18.303. Location of Aboveground Containers with Respect to Exposure. — A. A cryogenic fluid container or containers with an aggregate capacity in excess of seven hundred fifteen thousand (715,000) liters and their loading stations shall be located a minimum of fifteen (15) meters from building utilized for the production of such fluids. Such container or containers and their loading stations shall be located a minimum of thirty (30) meters from aboveground storage of flammable or non-combustible liquids and from any buildings of such construction or occupancy which constitute an exposure hazard to a container in the event of fire or explosion in said buildings. When the capacity is seven hundred fifteen thousand (715,000) liters or less the distance required from aboveground storage of flammable or combustible liquids and buildings which constitute an exposure hazard shall be based upon the capacity of the container or containers and the physical features of the installation with three (3) meters being the minimum distance allowed.

B. The minimum distance from the edge of a flammable cryogenic container having a capacity in excess of seven hundred fifteen thousand (715,000) liters, to the nearest important building or group of buildings not associated with the cryogenic liquid plant, or to the property line of public way shall be sixty (60) meters and in no case shall the distance from the dike surrounding the container or the distance from a drainage area to be less than thirty (30) meters from the nearest important building or group of buildings or the property line or public way.

C. Containers and equipment used in the storage and handling of liquid oxygen shall be installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA Pamphlet No. 566.

D. A flammable cryogenic fluid container with a capacity of seven hundred fifteen thousand (715,000) liters or less but more than eleven thousand (11,000) liters shall be located not less than thirty (30) meters from the nearest important building or group of buildings not associated with the cryogenic liquid plant or the property line or public way and in no case shall be the distance from the dike surrounding the container or the distance from a drainage area be less than thirty (30) meters from the nearest important building or group of buildings or the property line or public way.

E. A flammable cryogenic fluid container with a capacity of eleven (11,000) liters or less shall be located in accordance with NFPA Pamphlet No. 50-B.

SECTION 18.304. Installation of Belowground Concrete Containers. — A. Belowground concrete containers shall be installed on foundations or supports of concrete, masonry piling, steel or a suitable foundation of aggregate which shall have been designed and constructed in accordance with the Building Code.

B. The container storage area shall be fenced or otherwise protected. A minimum of two (2) access openings shall be provided and they shall be of sufficient size to accommodate emergency equipment.

SECTION 18.305. Installation of Cryogenic Inground Containers. — A. Natural materials such as earth shall be proven to have adequate chemical and physical properties for the construction and operation of the container at the operating temperature.

B. Containers shall be bottomed out in material naturally impermeable or made impermeable by artificial means.

C. Any foundation, such as those for the superstructure of roof, shall be properly designed and constructed in accordance with the Building Code.

D. The container storage area shall be fenced or otherwise protected where necessary. A minimum of two (2) access openings shall be provided and they shall be of sufficient size to accommodate emergency equipment.

SECTION 18.306. Location of Belowground and Inground Containers with Respect to Exposure. — The minimum distance from the edge of belowground and inground flammable cryogenic containers to the nearest important building, property line or public way from aboveground flammable or combustible liquid shall be in accordance with the following table.

CONTAINER CAPACITY	MINIMUM DISTANCE
a.	Less than one thousand nine hundred (1,900) liters	a.	one hundred fifty five (155)centimeters
b.	One thousand nine hundred (1,900) liters to three thousand eight hundred (3,800) liters	b.	seven and three-fourth (7.75) meters
c.	Over three thousand eight hundred (3,800) liters	c.	fifteen and a half (15.5) meters

DIVISION 4

Piping, Process and Accessory Equipment at Manufacturing Facilities and Consumer Sites

SECTION 18.401. Piping, Materials and Construction. — A. All piping and materials such as gaskets, thread compound, etc., shall be suitable for the intended use through the full range of pressure and temperature to which they will be subjected, maintaining a safety factor of four to one.

B. The piping system shall be designed and constructed to provide adequate allowance for expansion, contraction, vibration, settlement, and fire exposure.

C. Joints on all container piping and tubing over five (5) centimeters nominal diameter shall be made by welding or with welded flanges.

D. Piping outside buildings may be either buried or aboveground. In either case, it shall be well supported and protected against physical damage and corrosion.

E. All piping and tubing shall be tested after installation, at not less than one and one half (1½) times hydraulically or one and one fourth (1¼) times pneumatically the maximum working pressure and proven free of leaks.

SECTION 18.402. Valves and Accessory Equipment. — A. All valves and equipment shall be suitable for the intended use at the temperatures of the application and shall be designed for not less than the maximum pressure and the minimum temperature to which they may be subjected, maintaining a safety factor and four (4) to one (1).

B. Shutoff valves shall be provided on all container connections. Shutoff valves shall be located as close as practicable to the containers.

C. All liquid and vapor connections on flammable cryogenic fluid containers, except relief and gaging connections over twelve (12) millimeters pipe size shall be equipped with check valves, or a remotely controlled automatic, quick-closing valve which shall remain closed except during operating periods.

D. Shutoff valves shall be installed in the piping system as needed to limit the volume of liquids discharged in event of piping or equipment failure. Relief valves shall be installed between shutoff valves in all pipelines.

E. All inlet and outlet connections except relief valves, liquid level gaging devices, and pressure gages an any container shall be labelled to designate whether they are connected to vapor or liquid space.

DIVISION 5

Transportation

SECTION 18.501. Vehicles. — Vehicles transporting cryogenic fluids and subject to requirements of this code shall:

1. Be labeled at the front, rear and on each side identifying the product. Labels/placards shall have letter not less than four (4) inches high using approximately a five-eight (5/8) inch stroke. Abbreviations shall not be used.

(i) In addition to the label/placard identifying the product, vehicles shall also bear:

"FLAMMABLE GAS", "OXIDIZER" etc.;

2. Be equipped with not less than one (1) approved type fire extinguisher, minimum rating 20-B, C; and

3. Be equipped with adequate check blocks.

RULE 19

Dust Explosion, Prevention Of

SECTION 19.101. Definition. — The term "dust" as used in this Rule shall mean dust which, if mixed with air in the proper proportions, become explosive and may be ignited by a flame or spark or other source of ignition.

SECTION 19.102. Permit Required. — No person shall operate any grain elevator, flour, starch or feed mill; or plant pulverizing aluminum, coal, cocoa, magnesium, spices, sugar, or other material producing dust as defined in Section 19.101 without a permit from the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 19.103. General Requirements. — A. All dust-producing or dust-agitating machinery such as grinding mills and separators and all elevators, elevator legs, spouts, hopper and other conveyors shall be provided with casing or enclosures maintained as nearly dust-tight as possible.

B. Approved magnetic or pneumatic separators shall be installed ahead of all shellers, crackers, crushers, grinding machines, pulverizers and similar machines in which the entrance of metallic or other foreign materials may cause sparks to be generated.

C. Suitable dust collecting equipment shall be installed and accumulation of dust shall be kept at a minimum in the interior of buildings.

D. All machinery and metal parts of the crushing, drying, pulverizing and conveying system shall be electrically grounded.

E. Smoking and the carrying of matches, the use of heating or other devices employing an open flame, or use of any spark producing equipment is prohibited in areas containing dust-producing or dust-agitating operations. Artificial lighting in such areas shall be by electricity with all wiring and electrical equipment installed in accordance with the provisions of the Electrical Code.

F. Properly designed and located vents equipped with explosion proof exhaust fans which will relieve the pressure resulting from dust accumulation or an explosion and prevent or reduce damage to buildings or equipment, shall be required in all buildings where flammable or explosive dusts are manufactured, processed or generated. The design and amount of such equipment shall be in accordance with internationally accepted standards or NFPA Pamphlet No. 68, "Explosion Venting".

G. Static electricity shall be removed from all machinery and other component parts by permanent grounds and/or bonds. The design and amount of such equipment shall be in accordance with internationally accepted standards or NFPA Pamphlet No. 77, "Static Electricity."

RULE 20

Explosives, Ammunition And Blasting Agents

DIVISION 1

General

SECTION 20.101. Scope. — This Rule apply to the manufacture, possession, storage, handling, sale, transportation, and use of explosives and blasting agents.

SECTION 20.102. Exceptions. — A. Nothing in this Rule shall be construed as applying to:

(1) The Armed Forces of the Philippines.

(2) The transportation and use of explosives, ammunition, or blasting agents by the Bureau of Mines, the National Bureau of Investigation, the Police and Fire Service acting in their official capacity.

SECTION 20.103. Bond Required for Blasting. — Before a permit to do blasting as required under this Rule shall be issued, the applicant for such a permit shall file a bond or a policy of insurance deemed adequate in each case by the Chief of Constabulary, which bond or policy of insurance shall become available for the payment of any damages arising from the permitted blasting.

SECTION 20.104. General Requirements. — A. The manufacture of explosives or blasting agents shall be prohibited unless such manufacture is authorized by the Chief of Constabulary.

B. The storage of explosives and blasting agents is prohibited within the limits established by law as the limits of the district in which such storage is to be prohibited, except for temporary storage for use in connection with approved blasting operations: Provided, however, this prohibition shall not apply to wholesale and retail stocks of small arms ammunition, explosive bolts, explosive rivets, or cartridges for explosive-actuated power tools in quantities involving less than two hundred twenty seven (227 kg.) kilograms of explosive material.

C. The Chief of Constabulary may limit the quantity of explosives or blasting agents to be permitted at any location.

D. No person shall possess, offer for sale, sell, or display, explosives or blasting agents at any location not authorized by a permit issued by the Chief of Constabulary.

DIVISION 2

Storage

SECTION 20.201. Storage of Explosives. — A. Explosives, including special industrial high explosive materials, shall be stored in magazines which meet the requirement of this Rule.

B. Magazines shall be in the custody of a competent person at all times. The custodian shall be at least twenty one (21 yrs.) years of age and shall be held responsible for compliance with all safety precautions.

C. Smoking, matches, open flames, spark producing devices, and fire arms shall be prohibited inside or within fifteen (15 m) meters. Combustible materials shall not be stored within fifteen (15 m) meters of magazines.

D. The land surrounding magazines shall be kept clear of brush, dried grass, leaves, trash and debris for a distance of at least fifteen (15 m) meters.

E. Magazines shall be kept locked except when being inspected or when explosives are being placed therein or removed therefrom.

F. Magazines shall be kept clean, dry and free of grit, paper, empty packages and rubbish.

G. Magazines shall not be provided with other than approved artificial heat or light. Approved electric safety flashlights or safety lanterns may be used.

H. Blasting caps, electric blasting caps, detonating primers and primed cartridges shall not be stored in the same magazine with other explosives.

I. Magazines shall be of two types, namely: Class I and Class II. (Refer to Sec. 20.203 and Sec. 20.204)

J. Storage of explosives in quantities exceeding forty five and a half (45.5) kilos shall be in Class I magazine, except that a Class II magazine may be used for temporary storage of a larger quantity of explosives at the site of blasting operations where such amount constitutes not more than one day's supply for use in current operations. At the end of the day's operations any remaining explosives shall be destroyed or returned to a Class I magazine.

K. Storage of explosive quantities of forty five and a half (45.5) kilos or less shall be in Class I or Class II magazines, except that explosive in any quantity when stored in remote locations shall be in Class I, bullet resistant magazines.

L. Class I and Class II magazines shall be located away from inhabited buildings, passenger railways, public highways and other magazines in conformity with the provisions of the Table of Distances Storage of Explosives, Table No. 20.201 except as provided in paragraph "M" of Sec. 20.203.

TABLE NO. 20.201

TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES
EXPLOSIVES	DISTANCE IN METERS
KILOS	KILOS	From Inhibited Building	From Passenger Railways	From Public Highways	Separation of Magazines
1	3	21	10	9	1.8
3	5	27	11	11	2.4
5	9	34	14	14	3.0
9	13	38	15	15	3.4
13	18	43	17	17	3.7
18	23	46	18	18	4.3
23	34	52	21	21	4.6
34	45	60	23	23	4.9
45	57	61	24	24	5.5
57	68	65	26	26	5.8
68	91	72	29	29	6.4
91	114	78	32	32	7.0
114	136	82	34	34	7.3
136	182	90	37	37	8.2
182	227	98	40	40	8.8
227	273	104	41	41	9.5
273	318	108	44	44	9.8
318	364	114	46	46	10.1
364	409	119	47	47	10.7
409	455	122	49	49	11.0
455	545	130	52	50	11.9
545	536	137	55	52	12.5
636	727	143	58	53	13.1
727	818	149	59	55	13.4
818	909	154	63	56	13.7
909	1135	165	67	58	14.9
1135	1364	174	72	59	15.9
1364	1818	194	78	64	17.7
1818	2273	209	84	69	18.6
2273	2727	223	90	72	19.8
2727	3182	235	95	75	20.7
3182	3636	244	98	76	22.0
3636	4091	255	102	78	22.9
4091	4545	264	105	79	23.8
4545	5455	267	113	82	25.0
5455	6364	270	119	84	26.5
6364	7273	274	124	85	27.4
7273	8182	287	128	87	28.7
8182	9091	287	133	88	29.9
9091	11364	322	143	96	32
11364	13636	345	152	104	34
13636	15909	367	160	110	36
15909	18182	389	168	116	38
18182	20455	409	174	122	39
20455	22727	427	180	128	41
22727	25000	445	186	134	43
25000	27273	462	192	139	44
27273	29545	477	197	143	46
29545	31818	491	201	148	47
31818	34091	505	206	152	49
34091	36364	517	210	156	50
36364	38636	527	215	159	52
38636	40909	537	220	162	53
40909	43182	546	223	165	55
43182	45455	553	227	166	56
45455	50000	559	235	168	60
50000	54545	566	241	169	63
54545	59091	572	247	171	66
59091	63636	576	255	172	69
63636	68182	579	259	174	75
68182	72727	590	265	177	77
72727	77273	599	271	180	78
77273	81818	607	276	183	81
81818	86364	613	280	185	84
86364	90909	619	285	186	87
90909	95455	627	291	189	90
95455	104545	640	299	194	96
104545	113636	657	308	198	102
113636	125000	675	317	204	110
125000	136364	694	328	210	117

M. At the site of blasting operations, a distance of at least thirty and a half (30.5) meters shall be maintained between Class I magazines and the blast area.

Class II magazines shall be kept at least forty five and eight-tenths (45.8 m) meters from the blast area when the quantity of explosives temporarily kept therein is in excess of eleven and four-tenths (11.4 k) kilos at least fifteen and one-fourth (15.25 m) meters when the quantity of explosives is eleven and four-tenths (11.4 k) kilos.

N. Packages of explosives shall not be, unpacked or repacked in a magazine nor within forty five and eight-tenths (45.8) meters of a magazine or in close proximity to other explosives. Opened packages of explosives shall be securely closed before being returned to a magazine.

O. Magazines shall not be used for the storage of any metal tools nor any commodity except explosives, blasting agents and oxidizers used in compounding blasting agents. The quantity of blasting agents and oxidizers shall be included when computing the total quantity of explosives for determining distance requirements.

P. When an explosive has deteriorated to an extent that it is an unstable or dangerous condition, or if nitroglycerin leaks from any explosive, then the person in possession of such explosive shall immediately report the fact to the Chief of the Local Fire Service, and upon his authorization shall proceed to destroy such explosives and clean floors stained with nitroglycerin in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. Only experienced persons shall do the work of destroying explosives.

SECTION 20.202. Gunpowder. — A. The Chief of the local Fire Service may authorize the storage of smokeless, powder not to exceed forty five and one half (45.5 k) kilos black sporting powder not to exceed two and three-tenths (2.3 k) kilos ,and small arms primers to exceed twenty thousand (20,000) in approved establishments. Smokeless powder exceeding nine and one-tenth (9.1 k) kilos shall be stored in an approved Class II magazine. Black sporting powder, when authorized, shall be stored in an approved Class II magazine. Small arms primers shall be stored in a manner prescribed by the Chief of the local Fire Service.

B. The display or smokeless powder shall only be in original containers and shall not exceed nine and a half (9.5 k) kilos.

C. Small arms primers shall not be stored or displayed with smokeless powder or other explosives.

D. Smokeless powder shall not be repacked except in original type containers and repackaging shall only be permitted in locations designated and approved by the Chief of the local Fire Service.

E. The repacking of black sporting powder shall not be permitted.

SECTION 20.203. Class I Magazine. — A. A magazine may be a building or excavation, tunnel or igloo, or military-type magazine or a portable magazine constructed as required in this Section.

B. Class I magazines shall be bullet resistant, fire resistant, weather-proof, theft resistant and well ventilated.

Exception: Magazines used for the storage of blasting agents Class B and Class C explosives seed not be bullet resistant.

C. Building-type magazines shall be constructed of masonry, wood, metal or a combination of these materials when bullet resistance is required.

1. Masonry units not less than two hundred three (203 mm.) millimeters in thickness with an hollow spaces filled with concrete well tamped sand, or equivalent material, or

2 Reinforced concrete not less than one hundred fifty two (152 mm.) millimeters in thickness, or

3. Steel walls of one and nine-tenths (1.9 mm.) millimeters thickness may be used, provided there are two layers spaced at least fifteen and two-tenths (15.2 cm) centimeters apart with all hollow spaces filled with concrete, well tamped sand or equivalent material, or

4. One layer of four and nine-tenths (4.9 mm) millimeters or heavier steel, line on the interior with a minimum of ten and two-tenths (10.2 cm) centimeters of wood, or

5. Two layers of four and nine-tenths (49 mm.) millimeters or heavier steel, spaced a minimum of thirteen (13 mm) millimeters apart and line on the interior with a minimum of fifty one (51 mm) millimeters of wood, or

6. Two layers of wood, at least fifty one (51 mm) millimeters nominal thickness each, spaced a minimum of ten and two-tenths (10 2. cm) centimeters apart with the hollow spaces filled with concrete, well tamped sand, or equivalent material.

7. Portable magazines containing explosives constructed prior to the effective date of those orders, which do not meet these minimum requirements, may be continued in use provided sides and ends are protected by a layer of sandbags to the height of the caves, or by other equally effective means. The roof shall also be protected when the magazine is located where it is possible to fire a bullet directly through it into the explosives stored inside.

NOTE: Any sheeting used shall be tongue and groove lumber of plywood.

D. Doors shall be of bullet-resistant construction and shall be equipped with substantial and adequate means of locking. Locking devices shall be provided with protectors to minimize the possibility of tampering.

E. Floors of magazines shall be securely fastened in place and shall be capable of withstanding the loads imposed.

F. The roofs and exterior sides of building-type magazines may be of wood construction covered with metal not less than four-tenths (0.4 mm) millimeters thick. Roofs of building-type magazines located where it is possible to fire a bullet directly through the roof into the magazine at such an angle that the bullet would strike the explosives therein, shall be constructed according to Section 20.203 (c) or equipped with a sand tray located at the caves line and covering, the entire magazine ceiling area except that necessary for ventilation. Sand in the sand tray shall be maintained at a depth of not less than ten point two (10.2 cm) centimeters.

G. Magazines shall be ventilated to minimize dampness and heating of stored explosives. Ventilation openings shall be screened with 14 mesh, No. 21 gauge wire to prevent the entrance of sparks and shall be protected in a manner that will maintain the bullet resistance of the magazine.

H. Magazine interiors shall have a smooth finish with all nails, screws, bolts, and nuts countersunk or blinded.

I. The approaches to magazines shall be provided with warning signs reading. "EXPLOSIVES — KEEP OFF" in red letters not less than ten (10 cm) centimeters in height and a stroke of at least one and a half (1.5) centimeters. The lettering shall be imposed upon a white background. Location of signs shall be within thirty point five (30.5 m) meters of the magazine and so placed that a bullet through the sign will not strike the magazine.

J. Post an additional warning sign on the door with the letters not less than five (5 cms) centimeters in height and a stroke of six and four-tenths (6.4 mm) millimeters on a contrasting background reading. "EXPLOSIVES, DANGEROUS."

SECTION 20.204. Class II Magazines. — A. Class II magazines shall be constructed of wood, metal, fiber, or a combination thereof, or any equivalent construction.

B. Class II magazines shall be constructed as follows:

1. Five (5 cm) centimeters nominal thickness lumber covered on the exterior with at least nine-tenths (0.9 mm) millimeters thickness of steel, or

2. Two thicknesses of twenty five and four-tenths (25.4 mm) millimeters plywood covered on the exterior with minimum steel at least nine tenths (0.9 mm) millimeters thick.

3. Fiber equal in strength to wood as indicated in 1 and 2 above covered on the exterior with a minimum of nine-tenths (0.9 mm) millimeters thickness of steel, or

4. Steel at least one and nine-tenths (1.9 mm) millimeters thick, line on the interior with one layer of three (3 cm) centimeters thick plywood, or

5. Material of equal strength and fire resistance.

C. Class II magazines containing explosives and located in buildings shall be located for easy removal in case of fire.

D. Class II magazines shall be painted red and when size permits shall bear lettering in white on sides and top, at least seventy five (75 mm) millimeters high with a thirteen (13 mm) millimeters wide which reads, "EXPLOSIVES."

E. Class II magazines containing explosives, left at locations where no one is in attendance, shall be adequately secured to prevent their theft.

SECTION 20.205. Use and Handling of Explosives. — A. Blasting operations shall be conducted during daylight hours except when authorized at other times by the Chief of Fire Service.

B. The handling and firing of explosives shall only be performed by the person possessing a valid Explosives Unit, or by employees under his direct personal supervision who are at least 18 years of age.

C. No person shall handle explosives while under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics.

D. No person shall smoke or carry matches while handling explosives or while in the vicinity thereof.

E. No open flame light shall be used in the vicinity of explosives.

F. Whenever blasting is being conducted in the vicinity of gas, electric, water, fire alarm, telephone, telegraph or steam utilities, the blaster shall notify the appropriate representative of such utilities at least twenty four (24 hrs) in advance of blasting; specifying the location and intended time of such blasting. In an emergency, this time limit may be waived by the Chief of Fire Service.

G. Blasting operations shall be conducted in accordance with internationally recognized good practice.

H. Before a blast is fired, the person in charge shall make certain that all surplus explosives are in a safe place, all persons and vehicles are at a safe distance or under sufficient cover, and a loud warning signal has been sounded.

I. Due precautions shall be taken to prevent accidental discharge of electric blasting caps from current induced by radio or radar transmitters, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust storms, or other sources of extraneous electricity.

These precautions shall include:

1. The suspension of all blasting operations and removal of persons from the blasting area during the approach and progress of an electrical storm.

2. The posting of signs warning against the use of mobile radio transmitters on all roads within one hundred seven (107 m) meters of the blasting operations.

3. Compliance with internationally recognized good practice when blasting within two and a half (2.5 km) kilometers of broadcast or high power short wave transmitters.

J. When blasting is done in a congested area or in close proximity to a building, structure, railway, highway or any other installation that may be damaged by material being thrown into the air, the blast shall be covered with an adequate blasting mat.

K. Tools used for opening packages of explosives shall be constructed of nonsparking materials.

L. Empty boxes and paper and fiber packing materials which have previously contained high explosives shall not be used again for any purpose, but shall be disposed of in a manner approved by the Chief of Fire Service.

M. Explosives shall not be abandoned.

DIVISION 3

Use, Handling and Transportation

SECTION 20.301. Transportation of Explosives. — A. Explosives shall not be carried or transported in or upon a public conveyance or vehicle carrying passengers for hire.

B. Vehicles used for transporting shall be strong enough to carry the load without difficulty and shall be in good mechanical condition. If vehicles do not have a closed body, the explosives shall be covered with a flame-proof and moisture-proof tarpaulin or other effective protection against moisture and sparks. Such vehicles shall have tight floors, and exposed spark-producing metal on the inside of the body shall be covered with wood or other nonsparking material to prevent contact with packages or explosives. Packages of explosive shall not be loaded above the sides of open-body vehicles.

C. The attachment of any type of trailer behind a truck, a motor tractor-semi-trailer, or truck-full trailer combination transporting explosives is prohibited. Explosives shall not be transported on any pole trailer.

D. Every vehicles, when used for transporting explosives, shall be equipped with not less than one approved type of fire extinguisher with a minimum rating of 2A, 12B, C or two approved type of fire extinguishers one of which shall have a minimum rating of 2A and the other a minimum rating of 12B, C. Extinguishers shall be so located as to be readily available for use.

E. It shall be the duty of the person to whom a permit has been issued to transport explosives over the highways to inspect those vehicles employed by him to determine that:

1. Fire extinguishers are filled and in operating condition.

2. Electric wires are insulated and securely fastened.

3. The motor, chassis, and body are reasonably clean and free of excessive grease and oil.

4. The fuel tank and fuel line are securely fastened and the mechanisms are functioning properly.

5. Brakes, lights, horn, windshield wipers and steering mechanisms are functioning properly.

6. Tires are properly inflated and free of defects.

7. The vehicle is in proper condition for transporting explosives.

F. Spark producing metal or spark producing metal tools shall not be carried in the body of a vehicle transporting explosives.

G. Only those dangerous articles authorized to be loaded with explosives by Constabulary regulations shall be carried in the body of a vehicle transporting explosives.

H. No person shall smoke, carry matches, or any other flame producing device, or carry any firearms or loaded cartridges while in or near a vehicle transporting explosives, or drive, load, or unload, any such vehicle in a careless or reckless manner. Where an armed escort is deemed necessary in view of the local conditions such escort shall be aboard separate vehicles which shall not travel at a distance closer than twenty (20 m) meters to the explosives carrier.

I. Vehicles transporting explosives shall be in the custody of drivers who are physically fit, careful, capable, reliable, able to read and write the Philippine and English language, not addicted to the use or under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics, and not less than twenty one (21) years of age. They shall be familiar with national and municipal traffic regulations, and the provisions of this Rule governing the transportation of explosives.

J. Every vehicle transporting explosives shall be marked or labeled on both sides and rear with the word "EXPLOSIVES" in letters not less than eight (8 cm) centimeters high on a contrasting background.

K. Blasting caps, or electric blasting caps, shall not be transported over the highways on the same vehicles with other explosives, except by permission of the Chief of Constabulary or his authorized representative.

L. Vehicle transporting explosives traveling in the same direction shall not be driven within one hundred (100 m) meters of each other.

M. Vehicles transporting explosives shall be routed to avoid congested traffic and densely populated areas.

N. Explosives shall not be transported through any vehicular tunnel or subway open to traffic.

O. Vehicles transporting explosives shall not be left unattended at any time within inhabited or populated areas.

P. Unauthorized persons shall not ride vehicles transporting explosives.

Q. The Fire and Police Service of the Integrated National Police shall be promptly notified when a vehicle transporting explosives is involved in an accident, breaks down, or catches fire. In the event of such emergency, the transfer of explosives from any vehicle to another vehicle be allowed on highways, unless qualified supervision has been provided. Except in such an emergency, a vehicle transporting explosives shall not be parked before reaching its destination on highways, within a municipality, or adjacent to or in proximity to any bridge, dwelling, building, or place where people work, congregate or assemble.

R. Delivery shall only be made to authorized persons into approved magazines or approved temporary storage or handling area.

S. Vehicle containing explosives shall not be taken into a garage, or repair shop, for repairs or storage.

SECTION 20.302. Explosives and Blasting Agents at Terminals. — A. The Chief of Constabulary may designate the location and specify the maximum quantity of explosives or blasting agents which may be loaded, unloaded, reloaded, or temporarily retained at each terminal where such operations are permitted.

B. Shipments of explosives or blasting agents delivered to carriers shall comply with regulations issued by the Chief of Constabulary or his authorized representative.

C. Carriers shall immediately notify the Chief of Constabulary or his authorized representative when explosives or blasting agents are received at terminals.

D. Carriers shall immediately notify the Chief of Constabulary or his authorized representative when explosives or blasting agents are removed from terminals.

E. Truck terminals where explosives are loaded, unloaded or transferred shall conform to the following regulations:

1. There shall be no above-ground storage tanks of flammable or combustible liquids or other hazardous substance on the terminal proper or on immediate adjoining property which would present a significant exposure hazard.

2. There shall be no structures or occupancies on immediately adjoining property which would constitute a serious exposure hazard to the terminal.

3. The terminal property shall be sufficiently large that deck or vehicle storage areas containing explosives shall be a minimum of fifteen (15 m) meters from any structure on adjoining property.

4. Adequate access to adjoining streets shall be provided to and from the terminal property. Local routes between terminal and deviations from approved routs shall be prescribed by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

5. Explosives shall be kept in vehicles to the greatest extent possible. During transferring or leading operations, the explosives should remain on the ground or on decks for as short a time as possible.

6. Specific areas of decks shall be designated by the Chief of Constabulary or his duly authorized representative for the temporary "storage" of explosives during loading or transferring operations. A minimum distance shall be specified and maintained between this designated area and all other materials on the deck. Combustible liquids shall be kept at the greatest possible distance from this designated area.

7. At all times, a watchman or guard shall be on the duty on the terminal property, and he shall be capable of driving all equipment in the area. At times when there are a substantial number of vehicles carrying explosives in the terminal additional persons capable of driving shall be provided.

8. Adequate security against unauthorized entry of persons into terminal shall be provided. In urban and semi-urban areas, this will require a fence and adequate gates.

9. The terminal shall be adequately lighted for normal observation of all vehicles containing explosives.

10. Adequate fire protection appliances shall be provided on the loading deck near the designated explosives area and near parked vehicles.

11. A specific area of the terminal property shall be designated for vehicles containing explosives.

12. Vehicles containing any special inherent hazard, such as refrigeration equipment, shall be kept separated from the area designated for the parking of explosives vehicle.

13. Shipments of explosives shall be transported without unnecessary delay, keeping the explosives in the terminal an absolute minimum length of time, not to exceed forty eight (48 hrs) hours.

SECTION 20.303. Blasting Agents, General. — A. Unless otherwise set forth in this Rule, blasting agents shall be transported, stored, and used in the same manner as explosives.

B. When oxidizers are stored inside a building used for mixing or storage of blasting agents or outside such a building and within the magazine separation distance from it, the weight of the oxidizer shall be added to the weight of the blasting agent when calculating the total quantity of material involved for application of the Table of Distance for Storage of Explosives. (Table 20.201).

SECTION 20.304. Mixing Blasting Agents. — A. Buildings or other facilities used for mixing blasting agents shall be located away from inhabited buildings, passenger railways and public highways, in accordance with the provisions of the Table of Distance for Storage of Explosives. In areas where such buildings or facilities have been granted a permit, no other structure shall be given a construction permit unless the latter be within a safe distance as established in this Rule.

B. Not more than one day's production of blasting agents, or the limit determined by the Table of Distance for Storage of Explosives whichever is less, shall be permitted in or near the building or other facilities used for mixing blasting agents. Larger quantities shall be stored in separated buildings or in separated buildings or magazines.

C. Buildings or other facilities used for the mixing of blasting agents shall be designed and constructed in accordance with internationally recognized good practice.

D. Compounding and mixing of recognized formulations of blasting agents shall be conducted in accordance with internationally recognized good practice.

E. Smoking or open flames shall not be permitted in or within fifteen (15 m) meters of any buildings or facility used for the mixing of blasting agents.

F. Empty oxidizer bags shall be disposed of daily by burning in a safe manner in the open at a safe distance from buildings or combustible materials.

SECTION 20.305. Transportation of Blasting Agents. — A. When blasting agents are transported in the same vehicle with explosives, all of the requirements of this Rule shall be complied with.

B. Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall be in safe operating condition at all times.

C. Every vehicle transporting blasting agents shall be marked or labeled on both sides and rear, with the word "DANGER" and also the words "BLASTING AGENT" in letters not less than seven and a half (7.5 cm) centimeters high on a contrasting background.

D. No oils, matches, firearms, acids or other corrosive liquids shall be carried in the body of any vehicle transporting blasting agents.

E. No person shall be permitted to ride upon, drive, load or unload a vehicle containing blasting agents while smoking or under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics.

SECTION 20.306. Seizure of Explosives, Ammunition and Blasting Agents. — The Director General or his duly authorized representative may seize, take, remove, or cause to be removed at the expense of the owner all explosives, ammunition or blasting agents offered or exposed for sale, possessed or transported in violation of this Rule.

RULE 21

Fireworks

SECTION 21.101. Definition. — Fireworks shall mean and include any combustible or explosive composition, or any substance or combination of substances or device prepared for the purpose of producing a visible or an audible effect by combustion, explosion, deflagration, or and shall include blank cartridges, toy pistols toy cannons, or toy guns in which explosives are used, firecrackers, torpedoes, sky-rockets, Roman candle, Daygo bombs, sparkler, or other devices of like construction and any devices containing any explosive or flammable compound, or any tablet or other device containing an explosive substance except that the term "fireworks" shall not include any auto flares, paper caps containing not in excess of an average of sixteen (16) milligrams of explosive content per cap, and toy pistol, toy canes, toy guns or other devices for use of such caps, the sale and use of which shall be permitted at all times.

SECTION 21.102. Manufacture, Sale and Discharge. — A. The manufacture of fireworks is prohibited except under special permits as may be issued by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

B. Except as hereinafter provided, it shall be unlawful for any person to possess, store, to offer for sale, expose for sale, sell at retail, or use or explode any fireworks; provided that the Director General or his duly authorized representative shall have power to adopt reasonable rules and regulations for the granting of permits for supervised public displays of fireworks by a municipal government, fair associations, amusement parks, other organizations or for the use of fireworks by artisans in pursuit of their trade. Every such use or display shall be handled by a competent operator approved by the Director General or his duly authorized representative and shall be of such character and so located, discharged or fired as in the opinion of the Chief of the Local Fire Service after proper investigation, so as not to be hazardous to property or endanger any person.

C. Application for permits shall be made in writing at least ten (10) days in advance of the date of the display. After such privilege shall be granted, sale, possession, use and distribution of fireworks for such display shall be lawful for the purpose only. Permit granted hereunder shall not be transferable.

SECTION 21.103. Bond for Fireworks Display Required. — The permittee shall furnish a bond or certificate of insurance in an amount deemed adequate by the Director General or his duly authorized representative for the payment of all damages which may be caused either to a person or persons or property by reason of the permittee, his agents, employees or subcontractors.

SECTION 21.104. Disposal of Unfired Fireworks. — Any fireworks that remain unfired after the display is concluded shall be immediately disposed of in safe way.

SECTION 21.105. Exception. — Nothing in this Rule shall be construed to prohibit the use of fireworks by railroads or other transportation agencies for signals or purposes of illumination, or the sale or use of blank cartridges for a show or theater, or for signal or ceremonial purposes in athletics or sports or for use of military organizations.

SECTION 21.106. Seizure of Fireworks. — The Director General or his duly authorized representative shall seize, take, remove, or cause to be removed at the expense of the owner all stocks of fireworks offered or exposed for sale, stored or held in violation of this Rule.

RULE 22

Application of Flammable Finishes

DIVISION 1

General Provisions

SECTION 22.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to locations or areas where the following activities are regularly done.

1. The application of flammable paint, varnish, lacquer, stain or other flammable or combustible liquid applied as a spray in continuous or intermittent process;

2. Dip tank operations in which articles or materials are passed through contents of tanks, vats or containers of flammable or combustible liquids including coating, finishing, treating and similar process; and

3. The application of combustible powders when applied by powder spray guns, fluidized beds or electrostatic fluidized beds.

SECTION 22.102. Permit Required. — A permit from the Director General or his duly authorized representative is required for spraying and dipping operations utilizing flammable liquid, and powders included within the scope of this Rule.

SECTION 22.103. Smoking Prohibited. — Smoking shall be prohibited in any spray finishing areas and in the vicinity of dip tanks "NO SMOKING" signs with lettering of approved size shall be conspicuously posted in such areas.

SECTION 22.104. Welding Warning Signs. — Conspicuous signs shall be posted in the vicinity of all spraying areas; dipping operations, and paint storage rooms conveying the following warning;

"NO WELDING"

The use of welding or cutting equipment in or near this area is dangerous because of the danger of fire and explosion. Welding and cutting shall be done only under the supervision of the foreman in charge."

SECTION 22.105. Electrical Wiring and Equipment. — Electric wiring and equipment shall conform to the provisions of this Rule and shall be installed in accordance with internationally accepted standards of safe practice. Compliance with the applicable provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code shall be deemed prima facie evidence of compliance with internationally accepted standards of safe practice.

DIVISION 2

Spray Finishing

SECTION 22.201. Definitions. — A. "Spraying Area" shall mean any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable vapors or combustible residues; dusts or deposits are present due to the operation of spraying processes. The Chief of the Local Fire Service may define the limits.

B. A spraying area shall include:

1. The interior of spray booths;

2. The interior of ducts exhausting from spraying processes.

3. Any area in the direct path of spray or any area containing dangerous quantities or air-suspended combustible residue dust, deposits, spray or vapor mists as result of spraying operations.

SECTION 22.202. Location of Spray Finishing Operations. — A. Spray finishing operations shall not be conducted in buildings used for assembly, educational, institutional or residential occupancies except in a room designed for the purpose, protected with an approved automatic fire control and extinguishing system and separated vertically and horizontally from other areas by construction complying with the requirements of the Building Code.

B. In other occupancies, all spraying operations performed inside of a building shall be conducted in an approved spray booth or in spraying areas approved for such use.

SECTION 22.203. Spray Booths. — A. Spray booths shall be substantially constructed of steel not less than one and two tenths (1.2) millimeters in thickness or other approved non-combustible materials.

B. The interior surfaces of spray booths shall be smooth and continuous without edges and otherwise designed to prevent pocketing of residue and facilities, cleaning, and washing without injury, as well as permit the free passage of exhaust air from all parts of the interior.

C. The floor of the spray booth and operator's working area, if combustible, shall be covered with non-combustible, non-sparkling material of such character as to facilitate the safe cleaning and removal of residue.

D. Baffle plates, if installed to promote an even flow of air through the booth or cause the deposit of overspray before it enters exhaust ducts, shall be of non-combustible material and readily removable or accessible on both sides for cleaning. Such plates shall not be located in the exhaust ducts.

E. Each spray booth having a frontal area larger than one (1) square meter shall have a metal deflector or curtain not less than eleven and four-tenths (11.4) centimeters deep installed at the upper outer edges of the booth over the opening.

F. Each spray booth shall be separated from other operations by not less than ninety one (91) centimeters, or by a greater distance, or by such partition or wall as the Local Fire Service Chief may require.

G. Spray booths shall be so installed that all portions are readily accessible for cleaning. A clear space of not less than ninety one (91) centimeters on all sides shall be kept clear of storage or combustible materials.

H. When spraying areas are illuminated through glass panels or other transparent materials, only fixed light units shall be used as source of illumination. Panels shall effectively isolate the spraying area from the area in which the lighting unit is located and shall be of non-combustible material or such a nature or so protected that breakage will be unlikely. Panels shall be arranged so that normal accumulations of residue on the exposed surface of the panel will not be raised to a dangerous temperature by radiation or conduction from the source of illumination.

SECTION 22.204. Dry Type Overspray Collectors. (Exhaust Air Filters). — A. Overspray dry filters or filter rolls; if installed in conventional dry type spray booths, shall conform with the succeeding sections of this Rule.

B. The spraying operations shall be so designed, installed and maintained that the average air velocity from the spray impeller over the open face of the booth (or booth cross section during spraying operations) shall not be less than thirty (30) meters per minute. Dry spray booths equipped with a filter roll which is automatically advanced when the air velocity is reduced to that specified in this paragraph shall be arranged to cause shutdown of spraying operations if the filter roll fails to advance automatically. Visible gauges or audible alarm devices shall be installed to indicate that the required air velocity is maintained.

C. All discarded filter pads shall be immediately removed to a safe, well detached location or placed in water filled metal container and disposed of at the close of the day's operation.

D. The location of filters in a spray booth shall be so as not to reduce the effective booth enclosure of the articles being sprayed.

E. Space within spray booths on the downstream and upstream sides of filters shall be protected with approved automatic fire control and extinguishing systems.

F. Filters shall not be used when applying a special material known to be highly susceptible to spontaneous heating and ignition.

G. Clean filters shall be non-combustible or of approved type.

H. Filters shall not be used alternately for the application of lacquer and other materials such as varnish, stains and ground coats.

SECTION 22.205. Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition. — A. There shall be no open flame or spark producing equipment in any spraying area as defined above nor within six (6) meters thereof, unless separated by a partition, except as permitted hereafter.

B. Space heating appliances, steam pipes or hot surface shall not be located in spraying area where deposits of non-combustible residues may readily accumulate.

C. Unless specifically approved for locations containing both deposits of readily ignitable residue and explosive vapors, there shall be no electrical equipment in any spraying area where deposits of combustible residue may readily accumulate, except wiring in rigid conduits or boxes of fittings containing no taps, splices or terminal connections, and except as hereinafter provided.

D. Electric wiring and equipment not subjected to deposits of combustible residues but located in a spraying area shall be explosion-proof type approved for use in such hazardous location.

E. Electrical wiring, motors, and other equipment outside of but within six (6) meters, of any spraying area and not separated therefrom by partitions, shall not make sparks under normal operating conditions.

F. Electric lamps outside of, but within six meters of any spraying area and not separated therefrom by a partition, shall be totally enclosed to prevent the falling of hot particles and shall be protected from physical damage by suitable guards or by location.

G. Portable electric lamps shall not be used in any spraying area during spraying operations. Portable electric lamps, if used during cleaning or requiring a rations, shall be of the type approved for hazardous locations in accordance with the Electrical Code.

H. All metal parts of spray booths, exhaust duct and piping systems conveying flammable liquids shall be properly grounded electrically in an effective and preventive manner in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.

SECTION 22.206. Ventilation of Spray Booths and Spray Finishing Areas. — A. All spraying areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors.

B. Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at all times, while spraying operations are being conducted and for a sufficient time thereafter to allow vapors from drying coated articles and dry finishing material residue to be exhausted.

C. Each spray booth shall have an independent exhaust duct system discharging to the building's exterior. However, multiple cabinet spray booths in which identical spray finishing materials is used with a combined frontal area of not more than one and two-thirds (1.67) square meters may have a common exhaust. If more than one (1) fan serves one (1) booth, all fans shall be so interconnected that one fan cannot operate without operating all.

D. Electric motors driving exhaust fans shall not be placed inside booths or ducts. Fan rotating elements shall be non-ferrous or non-sparkling or the casing shall consist of or lined with such material.

E. Belts shall not enter the duct or booth unless belt and pulley within the duct or booth are tightly enclosed.

F. Exhaust ducts shall be constructed of steel having a thickness not less than that indicated in the table below:

DIAMETER OF DUCT	MINIMUM THICKNESS
20 cms or less	(0.60 mm)
20 to 46 cms inclusive	(0.75 mm)
46 to 76 cms inclusive	(0.90 mm)
Over 76 cms	(1.20 mm)

The discharge point for exhaust ducts in a paint booth shall be not less than one and eight tenths (1.8) meters from adjoining combustible construction nor more than seven and seven tenths (7.7) meters from adjoining exterior wall openings.

G. Exhaust ducts shall have a clearance from unprotected combustible construction or material of not less than forty-five (45) centimeters. If combustible construction is provided with the following protection applied to all surfaces within forty-five (45) centimeters, clearances may be reduced to the distances indicated:

1. Four-tenths (0.4) millimeters thick metal on six and three-tenths (6.5) millimeters asbestos mill board . . . 30 centimeters.

2. Four-tenths (0.4) millimeters thick sheet metal on three and two tenths (3.2) millimeters asbestos mill board spaced out two and one half (2.5) centimeters on non-combustible spacers . . . 22.5 centimeters.

3. Seven-tenths (0.7) millimeters thick sheet metal on two and one-half (2.5) centimeters rockwool bats reinforced with wire mesh or the equivalent . . . 7.5 centimeters.

H. Air exhausted from spraying operations shall not be recirculated.

SECTION 22.207. Storage and Handling of Flammable or Combustible Liquids. — A. The storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids shall be in accordance with this Rule and shall also conform to the provisions of this Section.

B. Where the quantity of liquid in nineteen (19) liter and smaller containers, other than original sealed containers, exceed a total of thirty eight (38) liters, it shall be stored in a storage cabinet or in storage or mixing rooms conforming to the following provision of this Rule.

C. Original close containers, approved portable tanks, approved safety cans, or a properly arranged system of piping, shall be used for bringing flammable or combustible liquids into spray finishing areas. Open or glass containers shall not be used.

D. Containers supplying spray nozzles shall be of closed type or provided with metal covers kept closed. Containers not resting in floors shall be on non-combustible supports or suspended by wire cables. Containers supplying spray nozzles by gravity flow shall not exceed thirty eight (38) liters capacity.

E. All containers or piping to which is attached a hose or flexible connection shall be provided with a shut-off valve at the connection. Such valve shall be kept shut when not in use.

F. Heaters shall not be located in spray booths nor other locations subject to the accumulation of deposits or combustible residue.

G. If flammable or combustible liquids are supplied to spray nozzles by positive displacement pumps, pump discharge lines shall be provided with an approved relief valve discharging to pump suction or a safe detached location.

H. Whenever flammable liquids are transferred from one container to another, both containers shall be effectively grounded. Piping systems for flammable liquids shall be permanently grounded.

SECTION 22.208. Fire Protection Equipment. — In addition to the automatic fire control and extinguishing equipment provided for above, portable fire protection equipment shall be provided near all spraying areas as required for extra hazardous occupancies. (Refer to NFPA Pamphlet No. 10).

SECTION 22.209. Operations and Maintenance. — A. All spraying areas shall be kept as free from the accumulation of deposits of combustible residues as practicable, with cleaning conducted daily if necessary.

B. Scrapers, spuds, or other such tools used for cleaning purposes shall be of non-sparkling material.

C. Residue scraping and debris contaminated with residue shall be immediately removed from the premises and properly disposed of.

D. The use of solvents for cleaning operations shall be restricted to Class II and III Liquids as defined in this Rule, except that solvents with flash points not less than those normally used in spraying operations may be used for cleaning spray nozzles and auxiliary equipment, provided that such cleaning is conducted inside spray booths and ventilating equipment is operating during cleaning.

E. Spray booths shall not be alternately used for different types of coating materials, where the combination of the materials may be conducive to spontaneous ignition, unless all deposits of the first material used are removed from the booth and exhaust ducts prior to spraying with the second.

F. Approved metal waste cans shall be provided wherever rags or waste are impregnated with finishing materials and all such rags or waste deposited therein immediately after use. The contents of waste cans shall be properly disposed of at least once daily and at the end of each shift.

SECTION 22.210. Drying Apparatus. — A. Drying apparatus shall, in addition to conforming with the requirements of this Rule comply with the applicable provisions of this Rule on Ovens, Industrial Baking and Drying. (Refer to Rule 36).

B. Spray booths, rooms or other enclosures used for spraying operations shall not be alternately used for the purpose of drying by any arrangements which will cause a material increase in the surface temperature of the spray booth room or enclosure.

C. Except as specifically provided herein, drying or baking units utilizing a heating system having open flames or which may produce sparks shall not be installed in a spraying area as defined. However, it may be installed adjacent thereto when equipped with an interlocked ventilating system arranged to:

1. Thoroughly ventilate the drying space before the heating system can be started;

2. Maintain a safe atmosphere at any source of ignition;

3. Automatically shut down the heating system in the event of failure of the ventilating system.

D. Automobile refinishing booths or enclosures, otherwise installed and maintained in conformity with this Rule, may alternately be used for drying with portable infrared drying apparatus when conforming with the following:

1. The procedures shall be restricted to low-volume, occasional spray application;

2. The interior of spray enclosures shall be kept free of overspray deposits;

3. During spray operations the drying apparatus and electrical connections and wiring thereto shall not be located within the spray enclosure nor in any other location where spray residue may be deposited thereon;

4. Spraying apparatus, drying apparatus and ventilating systems of spray enclosure shall be equipped with suitable interlocks so arranged that:

(a) The spraying apparatus cannot be operated while the drying apparatus is inside the spray enclosure.

(b) The spray enclosure will be purged of spray vapors for a period of not less than three (3) minutes before drying apparatus can be energized.

(c) The ventilating system will maintain a safe atmosphere within the enclosure during the process and drying apparatus will automatically shut off in the event of failure of the ventilating system.

5. All electrical wiring and equipment of drying apparatus shall conform to the provisions of this Rule and shall otherwise be installed in accordance with the provisions of the Electrical Code. Only equipment of a type approved for hazardous locations as provided for in this Rule shall be located within forty five (45) centimeters of the floor level. All metallic parts of drying apparatus shall be properly electrically bonded and grounded.

DIVISION 3

Dip Tanks

SECTION 22.301. Location of Dip Tanks Operations. — Dip tanks operations shall not be conducted in the buildings used for assembly, institutional or residential occupancies, except in a room designed for the purpose, protected with an approved system of automatic fire control and extinguishment separated vertically and horizontally from other areas by construction of non-combustible material with a fire resistance of two (2) hours.

SECTION 22.302. Ventilation of Vapor Areas. — A. All vapor areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors.

B. Required ventilating system shall be so arranged that the failure of any ventilating fan shall automatically stop any dipping conveyor system.

SECTION 22.303. Construction of Dip Tanks. — A. Dip tanks including drain boards if provided, shall be constructed of substantial non-combustible material and their supports shall be of heavy metal, reinforced concrete or masonry.

B. Dip tanks of over five hundred seventy (570) liters in capacity or ninety three-hundredths (.93) square meters in liquid surface area shall be equipped with a properly trapped overflow pipe leading to a safe location outside buildings.

C. The bottom of the overflow connection shall not be less than fifteen (15) centimeters below the top of tank.

D. Dip tanks over one thousand eight hundred ninety five (1,895) liters in liquid capacity shall be equipped with bottom drains automatically and manually arranged to quickly drain the tank in the event of fire, unless the viscosity of the liquid at normal atmosphere makes this impractical. Manual operation shall be from a safely accessible location. Where gravity flow is not practicable, automatic pumps shall be provided.

E. Such drains shall be trapped and discharged to a closed, properly vented, salvage tank or to a safe outside location.

F. Dip tanks utilizing a conveyor system shall be arranged that in the event of fire, the conveyor system shall automatically cease motion and require bottom drains open.

SECTION 22.304. Storage and Handling of Flammable Liquids. — The storage and handling of flammable liquids shall be in accordance with the other pertinent provisions of the Fire Code.

SECTION 22.305. Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition. — A. There shall be no open flames, spark producing devices, or heated surfaces having a temperature sufficient to ignite vapors in vapor area in the vicinity of dip tank operations.

B. Electrical wiring and equipment in any vapor shall be of explosion-proof type approved for use in such hazardous locations, in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.

C. Unless specifically approved for locations containing both deposits of readily ignitable residues and explosive vapors, there shall be no electrical equipment in the vicinity of dip tanks or associated drain boards or drying operations which are subject to splashing or dripping of dip tanks liquids, except wiring in rigid conduits or in threaded boxes or fitting containing no taps, splices or terminal connection and except as hereinafter specifically permitted relating to electrostatic apparatus.

D. In any floor space outside a vapor area, but within six (6) meters therefrom and not separated by tight partitions, there shall be no open flames or spark producing devices. Drying and baking apparatus may be installed adjacent to vapor areas when conforming to this Rule.

SECTION 22.306. Operations and Maintenance. — A. The area in the vicinity of dip tanks shall be kept as clear of the combustible stock as practicable and shall be kept entirely from combustible debris.

B. When waste or rags are used in connection with dipping operations, approved metal waste cans shall be provided and all impregnated rags or waste shall be deposited therein immediately after use. The contents of waste cans shall be properly disposed of at the end of each shift in accordance with generally accepted safe disposal practice.

SECTION 22.307. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. — A. Areas in the vicinity of dip tanks shall be provided with manual fire extinguishers suitable for flammable liquid fires, as specified for extra hazardous occupancies. (Refer to NFPA Pamphlet No. 10).

B. Dip tanks of over five hundred seventy (570) liters capacity or ninety three hundredths (0.93) square meters liquid surface area shall be protected with an approved automatic fire extinguishing system.

C. Dip tanks containing a liquid with a flash point below forty three and ninety three tenths degrees (43.3ºC) Celsius (when used in such a manner that the liquid temperature may equal or be greater than its flash point from artificial or natural causes), shall conform to this Section when having both capacity of more than thirty eight (38) liters and a liquid surface area of more than thirty-seven hundredths (0.37) square meters.

SECTION 22.308. Dip Tank Covers. — A. Covers arranged to close automatically in the event of fire shall be actuated by approved automatic mechanical devices and shall also be arranged for remote manual operation.

B. Covers shall be substantial non-combustible material or of thinclad type with enclosing metal applied with locked points.

C. Chains or wire rope shall be used for cover support or operating mechanism where the burning of a cord would interfere with the action of a device.

D. Covers shall be kept closed when tanks are not in use.

SECTION 22.309. Hardening and Tempering Tanks. — A. Hardening and tempering tanks shall conform to the provisions of Section 22.303 to 22.307 as well as to the following paragraphs of this Section, but shall be exempt from the other provisions of this Rule.

B. Tanks shall be located as far as practicable from furnaces and shall not be located on or near combustible floors.

C. Tanks shall be provided with non-combustible hood and vent or other equally effective means, venting to the outside of the building to serve as a vent in case of fire. All such vent ducts shall be treated as flues and be kept away from combustible roofs or materials.

D. Tanks shall be equipped with a mechanical high temperature limit switch arranged to sound an alarm when the temperature of the quenching medium reaches ten degrees (10ºC) Celsius below the flash point.

E. Hardening and tempering tanks of over one thousand eight hundred ninety five (1,895) liters capacity or two and thirty-two hundredths (2.32) square meters surface area shall be protected as specified in Section 22.307.

F. Air under pressure shall not be used to fill or to agitate oil in tanks, unless the air feed system is provided with a mechanical shut-off device that shall be activated to effectively eliminate air flow once the mechanical alarm system required above is actuated.

SECTION 22.310. Coating Operations. — A. Flow coat operations shall conform to the requirements for dip tanks, considering the area of the sump and any area on which paints flow as the surface area of the dip tank.

B. Paint shall be supplied by direct low pressure pumping arranged to automatically shut down by means of approved heat mechanical devices in case of fire, or by gravity tank not exceeding thirty eight (38) liters in capacity.

C. The process of roll coating, spreading, and impregnating, in which fabrics, paper or other materials are passed directly through a tank or through containing flammable liquids, or over the surface of a roller that revolves partially submerged in a flammable liquid, shall conform to the succeeding paragraph and to the other applicable provisions of the foregoing Sections of this Rule.

D. Adequate arrangements shall be made to prevent sparks from static electricity by electrically bonding and grounding all metallic rotating and other parts of machinery and equipment and by the installation of static collectors or maintaining a conductive atmosphere by means such as high relative humidity.

DIVISION 4

Electrostatic Apparatus

SECTION 22.401. Equipment Type and Location. — A. Electrostatic apparatus and devices used in connection with paint spraying and paint detearing operations shall be of a type conforming to internationally approved standards.

B. Transformers, power packs, control apparatus, and all other electric portions of the equipment, with the exception of the high voltage grids and electrostatic atomizing heads and their connection, shall be located outside of the spraying or vapor areas as defined above, and shall conform to the requirements of the other provisions of this Rule.

C. Electrodes and electrostatic atomizing heads shall be of substantial construction, shall be rigidly supported in permanent locations, and shall be effectively insulated from ground. Insulators shall be non-ferrous and non-combustible. Fine wire elements when used should be under tension at all times and should be of unkinked hard steel or materials of comparable strength.

SECTION 22.402. Controls. — A. A space shall be maintained between goods being painted or treated and electrodes, electrostatic atomizing heads, or conductors of at least twice the sparking distance shall be conspicuously posted near the assembly.

B. Electrostatic apparatus shall be equipped with automatic mechanical controls which will operate without the delay to disconnect the power supply to the high voltage transformer and to signal the operator under any of the following conditions:

(1) Stoppage of ventilation fans or failure of ventilating equipment from any cause.

(2) Stoppage of the conveyor carrying goods past the high voltage grid.

(3) Occurrence of a ground or of an imminent ground at any point on the high voltage system.

(4) Reduction of clearance below that specified in paragraph "A" of this Section.

SECTION 22.403. Guards and Signs. — A. Adequate booths, fencing, railing or guards shall be so placed around the equipment so that either by their location or character or both, they assure that a safe isolation of the process is maintained from plant storage or personnel. Such railings, fencing, and guards shall be conductive material, adequately grounded, and shall be at least one and a half (1.5) meters from processing equipment.

B. Signs designating the process zone as dangerous because of fire and accident hazards shall be posted.

SECTION 22.404. Maintenance. — A. All insulators shall be kept clean and dry.

B. Drip plates and screens subject to paint deposits shall be removable and shall be taken to a safe place for cleaning.

SECTION 22.405. Ventilation. — The spraying area shall be adequately ventilated so as to ensure a safe condition from a fire and health standpoint.

DIVISION 5

Automobile Undercoating

SECTION 22.501. Operations Included. — A. When approved by the Director General or his duly authorized representative automobile undercoating spray operations, conducted in areas having adequate natural or mechanical ventilation, may be exempt from the provisions of this Rule, when using under-coating materials which are not more hazardous than kerosene or undercoating materials using only solvents having a flash point in excess of thirty seven and eight -tenths (37.8ºC) degrees Celsius.

B. Undercoating spray operations not conforming with Section 22.501 (a) shall be subject to all applicable provisions of this Rule.

DIVISION 6

Powder Coating

SECTION 22.601. Dry Powder Application. — These provisions shall apply to finely ground particles protective finishing material applied in dry powder form by one of the following methods:

1. Fluidized bed; or

2. Electrostatic fluidized bed; or

3. Powder spray guns; and

4. Electrostatic powder spray guns.

Each method requires certain essential protective measures which shall be compatible with the method employed.

SECTION 22.602. Location and Construction of Powder Coating Rooms and Booths. — Powder coating operations shall be conducted in:

1. Completely enclosed rooms constructed of non-combustible materials; or

2. Enclosed powder coating facilities which are adequately ventilated; or

3. Adequately ventilated spray booths meeting the requirements of this Rule.

SECTION 22.603. Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition. — Electrical equipment and other sources of ignition shall conform to the requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code.

The application of powders by means of non-electrostatic fluidized bed or powder spray gun normally requires the part to be preheated. Preheating is also sometimes used with electrostatic equipment. Care must be taken to ensure that the temperature of the part to be coated does not exceed the ignition temperature of the powder being used.

Precaution shall be taken to minimize the possibility of ignition by static electrical sparks through static grounding, where possible, of powder transport, application and recovery equipment.

SECTION 22.604 Ventilation. — Exhaust ventilation shall be sufficient to maintain the atmosphere below the lowest explosive limits for the material being applied. All nondeposited air-suspended powders shall be safely removed via exhaust ducts to the powder recovery cyclone or receptacle.

SECTION 22.605. Drying, Curing or Fusion Equipment. — The provisions of internationally recognized standards for ovens and furnaces shall apply. (Refer to NFPA Pamphlet No. 86A).

SECTION 22.606. Operation and Maintenance. — A. All areas shall kept free of accumulation of powder coating dusts, particularly such horizontal surfaces as ledges, beams, pipes, hoods, booths and floors.

B. Surfaces shall be cleaned in such manner as to avoid scattering dust to other places or creating dust clouds. Equipment shall be approved for use in hazardous locations.

C. Care shall be exercised to prevent iron or spark-producing metals from being introduced into the powders being applied. Magnetic and filter type separators are recommended.

D. "NO SMOKING" signs in accordance with this Rule shall be conspicuously posted at all powder coating areas and powder storage rooms.

SECTION 22.607. Fixed Electrostatic Spraying Equipment. — The provisions of this Rule shall apply to fixed electrostatic equipment.

SECTION 22.608. Electrostatic Fluidized Beds. — A. Electrostatic fluidized beds and associated equipment shall be of approved types. The maximum surface temperature of this equipment in the coating area shall not exceed sixty five and six-tenths degrees (65.6ºC) Celsius. The high voltage circuits shall be designed so as not to produce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite any powder-air mixture nor result in shock hazard upon coming in contact with a ground object under normal operating conditions.

B. Transformers power packs, control apparatus and all other electrical portions of the equipment, with the exception of the charging electrodes and their connections to power supply shall be located outside of the powder coating area or shall otherwise conform to the requirements of this Rule.

C. All electrically conductive objects within the charging influence of the electrodes shall be adequately grounded. The powder coating equipment shall carry a prominent, permanently installed warning sign regarding the necessity for grounding these objects.

D. Objects being coated shall be maintained in contact with the conveyor or other support in order to insure proper grounding. Hangers shall be regularly cleaned to ensure effective contact and areas of contact shall be sharp points or knife edges where possible.

E. The electrical equipment shall be so interlocked with the ventilation system that the equipment cannot be operated unless the ventilation fans are in operation.

DIVISION 7

Organic Peroxides and Dual Component Coatings

SECTION 22.701. General. — A. Extreme care should be exercised at all times in preventing the contamination of organic peroxide initiators with any foreign substance. Only spray guns and related handling equipment specifically manufactured for use with organic peroxides shall be used. Separate pressure vessels and inserts specific for the application shall be used for the resin and for the organic peroxide and they shall not be interchanged.

B. Organic peroxides pressure tank inserts shall be constructed of stainless steel or polyethylene.

C. Dusts of overspray residues resulting from the sanding or spraying of finishing materials containing organic peroxides if mixed with other materials may cause a fire or explosion; care shall be exercised to prevent any contamination from this source.

D. All spilled peroxides shall be promptly removed so there are no residues. Spilled material may be absorbed by using a non-combination inert absorbent and then promptly disposed of in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation.

SECTION 22.702. Use. — All spraying operations involving the use of organic peroxides and other dual component coatings shall be conducted in spray booths-meeting the requirements of this Rule, and provided with automatic fire suppression system.

SECTION 22.703. Storage. — Organic peroxides shall be stored in a cool detached building apart from other finishing materials. Only minimum daily requirements shall be brought to the processing area. Such material remaining at the spraying station at the end of a day's operation shall be carefully disposed of. Organic peroxides shall be kept away from all sources of heat including steam pipes, radiators, open flames or sparks and solar radiation.

SECTION 22.704. Handling. — Care shall be exercised in handling organic peroxides to avoid shock and friction which can cause decomposition and violent reaction.

SECTION 22.705. Mixing. — Organic peroxides shall not be mixed directly with any accelerators or promoters as violent decomposition or explosion may result.

SECTION 22.706. Smoking. — Smoking shall be prohibited and "NO SMOKING" signs shall be prominently displayed and only nonsparking tools shall be used in any area where organic peroxides are stored, mixed or applied.

SECTION 22.707. Personnel Qualifications. — Only specifically trained personnel shall be permitted to work with those materials.

RULE 23

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

DIVISION 1

General Provisions

SECTION 23.101. Scope. — A. This Rule applied specifically to flammable combustible liquids as defined in Section 23.102. Liquids with a flash point higher than ninety three and three-tenths degrees Celsius (93.3ºC) may assume the characteristics of lower flash point liquids when heated or sprayed and under conditions the appropriate provisions of this Rule shall apply.

B. All equipment for the storage, handling and dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with the NFPA Pamphlet No. 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids", except as otherwise provided in this Rule or in other laws or regulations legally in effect.

C. In particular installations, the provisions of this Rule may be altered at the discretion of the Director General or his duly authorized representative after consideration of the special features such as topographical conditions, barricades, walls, adequacy of building exits, nature of occupancies proximity to buildings or adjoining property character of construction of such buildings, capacity and construction of proposed tanks and character of liquids to be stored, nature of process, degree of private protection to be provided and adequacy of facilities of the Fire Service to cope with flammable and combustible liquid fires.

SECTION 23.102. Definitions. — A. Boiling point shall mean the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of one (1) atmosphere. Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for mixture, which do not have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this classification the ten (10) per cent point of a distillation performed in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products ASTM D-86-62, may be used as the boiling point of the liquid.

B. Boil-over shall mean the expulsion of crude oil (or certain other liquids) from a burning tank in which the light fraction of the crude oil burn off producing a heat wave in the residue, which on reaching a water strata may result in the expulsion of the portion of the contents of the tank in the form of a froth.

C. Chemical plant shall mean a plant or that portion of such plant other than a refinery or distillery where flammable or combustible liquids are produced by chemical reactions or used in chemical reactions.

D. Flammable liquids shall be divided into two classes of liquids as follows:

Class I shall include those liquids having flash below thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8ºC) degrees Celsius, and subdivided as follows:

Class I-A shall include those liquids having flash points below twenty two and eight tenths (22.8ºC) degrees Celsius, and having a boiling point below thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8ºC) degrees Celsius.

Class I-B include those liquids having flash points below twenty two and eight tenths (22.8ºC) degrees Celsius, and having a boiling point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8ºC) Celsius.

Class I-C include those liquids having flash points at or above twenty two and eight tenths (22.8ºC) degrees Celsius, and below thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8ºC) degrees Celsius.

Class II shall include those liquids having flash points at or above thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8ºC) degrees Celsius, and below sixty (60ºC) degrees Celsius.

When artificially heated to temperature equal to or higher than their flash points, Class II and III liquids shall be subject to the applicable requirements for Class I or II liquids. The provisions in this Rule shall also be applied to high flash points liquids which otherwise would be outside of its scope when they are so heated.

E. Combustible liquid shall mean any liquid having a flash point at or above sixty (60ºC) degrees Celsius, shall be known as a Class III liquid.

F. The flash point of liquid having a flash point at or below seventy nine (79ºC) degrees Celsius, except for fuel oils and certain viscous materials shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D 56-61.

G. The flash point of liquids having a flash point above seventy nine (79ºC) degrees Celsius, except for fuel oils, shall be determined in accordance with Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Cleveland open Cup Tester, ASTM D 92-57.

H. The flash point of fuel oil, and certain viscous materials having a flash point at or below seventy nine (79ºC) degrees Celsius, shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, ASTM 93-62.

SECTION 23.103. Permits Required. — A person shall obtain a permit for the following:

1. Storage, handling or use of Class I flammable liquids in excess of three and eight tenths (3.8) liters in any dwelling or other place of human habitation; or in excess of nineteen (19) liters in any other building or other occupancy; or in excess of thirty eight (38) liters outside of any building, except that no permit shall be required for the following:

(I) For the storage or use of flammable liquids in the fuel tank of a motor vehicle, aircraft, motorboat, mobile power plant or mobile heating plant.

(II) For the storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes or similar flammable mixtures when such liquids are stored for maintenance, painting or similar purposes for a period of not more than thirty (30) days.

2. Storage, handling, or use of Class II or III liquids in excess of ninety five (95) liters in a building; or in excess of two hundred twenty seven (227) liters outside a building except for fuel oil used in connection with oil burning equipment.

3. Installation and use of equipment and premises for the storage, handling use or sale of flammable or combustible liquids as herein stipulated. The required permit shall be obtained prior to the commencement of any work.

SECTION 23.104. Containers, Tanks, Equipment and Apparatus. — Containers, tanks, equipment and apparatus used or intended to be used for the storage, handling, used or sale of flammable liquids shall be of an approved type. Glass container exceeding two hundred thirty six (236) liters in capacity shall not be approved except where contamination is a factor. Samples of not to exceed nine hundred forty six (946) liters individual capacity may be taken in glass container for commercial reference or testing.

SECTION 23.105. Warning Labels for Containers of Flammable Liquids. — A. All flammable liquids, and liquid compounds or mixtures manufactured, packaged or offered for sale shall be conspicuously marked or labeled in easily legible type, is in contrast by typography, layout or color with any other printed matter on the label.

SECTION 23.106. Hazardous Heating, Lighting and Cooking Appliances Prohibited. — A person shall not use, within a building or structure except a dwelling, any heating, lighting or cooking appliance which uses Class I flammable liquids.

SECTION 23.107. Unlawful Sales Of Flammable Liquids. — It shall be unlawful for any person to sell or offer for sale flammable liquids with a flash point of thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8ºC) degrees Celsius, or less for the express purpose of domestic cleaning.

SECTION 23.108. Dispensing Devices. — Dispensing devices for flammable or combustible liquids shall be of an approved type.

SECTION 23.109. Dispensing. — A. Flammable liquids shall not be dispensed by gravity from tanks, drums, barrels or similar containers. An exception may be granted where the nature of the liquid to be dispensed makes such a restriction impractical. Approved pumps taking suction from the top of the container shall be used. Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dispensed by a device that operates through pressure within a storage tank or container, unless the tank or container has been approved as pressure vessel for the use of which it is subjected. In no case shall air or oxygen pressure be used-for this purpose.

B. Flammable liquids shall not be dispensed into the fuel tank of a motor vehicle directly from any-above ground tank. This Subsection shall not prohibit the use of approved portable or temporary fueling or dispensing units operating under the provisions of a special permit issued by the Chief of the local Fire Service.

SECTION 23.110. Waste Petroleum Products and Flammable or Combustible Liquids. — No person shall permit or cause to be permitted the discharge of flammable or combustible liquids or any waste liquid containing crude petroleum, or its products into or upon any street, highway, drainage canal or ditch, storm drain or flood control channel, lake or tidal waterway, or upon the ground.

SECTION 23.111. Cleaning with Flammable Liquid. — No flammable liquid with a flash point below thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8ºC) degrees Celsius, shall be used within a building for washing parts or removing grease or dirt unless it is used in a closed machine approved for the purpose or in separate well-ventilated room construction in accordance with Section 23.404. Inside Storage and Handling Rooms.

SECTION 23.112. Sources of Ignition. — In locations where flammable vapors may be present precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition by eliminating or controlling sources of ignition.

DIVISION 2

Tank Storage, Bulk Storage Above Ground (Outside of Building)

SECTION 23.201. Restricted Locations. — A. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in above ground tanks outside of buildings is prohibited within the limits established by law as the limits of the districts in which such storage is to be prohibited.

B. The location and installation of outside above ground tanks with respect to buildings and property lines for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with NFPA Pamphlet no. 30.

SECTION 23.202. Fire Protection for Above Ground Tanks. — A. Fire protection shall be provided in accordance with international recognized standards. When required by the Chief of the local Fire Service, foam fire protection shall be provided for any above ground tank except floating roof type, or pressure tanks operating at or above seventy and four tenths (70.4) grams square centimeters gauge pressure, and used for the storage or handling of Class I flammable liquids when such tank or group of tanks spaced led than fifteen (15) meters apart, shell to shell, has a liquid surface area in excess of one hundred forty (140) square meters:

1. When such tank or tanks are used for the storage of crude oil.

2. When such tank or tanks are used for in process products handling and are located within thirty (30) meters of any fired still, heater, related fractioning or processing apparatus, similar device at a processing plant or petroleum refinery as herein defined.

3. In addition to the above requirements the Chief of the local Fire Service may require from fire protection when an unusual exposure hazard exist because of typographical conditions; nature occupancy and proximity on the same or adjoining property and the height and character of construction of such buildings, capacity, construction maintenance of such tanks and character of liquids to be stored; degree of private fire protection to be provided, and facilities of the Fire Service to cope with flammable and combustible liquid fires.

B. Where foam protection is required for any tank or group of tanks used for the storage of more than one product if in the opinion of the Chief of the local Fire Service it is deemed necessary, the largest tank or tanks in such group shall be considered as storing the product requiring the greatest amount of protection and such protection shall be available herein provided.

C. Where foam fire protection is required, installation shall meet the requirements of National Fire Protection Association pamphlet No. 11. "Foam Extinguishing System," except that where tank shells are accessible for the erection of portable foam applicators, for at least three quarters of their perimeter, portable foam applicators shall be approved.

D. Where foam fire protection is required, foam producing materials may be stored off the premises under the following conditions:

1. Such materials stored off the premises shall be of the proper type suitable for use in the equipment of the installation where required.

2. Such materials shall be immediately available at the storage location at all times.

3. Adequate loading and transportation facilities shall be assured.

4. The time required to deliver such materials at the required location in the event of fire shall not exceed two (2) hours.

5. At the time of a fire these off-premises supplies shall be accumulated in sufficient quantities, before placing the equipment in operation, to insure foam production at an adequate rate without interruption until extinguishment is affected.

SECTION 23.203. Underground: Outside of or Under Buildings. — A. Location. — A flammable or combustible liquid storage tank may be located underground, outside of or under a building if such installation meets the requirements of this Section. The tank shall be so located with respect to existing foundation and supports that the loads carried by the latter cannot be transmitted to the tank. The distance from any part of a tank storing Class II or III liquids to the nearest wall of any basement, pit, cellar or property line shall not less than thirty one (31) centimeters. The distance from any part of tank storing Class I liquids to the nearest wall of any basement, pit or cellar shall be not less than thirty one (31) centimeters and from any property line that may be built upon, not less than ninety one (91) centimeters, shell to shell, shall be maintained between underground tanks.

B. Depth and Cover. — Excavation for underground storage tanks shall be made with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of existing structures. Underground tanks shall be set fire foundation and surrounded with soft earth or sand well-tamped in place. Tanks shall be covered with a minimum of sixty two (62) centimeters of earth or shall be covered by not less than thirty one (31) centimeters of earth on top of which shall be placed a slab if reinforced concrete not less than ten (10) centimeters. When underground tanks are or are likely subjected to traffic, they shall be protected against damage from vehicles passing over them by at least ninety one (91) centimeters of earth cover, or forty six (46) centimeters of reinforced concrete or twenty (20) centimeters of asphaltic concrete. When asphaltic or reinforced concrete paving is used as part of the protection it shall extend at least thirty one (31) centimeters horizontally beyond the outline of the tank in all directions.

C. Anchorage. — Where tank may become buoyant due to a rise in the level of the water table or due to location in an area that may be subjected to flooding, suitable precautions shall be observed to anchor the tank in place.

SECTION 23.204. Inside of Buildings. — Tanks for storage of flammable or combustible liquids shall not be installed inside buildings except as provided under Divisions 5, 7, or 8 of this Rule. Tanks for the storage of flammable liquids may be installed under a building as an underground tank complying with Section 23.203.

SECTION 23.205. Abandonment of Tanks. — A permit shall be obtained from the Chief of the Local Fire Service to remove, abandon, place temporarily out of service or otherwise disposes of any flammable or combustible liquid tank.

A. Any tank not used for period of ninety (90) days, shall be properly safeguarded or removed in a manner approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. Tanks "temporarily out of service" shall have the fill line, gauge opening and pump connection secured against tampering. Vent lines shall remain open and be maintained in accordance with the requirements of this rule for vent lines.

C. Any aboveground tank which has been abandoned for a period of one (1) year shall be removed from the property in a manner approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

D. Any underground tank which has been abandoned for a period of one (1) year shall be removed from the ground and the hole properly filled. It circumstances warrant, however, such tank may be abandoned in place and safeguard in a manner and with material approved by the Chief Local Fire Service.

E. Tanks which are to be reinstalled for flammable or combustible liquid service shall comply with all of the provisions of Division 2 of this Rule.

F. Tanks which are to be placed back in service shall be tested in a manner approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 23.206. Corrosion Protection. — Corrosion protection where needed for the tanks and its piping shall be provided by one or more of the following methods:

1. Use of protective coatings or wrappings;

2. Catholic protection; or

3. Corrosion resistant materials of construction.

Note: Selection of the type of protection to be employed should be based upon the corrosion history of the area and an acceptable laboratory reports.

SECTION 23.207. Support of Tanks in Buildings. — Inside storage tanks shall be securely supported to prevent settling, sliding or lifting.

SECTION 23.208. Tank Connection for Tanks Underground or In Buildings. — A. Vents. — 1. Location and arrangement of vents. Vent pipes from tanks storing flammable or combustible liquids shall be so located that discharge point is outside of buildings, shall terminate not less than two and forty two hundredths (2.42) meters above the fill pipe opening and not less than three and sixty four hundredths (3.64) meters above the adjacent ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only upward or horizontally (not downward) in order to disperse vapors. Vent pipes five (5) centimeters or less in nominal inside diameter shall not be obstructed by devices that will reduce their capacity and thus cause excessive back pressure. Vent pipe outlet shall be so located that flammable vapors will not enter building openings or be trapped under eaves or other obstructions. If the vent pipe is less than three (3) meters in length or greater than five centimeters in nominal inside diameter, the outlet shall be provided with a vacuum and pressure relief device or there shall be an approved flame arrester located in the vent line at the outlet. In no case shall a flame arrester be located more than four and five tenths (4.5) meters from the outlet and of the vent line.

2. Vent lines. — Vent lines from tanks underground or in buildings shall be used for no other purpose.

3. Size of Vents. — Each tank shall be vented through piping adequate in size to prevent blowback of vapor or liquid at the fill opening while tank being filled. Vent pipes shall not less than thirty two (32) millimeters nominal inside diameter.

4. Vent Piping. — Vent pipes shall be so laid as to drain toward the tank without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. They shall be located so that they will not be subjected to physical damage. Vent pipes from tanks storing the same class of liquids may be connected into one outlet pipe. The outlet pipe shall be at least one pipe size larger than the largest individual vent pipe connected thereto. In no case shall the point of connection between vent lines to lower than the top of any fill pipe opening. the lower end of a vent pipe shall enter the tank through the top and shall not extend into the tank more than two and fifty four hundredths (2.54) centimeters.

5. Swing Joints. — Swing joints shall be used where the vent pipe leaves the tank and where it connects to buildings or other structures.

B. Fill and Discharge Piping for Underground Tanks. — Fill and discharge lines for Class I, II, and III, liquids where practical, shall enter tanks only through the top and shall be graded toward the tank.

C. Fill Openings. — The fill-pipe opening shall be located outside of any building. For flammable and combustible liquid storage the fill-pipe opening shall be not less than one and half (1.5) meters from any door or cellar opening. The fill-pipe opening should be closed and liquid tight when not in use. The fill-pipe for filling by tank car or tank truck shall not be larger than ten (10) centimeters nominal inside diameter and shall not be constricted. Fill-pipe openings shall be identified by a definite color scheme or other means.

D. Gauge Opening. — Gauge openings, if independent of fill-pipe, shall be provided with a liquid-tight cap or cover. If inside a building, each such opening shall be protected against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by means of a spring loaded check valve or other approved device.

SECTION 23.209. Testing. — Before being covered or placed in used, all tanks, and that piping which is in a suction system, shall be tested hydrostatically or with air pressure, at not less than two hundred eleven (211) grams per square centimeters nor more than three hundred fifty two (352) grams per square centimeters. Pressure piping shall be tested to one and half (1.5) times of the working pressure, or five and three tenths (5.3) kilograms per square centimeters, whichever is greater. Tests shall be maintained for at least thirty (30) minutes and shall be witnessed by the Chief of the local Fire Service.

DIVISION 3

Piping, Valves and Fittings

SECTION 23.301. Materials and Design. — A. Piping, valves and for fittings flammable and combustible liquids shall be, designed for working pressures and structural stresses to, which they may be subjected. They shall be of steel or other material suitable for use with the liquid being handled. Pipe wall thickness shall be determined in accordance with nationally recognized good practice except that carbon steel pipe shall be thinner than standard wall thickness through standard wall thickness pipe. Pipe wall thickness shall be determined according to the provisions of ANSI B31.3, "Petroleum Refinery Piping", and ANSI B34.1, "Liquid Petroleum Piping Systems".

B. Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteristics of combustible materials for mechanical continuity of piping shall not be used inside of buildings. The may be used outside of buildings above or below ground. If used above ground, the piping shall either be secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting or the piping system shall be so designed that any spill resulting from such disengagement could not unduly, expose persons, buildings or structures, and could be readily controlled by remote valves.

C. When galvanized pipe is used underground systems in service stations, the minimum diameter to which this pipe may be bent is 10 diameters.

SECTION 23.302. Protection Against Corrosion. — All piping for flammable or combustible liquids, both aboveground, where subject to external corrosion, shall be painted or otherwise protected.

SECTION 23.303. Supports. — Pipe systems shall be substantially supported and protected against physical damage and excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion or contraction.

SECTION 23.304. Valves. — Pipe system shall contain a sufficient number of valves to operate the system properly and to protect the plant. Pipe systems in connection with pumps shall contain a sufficient number of valves to control properly the flow of liquid in normal operation and in the event of physical damage. Connections to pipe lines, by which equipment such as tank vehicles discharge flammable or combustible liquids by means of pumps into storage tanks, shall be provided with check valves for automatic protection against backflow.

SECTION 23.305. Swing Joints. — Underground piping shall incorporate approved swing joints where the piping leaves the dispensing location and just before connecting to the tank fittings. Flexible connectors may be used on approval of the chief of the local Fire Service.

SECTION 23.306. Pipe Joint Compound. — All threaded joints or connections shall be made up tight with the use of an approved pipe joint sealing compound.

DIVISION 4

Container and Portable Tank Storage

SECTION 23.401. Scope. — This Division shall apply only to the storage and dispensing of flammable, or combustible liquids in drums or other containers not two hundred twenty seven (227) liters individual capacity and those portable tanks not exceeding two thousand four hundred ninety eight (2,498) liters individual capacity. These requirements do not apply to bulk plants, service, refineries, chemical plants and distilleries.

SECTION 23.402. Manner of Storage and Limitations. — A. Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be stored (including stock for sale), near exits, stairways or areas normally used for the egress of people.

B. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in closed containers shall comply with the following occupancy schedule except that the Chief of the local Fire Service, may impose a quantity limitation or require greater protection where, in his opinion, unusual hazard to life or property is involved or he may authorize increase of these amounts where the type of construction, fire protection provided of other factor substantially reduce the hazard.

1. Dwellings and apartment houses containing not more than three dwelling units and accompanying attached or detached garages. Storage other than fuel oil, prohibited, except that which is required for maintenance of equipment operation which shall not exceed thirty eight (38) liters. Such liquids shall be stored in motel closed containers or safety cans.

2. Assembly and office occupancies, apartment houses containing more than three dwelling units, hotel and theaters. Storage is prohibited except that which is required for maintenance and operation of building and operation of equipment.

3. Educational and institutional occupancies. Storage shall be limited to that required for maintenance, demonstration, treatment and laboratory work. Liquids stored for such purposes shall be in original containers, or in safety cans.

4. Commercial, mercantile, industrial and processing occupancies.

(I) In rooms or areas accessible to the public, storage shall be limited quantities needed for display and normal merchandising purposes but shall not exceed eighty one (81) liters per square meter of gross floor area. The gross floor area used for computing the maximum quantity permitted shall be considered as that portion of the store actually being used for merchandising flammable and combustible liquids.

(II) In rooms or areas not accessible to the public, storage shall be limited to two hundred twenty seven (227) liters of Class IA, four hundred fifty four (454) liters of Class IB, six hundred eighty one (681) liters of Class IC, nine hundred eight (908) liters of Class II, one thousand eight hundred ninety three (1,893) liters of combustible liquids or any combination of flammable liquids totaling nine hundred eight (908) liters. Quantities exceeding these limitations shall be stored in a room or portion of the building that complies with the provisions for an inside storage and handling room as provided in Section 23. 404.

(III) Containers under one hundred fourteen (114) liters capacity shall not be stocked than one (1) meter or two containers high, whichever is greater, unless on fixed shelving or otherwise satisfactorily accrued. Containers over one hundred fourteen (114) liters shall not be stacked one upon the other. All containers shall be stored in an upright position.

(IV) Shelving shall be of stable construction. of sufficient depth and such arrangement that containers displayed thereon shall not be easily displaced.

(V) Leaking containers shall be taken to a safe location, in an area not accessible to the public, and the contents transferred to an undamaged container.

(VI) Dispensing of Class II or III liquids from a single containers having a capacity of more than two hundred twenty seven (227) liters may be permitted outside of an inside storage and handling room when location, type to dispensing device, fire control measures, and other conditions as may be specified and approved by the Chief of the local Fire Service, are provided. Both the dispensing container and any reserve containers shall be considered as contributing to the totals allowed under (II) above.

(VII) No pile shall be closer than one (1) meter to the nearest beam, chord, girder or other obstruction, and shall be one (1) meter below sprinkler deflectors or discharge orifices of water spray, or other overhead fire protection systems.

TABLE NO. 23. 402 A .—INDOOR CONTAINER STORAGE
CLASS LIQUID	STORAGE LEVEL	PROTECTED STORAGE 1 MAXIMUM PER PILE	UNPROTECTED STORAGE MAXIMUM PER PILE
LITER	HEIGHT	LITERS	HEIGHT
HEIGHT	(METER)		(METER)		(METER)
IA	Ground & Upper Floor	10.409	1 meter	2,498	1 meter
	BASEMENT NOT PERMITTED	NOT PERMITTED
IB	Ground & Upper Floors	20,818	2 meters	5,204	1 meter
	BASEMENT NOT PERMITTED	NOT PERMITTED
IC	Ground & Upper Floor	62,453	2 meters	15,613	1 meter
	BASEMENT NOT PERMITTED	NOT PERMITTED
II	Ground & Upper Floors	62,453	3 meters	15,613	3 meters
	BASEMENT	20,818	3 meters	NOT PERMITTED
(100)		(3)
TABLE NO. 23. 402. B — INDOOR CONTAINER STORAGE (Combustible)
CLASS of LIQUID	STORAGE	PROTECTED STORAGE 1	UNPROTECTED STORAGE
level	maximum per pile	maximum per pile
		LITER	HEIGHT (METER)	LITERS	HEIGHT (METER)
Combustible	Ground Upper Floors	208.175	5 meters	52,044	4 meters
	BASEMENT	31,226	3 meters	NOT PERMITTED

1 A sprinkler or equivalent fire-protection installed in accordance with the applicable NFPA Standard and approved by the local Fire Service Chief. (Numbers in parenthesis indicated corresponding number of 208-liter drums.)

NOTES: 1. When two or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum capacity permitted in that pile shall be the smallest of the two or more separate maximum capacity.

2. Aisle shall be provided so that no container is more than four (4) meters from an aisle. Main aisles shall be at least two and forty four hundredths (2.44) meters wide and side aisles at least one and twenty two hundredths (1.22) meters wide.

SECTION 23.403. Storage Cabinets. — A. Storage cabinets may be used where it is desired to keep more than thirty eight (38) liters of flammable or combustible, liquids inside buildings. No individual container shall exceed nineteen (19) liters capacity and not over one ninety (190) liters shall be stored in any one cabinet.

B. Storage cabinets shall be approved and shall be substantially constructed to one and two-tenths (1.2) millimeters sheet iron or two and fifty four hundredths (2.54) centimeters, plywood or equivalent. A minimum five (5) centimeters sill shall be provided, and cabinet shall be liquid tight to the top of the sill. Doors shall be equipped with latching device. Cabinets shall be painted with an approved intumescent type fire-retardant paint. Cabinets shall be conspicuously labeled in red letters "flammable liquids".

SECTION 23.404. Design and Construction of Inside Storage and Handling Rooms. — A. Inside storage and handling rooms shall be constructed to meet the required fire-resistive rating for their use. Such construction shall comply with the requirements set forth in the Building Code. Where an automatic sprinkler system is provided, the system shall be designed and installed in an approved manner, for extra hazardous locations. Openings to other rooms or buildings shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight raised sills or ramps at least ten (10) centimeters in height, or the floor in the room shall be at least ten (10) centimeters in height, or the floor in the room shall be at least ten (10) centimeters below surrounding floors. A permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated trench inside of the room which drains to a safe location. The room shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors. Where other portions of the building or other properties are exposed, windows shall be protected in an approved manner. Wood at least two and fifty four hundredths (254) centimeters nominal thickness, may be used for shelving rack, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay and similar installations.

B. Electrical wiring and equipment located inside storage and handing rooms shall be approved for hazardous locations in accordance with the Electrical Code.

C. Ventilation shall be designed to provide for a complete change of air within the room at least six times per hour. Ventilation shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of NFPA pamphlet No. 91, "Blower and Exhaust System". It shall be controlled by a switch located outside of the door The ventilation equipment and any lighting fixtures shall be operated by the same switch. A pilot light shall be installed adjacent to the switch if Class I flammable liquids are dispensed or used within the room.

D. Heating shall be restricted to low pressure steam or hot water and electric units, approved for Hazardous Locations.

SECTION 23.405. Storage in Inside Storage and Handling Rooms. — A. Storage in inside storage and handling rooms shall comply Table No. 23.405.

TABLE NO. 23.405
AUTOMATIC 1	FIRE	MAXIMUM	TOTAL
Yes	2 hours	46.5 sq. m.	18.925
No	2 hours	46.5 sq. m.	7.570
Yes	1 hour	13.9 sq. m	3,785
No	1 hour	13.9 sq. m	1,893

1 Automatic Fire-Extinguishing system shall be sprinkler, water spray, carbon dioxide or other system approved by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

2 See Building Code.

B. Inside storage and handling rooms shall contain at least one aisle with a minimum width of one (1) meter. Storage shall be no closer than one (1) meter to ceilings or automatic sprinklers.

C. Containers under one hundred thirteen (113) liters capacity shall not be stacked more than one (1) meter or two containers high, whichever is greater, unless or fixed shelving or otherwise satisfactorily secured. Containers over one hundred thirteen (113) liters capacity shall not be stacked one upon the other.

SECTION 23.406. Dispensing in Inside Storage and Handling Rooms. — A. The dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids is limited to not more than one hundred eight (108) liters drums at any time and shall be by approved pumps taking suction through the top of the container. Alternate methods must have the approval of the Chief of the Fire Service.

B. All mixing, blending, and similar operations involving the use of flammable or combustible liquids shall be performed in an inside storage and handling room of two-hours fire-resistive construction; such construction shall be in accordance with the National Building Code.

SECTION 23.407. Outside Storage. — A. Storage of over 100 drums of Class I liquids shall be limited to groups of one hundred (100) drums, located at least eighteen (18) meters from the nearest important building or line of adjacent property may be built upon and each group shall be separated by at least twelve (12) meters. Storage of over three hundred (300) drums of Class II or III liquids shall be limited to groups of three hundred (300) drums located at least fifteen (15) meters from the nearest building or line of adjoining property that may be built upon and each group shall be separated by at least nine (9) meters. These distances may be reduced fifty (50%) percent if sprinklers and drainage away from exposures are provided.

B. The drum storage shall be located to prevent runoff or drainage toward other storage or buildings. The area shall be kept clear of grass, weeds and other foreign combustibles. Signs shall be posted prohibiting open flames and smoking. Fences or other control measures shall be provided where necessary to protect against tampering or trespassers.

C. Where more than one hundred (100) drums of flammable or combustible liquids are to be stored outside of buildings, plans shall be submitted to the Chief of the local Fire Service showing methods of storage, quantities to be stored, distances from buildings and properly lines, access ways between groups of drums, fire protection facilities, and provisions for drainage and runoff.

D. Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in closed containers in quantities of eighteen thousand nine hundred twenty five (18,925) liters or less outside of buildings shall be located with respect to buildings or line of adjoining property which may be built upon in accordance with Table No. 23.407. These distances may be reduced with respect to warehouses and industrial buildings or noncombustible or fire-resistive construction, provided that the distances to property lines as set forth in Table No. 23.407 are maintained.

E. Combustible materials, shall not stored or be permitted to accumulate adjacent to flammable or combustible liquid storage outside buildings in such a manner as to constitute a dangerous exposure to the liquid storage in event of fire. A distance of not less than four and a half (4.5) meters shall be maintained between the liquid storage and any combustible materials.

TABLE NO. 23.407 — STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN CLOSED CONTAINERS OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS

TABLE NO. 23.405 — STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN CLOSED CONTAINERS OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS
QUANTITY IN LITERS	DISTANCE FROM BUILDING OR LINE OF ADJOINING PROPERTY WHICH MAY BE BUILT UPON IN METERS
Class I
1 to 568 (3 drums)	4.5
568 to 1892 (3 to 10 drums)	7.5
1893 to 18925 (10 to 100 drums)	15
Class II or III
1 to 568 (3 drums)	1.5
568 to 1892 (3 to 10 drums)	3
1893 to 18925 (10 to 100 drums	9

In occupancies where the public is invited or permitted, the above distances shall be doubled.

SECTION 23.408. Outside Dispensing. — Outside dispensing shall be in approved locations.

SECTION 23.409. Portable Tank Storage. — For storage limitations of portable tanks.

TABLE NO. 23.409 — OUTDOOR PORTABLE TANK STORAGE
CLASS	MAXIMUM	DISTANCE	DISTANCE TO PROPERTY LINE	DISTANCE-TO
IA	8,327	1.5 meter	6 meters	3 meters
IB	16,654	1.5 meter	6 meters	3 meters
IC	33,308	1.5 meter	6 meters	3 meters
II	66,616	1.5 meter	3 meters	1.5 meters
Combustible	66,540	1.5 meter	3 meters	1.5 meters
____________________________________________________________________________________

Notes: 1. When two or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum capacity in that pile shall be the smallest of the two or more separate capacities.

2. Within sixty (60) meters of each portable tank, there shall be a three and five tenths (3.5) meters wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus.

3. The distances listed apply to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If there are exposures, and such protection for exposures does not exist, the distances in column 4 shall be doubled.

4. When total quantity stored does not exceed fifty (50) percent of maximum per pile, the distances in columns 4 and 5 may be reduced 50 percent but not less than ninety one (91) centimeters.

SECTION 23.410. Empty Containers. — The storage of empty tanks, and containers, previously used for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids, unless free from explosive vapors, shall be as provided for the storage of flammable liquids; provided, however, that the provisions of this Section shall not apply to portable or safety containers. Tanks and containers when emptied shall have the covers or plugs immediately replaced in openings.

SECTION 23.411. Fire Control. — A. Suitable fire control devices such as small hose or approved portable fire appliances shall be available at locations where flammable or combustible liquids are stored.

B. Where sprinklers are required they shall be installed in an approved manner.

C. Open flames, smoking and other sources of ignition shall not be permitted in flammable or combustible liquid storage rooms.

D. Materials which will react with water or other liquids to produce a hazard shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or combustible liquids.

DIVISION 5

Industrial Establishments

SECTION 23.501. Manner of Storage. — A. Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in tanks, closed containers or approved safety cans.

B. Flammable or combustible liquids stored in tanks, drums or other closed containers shall conform to the applicable requirements of Division 2 and 4 of this Rule.

SECTION 23.502. Use of Flammable or Combustible Liquids. — Location. — Flammable or combustible liquids in quantities requiring a permit shall be used in buildings, portions of buildings or rooms designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of Section 23.404 for inside storage and handling rooms.

SECTION 23.503. Dispensing. — A. Class I flammable liquids shall be dispensed only in an inside storage and handling room; or from approved safety cans, or original containers in rooms approved for such use.

B. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be dispensed by approved pumps taking suction through the top of the container. Alternate methods must have the approval of the Chief of the local Fire Service.

C. Class I flammable liquids shall not be dispensed within a room or building which normally contains sources of ignition. Dispensing devices shall be provided with iron or steel valves that is compatible with the liquid handled. There shall be in addition to the outlet valves, a secondary control device or valve outside of the immediate area,. by which the flow may be stopped in the event of fire or other accident at the outlet. Outlet valves, where practicable, shall be the self-closing type.

D. Container Filling Facilities: Class I flammable liquids shall not be run into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected. Where the metallic floor plate on which the container stands while filing is electrically connected to the fill stem or where the fill stem is bonded to the container during filling operations by means of a bond-wire, the provisions of this Section shall be deemed to have been complied with.

E. Exit facilities shall be provided in accordance with Rule 3, fire Safety in Buildings and Structures.

SECTION 23.504. Ventilation. — A. Buildings or rooms or other enclosures in which flammable or combustible liquids are used or stored in open systems and processes shall be provided with ventilation sufficient at all times to prevent accumulation of flammable vapors. Where natural ventilation is insufficient under all conditions to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors, mechanical ventilation shall be provided and used.

B. Design of ventilating systems shall take into account the relatively high specific gravity of the groups. Openings to the outside for natural ventilation shall be fifteen (15) centimeters above floor level and shall be unobstructed except by louvers or coarse screens. Mechanical systems for removing flammable and combustible liquid vapors shall be designed and installed in accordance with the provision of NFPA No. 91. "Blower and Exhaust Systems"

SECTION 23.505. Sources of Ignition. — Open flames, heating devices and processes employing temperature capable of igniting vapors of the flammable liquids used, shall be prohibited in buildings, rooms or other confined spaces in which Class I flammable liquids are used in the open or in which Class II or III liquids are used for the purpose of saturating coating or otherwise treating goods or materials. Artificial lighting shall be by electricity only. Electrical devices shall be of a type approved for such locations and shall comply with the applicable provisions of the Electrical Code. Smoking shall be prohibited and suitable signs to that effect shall be displayed.

SECTION 23.506. Fire control. — A. Where flammable or combustible liquids are used or dispensed, fire-protection appliances shall be as provided, the number and type of appliances shall be as provided in NFPA pamphlet No. 10, "Portable Fire Extinguishers.

B. Whenever flammable or combustible liquids are stored in containers, provision shall be made and maintained for the detection of leakage. Leaking containers shall be immediately removed or made tight.

C. Access shall be provided by unobstructed aisles whereby fire control apparatus may be brought to bear on any part of such flammable or combustible liquid storage.

D. In buildings, rooms or other confined space in which flammable or combustible liquids are stored, no combustible waste materials shall be allowed to accumulate.

E. Crankcase drainings and flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped on the ground, into sewers, drainage ditches or storm drains, but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any building until removed from the premises.

DIVISION 6

Bulk Plants

SECTION 23.601. Location of Plants. — No new bulk plant shall be constructed within the limits established by law as limits of the districts in which such plants are prohibited.

SECTION 23.602. Storage. — A. Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in bulk plants shall, in addition to complying with the provisions of this Division, comply with the applicable and provision of Division II and IV of this Rule.

B. Storage — Class I. Class I flammable liquids shall be stored in closed containers, in storage tanks above ground, outside of buildings or underground.

C. Storage — Class II and III. Class II and III liquids shall be stored in containers on in tanks within buildings or aboveground outside of buildings, or underground.

D. Storage of containers. Containers of flammable or combustible liquids when piled one upon the other shall be separated to provide stability and to prevent excessive stress on container walls. The height of piles shall be consistent with stability and strength of containers. In no case shall nominal two hundred (200) liters drums be stored over three tiers high without approved structural support.

SECTION 23.603. Filling Emptying Containers. — Containers of Class I flammable liquids shall not be drawn from or filled within buildings unless adequate ventilation is provided to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors in hazardous concentration.

SECTION 23.604. Ventilation. — Ventilation shall be provided for all rooms, buildings or enclosures in which Class I flammable liquids are pumped or dispensed. Design of ventilation systems shall take into account the relatively high specific gravity of the vapors. Ventilation may be provided by adequate openings in outside walls at floor level unobstructed except by louvers or coarse screens. Where natural ventilation is inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be provided in accordance with NFPA pamphlet No. 91, "Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock and Vapor Removal or Conveying."

SECTION 23.605. Buildings. — A. General Construction. Buildings shall be constructed so that rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids are handled or stored comply with the requirements of zone or area in which located. Class I flammable liquids shall not be stored or handled within a building having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors may travel, unless such area is provided with ventilation designed to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors therein.

B. Exits. Rooms storing flammable or combustible liquid or in which flammable or combustible liquids are handled by pumps shall have exit facilities in accordance with Rule 3, Fire Safety in Buildings and Structures.

C. Heating. Rooms in which Class I flammable liquids are stored or handled shall be heated only by means of not constituting a source of ignition, such as steam or hot water. Rooms containing heating appliance involving sources of ignition shall be located and arranged to prevent entry of flammable vapors.

SECTION 23.606. Loading and Unloading Facilities. — A. Tank Vehicle Loading Racks.

1. Construction. Noncombustible materials only shall be used for the construction of loading racks.

2. Location. Tank vehicle loading racks dispensing flammable or combustible liquids shall be separated from tanks, warehouses or other plant buildings, nearest line of property that may be built upon by a clear distance of not less than seven and five tenths (7.5) meters, measured from the nearest position of any fill stem. Buildings for pumps or for shelter of loading personnel may part of the loading rack.

3. Static protection. Loading racks shall be equipped with protection against static parks during truck filling. Protection shall consist of a bare metallic bond wire permanently electrically connected to the fill stem or some part of the fill-stem piping. The free end of such wire shall be provided with a clamp or similar device for convenient attachment to some metallic part of the cargo tank of the tank vehicle. The bondwire connection shall be made prior to opening the dome cover. It shall be maintained in place during the entire filling operation and the dome covers shall be closed before the bond wire is disconnected from the cargo tank.

4. Drag Chains. Drag chains or similar devices on tank vehicles shall not be deemed to meet the requirement of the preceding paragraph for static protection.

5. Signs. Legible signs shall be maintained at the entrance gate or gates of each bulk plant and near each loading rack with the words "NO SMOKING" printed thereon.

6. Fencing. Each loading rack or property upon which a loading rack is located shall be surrounded by a fence not less than one and five tenths (1.5) meters in height, constructed of wire mesh, solid metal sheathing or masonry. No person shall load or unload, or permit the loading or unloading of a tank vehicle unless such vehicle is entirely within such enclosure. No person shall drive or permit the driving of any tank vehicle into or from the premises of a bulk plant except while traveling in a forward direction. In existing installations, when determined by the Chief of the local Fire Service that adequate public safety exits because of isolation, natural barriers, or other factors, the requirements of this Subsection may be waived.

7. Piping. There shall be installed on each such loading rack riser pipe between the ground and the outlet, at least two valves, one being of the level operated, self-closing type, which may be readily operated from the leading rack platform or top of the vehicle using filled. It shall be unlawful for any person to tie or lock such self-closing valve in the open position.

B. Tank Car Racks. Class flammable liquids shall not be discharged from or loaded into tank cars unless protection against stray currents has been provided and is used. Protection shall be designed and installed in accordance with NFPA Pamphlet No "Static Electricity."

C. Container Filling Facilities. Class I flammable liquids shall not be run into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected. Where the metallic floor plate on which the container stands while filling is electrically connected to the fill stem or where the fill stem is bonded to the container during filling operations by means of a bond wire, the provisions of this Section shall be deemed to have been complied with.

D. Drainage and Waste Disposal. Provision shall be made to prevent flammable or combustible-liquids which may be spilled at loading or unloading points from entering public sewer and drainage systems or natural waterways. Connections to such sewers, drains or waterways by which flammable or combustible liquids might enter shall be provided with separator boxes or other approved means whereby such entry is precluded. Crankcase drainings and flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped into sewers but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any buildings until remove from the premises.

SECTION 23.607. Electrical Equipment. — A. All wiring and electrical equipment located within seven and one half (7.5) meters of any portion, of the loading rack shall be designed, operated and installed so as not to create an ignition hazard. Electrical equipment shall be designed and installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.

B. For area classifications not covered under, Section 23.607 and not listed in Table No. VI-9 NFPA pamphlet No. 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code", the Chief of the local Fire Service shall have the authority to classify the extent of the hazardous area.

SECTION 23.608. Sources of Ignition. — Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be handled, drawn or dispensed where flammable vapors may reach a source of ignition. Smoking shall be prohibited except in designated localities. "NO SMOKING" sign shall be conspicuously posted where hazard from flammable vapors is normally present.

SECTION 23.609. Fire Control. — Approved portable fire extinguishers shall be provided for the extinguishment of fires as designated in NFPA Pamphlet No. 10, "Portable Fire Extinguishers." An extinguisher shall be provided and maintained, having a minimum classification of 20-B at the loading rack. Suitable fire-control devices, such as small hose or portable fire extinguishers, shall be available to locations where fires are likely to occur. Additional fire-control equipment may be required by the Chief of the local Fire Service where an unusual exposure hazard exits. Such additional fire-control equipment shall be sufficient to extinguish a fire in the largest tank. The design and amount of such equipment shall be in accordance with approved engineering standards

DIVISION 7

Service Stations

SECTION 23.701. Location. — Apparatus dispensing Class I flammable liquids into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles of the public shall not be located at a bulk plant unless separated by a fence or similar barrier from The area in which bulk operations are conducted.

SECTION 23.702. General Construction. — Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled within a building having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors may travel unless such area is provided with ventilation designed to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors therein.

SECTION 23.703. Storage Handling. — A. General Provisions. Class I liquids shall be stored in closed containers, or tanks located underground or in special enclosures as described in Section 23.703.

There shall be no connection between any background tank and any underground tank except aboveground tanks located in an adjoining bulk plant, may be connected by piping to service station underground tanks if, in addition to valves at the aboveground tanks, a valve is also installed within control of service station personnel.

1. The Provision of Section 23.703 "A" shall not prohibit the temporary use of portable or semiportable tanks in conjunction with the dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles or other motorized equipment on premises not normally assessable to the public. Such installation shall only be made with the approval of the local Fire Service Chief.

B. Special Enclosures. — When installation of tanks in accordance with Section 23.203 is impractical or because of property or building limitations, tanks for flammable or combustible liquids may be installed in buildings if enclosed as follows Enclosures shall be liquid and vapor tight without backfill. Sides, top and bottom of the enclosure shall be of reinforced concrete at least fifteen (15) centimeters thick, with openings for inspection through the top only. Tank connection shall be so piped or closed that neither vapors nor liquid can escape into the enclosed spaced. Means shall be provided whereby portable equipment may be employed to discharge to the outside any vapors which might accumulate should leakage occur.

C. Storage Inside Buildings. — Flammable or combustible liquids may be stored in approved containers inside service station buildings. Class I liquids may be stored within service station buildings in approved one-gallon closed containers of aggregate capacity not exceeding four hundred fifty five (455) liters. Class II and III liquids may be stored within service station buildings in approved containers of not more than four hundred fifty five (455) liters capacity each.

D. Dispensing. — No Class I liquids shall be dispensed or transferred within a service station building, except as provided in Section 23.704 (d). Class II and III liquids may be dispensed in lubrication or service station building provided the heating equipment complies with Section 23.707. No delivery of any flammable or combustible liquid shall be made into portable containers unless such container is of approved material and construction, having a tight closure with screwed or spring cover, so designed that the contents can be dispensed without spilling. The dispensing of flammable liquids into the fuel tank of a vehicle or into a container shall at all times be under the supervision of a qualified attendant except as provided in Section 23.703. "E".

E. Service stations not open to the public do not require an attendant or supervisor. Such stations may be used by commercial, industrial, governmental or manufacturing establishments for fueling vehicles used in connection with their business.

SECTION 23.704. Dispensing Services. — A. Design and Construction. Class I liquids shall be transferred from underground tanks by means of fixed pumps so designed and equipped as to allow control of the flow and to prevent leakage or accidental discharge. Supplemental means shall be provided outside of this dispensing device whereby the source of power may be readily disconnected in the event of fire or other accident. Dispensing for flammable or combustible liquids shall be of approved type. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be dispensed by approved pumps taking suction through the top of the container. Flammable and combustible liquids shall not be dispensed by a device that operates through pressure within a storage tank or container unless the tank or container has been approved as pressure vessel for the use to which it is subjected. In no case shall air or oxygen pressure be used for dispensing flammable and combustible liquids. This Section does not prohibit use permitted by Section 23.705.

B. Supervision. Every service station open to the public shall have an attendant or supervisor on duty whenever the station is open for business.

1. If the dispensing of Class I liquids at a service station available and open to the public is to be done by a person other than the service station attendant, the nozzle shall be a listed automatic closing type.

C. Location. 1. Dispensing devices at automobile service station shall be located a minimum distance of three (3) meters from a property line and so located that all parts of a vehicles being serviced will be on private property.

2. Dispensing devices at automobile service stations shall be located not less than three (3) meters from any building which is not of fire-resistive construction. Such dispensing devices shall also be located so that the nozzle, when hose is fully extended, shall not reach within one and a half (1.5) meters of any building opening.

3. All dispensing devices shall be protected against physical damage from vehicles by mounting on a concrete island of minimum of fifteen and one-fourth (15.25) centimeters in height. Alternate methods of providing equivalent protection may be permitted when approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

D. Inside Garages. Where an outside location is impractical, dispensing devices approved for inside used may be installed inside a garage or similar establishment, storing, parking, servicing or repairing automotive equipment upon the approval of the location and safeguards by the Chief of the Local Fire Service. The dispensing device shall be located in an area of fire-resistive construction well away from vehicle storage and repair areas and well ventilated. It shall be protected against physical damage by vehicles by mounting on a concrete island or by equivalent means and shall be located in a position where it cannot be struck by a vehicle descending a ramp or other slope out of control. A remote emergency shutoff for electric power to the dispensing unit and the pump supplying it shall be provided at an accessible location and shall be clearly labeled as to its intended purpose. The dispensing area shall be provided with an approved mechanical or gravity ventilation system. When dispensing units are located below grade, only approved mechanical ventilation shall be used and the entire dispensing area shall be protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system. Ventilating systems shall be electrically interlocked with Class I dispensing units so that the dispensing units cannot be operated unless the ventilating fan motors are energized.

E. Electrical Controls. 1. Any pump motor circuit shall be energized by a switch located on each dispenser connected to it which shall be operated by removal or replacement of the nozzle in its bracket.

2. A clearly labeled manually operated pump master switch shall be provided in an approved location, within twenty two (22) meters of, but not nearer than four and six-tenths (4.6) meters to, any dispenser. Where such master switch is not visible from all dispensers, the location thereof shall be indicated by approved signs.

3. Signs identifying the pump master switch shall be labeled "EMERGENCY PUMP SHUTOFF".

4. The master switch on all individual pump circuit switches shall be set in the "OFF position before closing the services station for business at any time.

5. Pressure system shall incorporate with each turbine an indicator light illuminated when the turbine is running. Said light shall be visible from the pump island, suitably identified as to the system served.

(f) Special Type Dispensers. Approved special dispensing systems such as, but not limited to, coin-operated and remote preset types are permitted at service stations, provided there is at least one qualified attendant on duty while the station is open to the public. The attendant's primary function shall be to supervise, observe and control the dispensing of Class I liquids while said liquids are being dispensed. It shall be the responsibility of the attendant to prevent the dispensing of Class I liquids into portable containers not in compliance With Section 23.703 "D", control of ignition, and to immediately handle accidental spills and fire extinguishers if needed.

1. The attendant or supervisor on duty shall be capable of performing the functions and assuming the responsibilities covered in Section 23.704 "F".

2. Emergency controls shall be installed at a location acceptable by the Director General or his duly authorized representative, but controls shall be not more than thirty (30) meters from dispensers.

3. Instructions for the operation of dispensers shall be conspicuously posted.

4. Remote preset type devices are to be in the off position while not in use so that dispenser cannot be activated without the knowledge of the attendant.

SECTION 23.705. Pressure Delivery Service Stations. — A. General. This Section shall apply to pressure delivery systems for delivery of gasoline to the fuel tanks of motor vehicles at automotive service stations whether new, modernized or rebuilt. The Local Fire Service Chief may alter or impose additional regulations where such systems are located within buildings. Notification shall be given to the Local Fire Service Chief prior to abandonment, alternation or repair of any part of a pressure delivery system, except the dispenser.

B. Approval of Equipment and Installation. — Tanks, pits, pumps, electrical equipment, piping systems, dispensers, hoses, nozzles and other integral parts of pressure delivery systems shall be approved by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

C. Pumps. 1. Pumps installed above grade outside of buildings shall be located not less than three (3) meters from line of adjoining property which may be built upon or from a property line that abuts upon a public right-of-way or thoroughfare, pumps shall be located not less than three (3) meters from buildings which are not of noncombustible or at least one-hour fire-resistive construction in accordance with the Building Code nor less than one and a half (1.5) meters from any building opening.

2. Pumps installed above grade shall be mounted on a concrete foundation and shall be protected against damage by vehicles.

3. Submersible or subsurface pumps shall be installed in accordance with approved standards.

D. Pits. 1. Pits intended to contain subsurface pumps or fitting from submersible pumps shall be no larger than necessary to contain the intended equipment and to permit the free movement of hand tools operated from above grade.

2. Pits and covers shall be designed and constructed to withstand the external forces to which they may be subjected. When located above any underground tank, at least thirty (30) centimeters of earth or sand cover shall be maintained over the top of the tank.

3. Pits shall be protected against ignition of vapors by one of the following methods:

(i) Sealing the unpierced cover with mastic or by bolting against a gasket in an approved manner.

(ii) Filling the pit with a noncombustible inert material.

E. Piping, Valves and Fittings. 1. Piping valves and fittings shall be designed for the working pressures and structural stresses to which they may be subjected. They shall be galvanized or otherwise protected against external corrosion with an approved materials. All threaded joints or connections shall be made up tight with the use of an approved pipe joint sealing compound.

2. A check or manual valve shall be provided in the discharge dispensing supply line from the pump with a union between the valve and the same pump discharge.

3. An approved impact valve, incorporating a fusible link, designed to close automatically in the event of severe impact or fire exposure shall be properly installed, rigidly mounted, and connected by a union in the dispensing supply line at the base of each dispensing device. Properly installed shall mean that the shear section of the valve is mounted flush with the top of the surface upon which the dispenser is mounted.

4. After completion of the installation, the system shall be tested as provided in Section 23.209.

SECTION 23.706. Electrical Equipment. — A. This Section shall apply to areas where Class I liquids are stored or handled.

B. All installation of electric wiring and equipment shall be reasonably safe to persons and properties. For Class I liquids where electrical wiring and equipment are installed, evidence that such wiring and equipment are of the type approved for use in the hazardous locations as set forth in Table No. 23.706 and that such wiring and equipment have been installed in accordance with the Electrical Code will be required.

C. In Table No. 23.706 a classified area shall not extend beyond the unpierced wall, roof or other solid partition.

D. For area classifications not covered in Section 23.706 "B" and not listed in Table No. 23.706 the Chief of the Local Fire Service shall have the authority to classify the extent of the hazardous area.

TABLE NO. 23.706 — ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT HAZARDOUS AREA SERVICE STATIONS
Location	NEC CLASS I GROUP D	EXTENT TO CLASSIFIED AREA
	1	Any pit, box or space below grade level, any part of which is within the Division 1 and 2 classified area
Underground Tank-Fill Opening	2	Up to forty six (46) centimeters level within a horizontal radius of three (3) meters from a loose fill connection and within a horizontal radius of one and a half (1.5) meters from a tight fill connection.
Underground Tank-Vent Discharging Upward	1	Within ninety one (91) centimeters of open and of vent, extending in all directions
	2	Area between ninety one (91) centimeters and one and half (1.5) meters open and of vent, extending in all directions
Dispenser-Pits	1	Any pit, box or space below grade level, any part of which is within the Division 1 or 2 classified area
Dispenser-Enclosure	1	The area one and two-tenths (1.2) meters vertically above grade within the enclosure of forty six (46) centimeters in all directions
Dispenser-Outdoor		Up to forty six (46) centimeters above grade level within six (6) meters horizontally of any edge of enclosure
Dispenser-Indoor with Mechanical Ventilation	2	Up to forty six (46) centimeters above grade or floor level within seven and sixteenths (7.6) meters horizontally of any edge of enclosure
Remote Pump-Outdoor	1	Any pit, box or space below grade level if any parts is within a horizontal distance of three (3) meters from any edge of pump
Remote Pump-Outdoor	2	Within ninety one (91) centimeters of any edge of pump, extending in all directions. Also up to forty six (46) centimeters above grade level within three (3) meters horizontally from any edge of pump
1	Entire area within any pit
Remote Pump-Indoor	2	Within one and a half (1.5) meters of any edge of pump extending in all directions. Also up to ninety one (91) centimeters above floor or grade level within seven and sixteenths (7.6) meters horizontally from any edge of pump
1	Entire area within any pit
Lubrication Room	2	Area up to forty six (46) centimeters above floor or grade level within entire lubrication room.
Lubrication Room Dispenser for Class I Liquids	2	Within ninety one (91) centimeters of any fill or dispensing point, extending in all directions
Special Enclosure Inside Building per Sec. 23.703 (b)	1	Entire enclosure
Sales Storage and Rest Rooms	Ordinary	If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an outdoor classified area, the entire room shall be classified the same as the area classification at the point of the opening, If there is any opening of these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified area, the room shall be classified the same as if the wall, curb or partition did no exist

SECTION 23.707. Heating Equipment. — A. Electrical heating equipment shall conform to Section 23.706.

B. Heating equipment, other than electrical, shall conform to the following:

1. In rooms where Class I, II or in liquids are dispensed, heating equipment shall be installed in accordance with the Building Code.

2. Rooms adjacent to dispensing rooms; with openings between, shall be treated as if used for dispensing.

SECTION 23.708. Drainage and Waste Disposal. A. Provisions shall be made in the area where flammable liquids may be spilled to prevent liquids from flowing into interior of service station buildings. Such provision may be by grading driveway, raising door sills, or other equally effective means. Crank-case drainings and flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped into sewers, but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any building until removed from the premises.

B. Tanks installed for crankcase drainings shall be installed in accordance with the requirements for flammable liquid storage. In addition thereto, drainage lines terminating inside a building shall be equipped with a non-removable type cap (such as a hinged cap).

SECTION 23.709. Safety Rules. — A. There shall be no smoking or open flames in the areas used for fueling, servicing internal combustion engines, receiving or dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids. A conspicuous sign prohibiting smoking shall be posted within sight of each customer being served. Letters on such signs shall be not less than ten (10) centimeters high. The motors of all vehicles being fueled shall be shut off during the fueling operation.

B. Extinguishers of a minimum classification of 5-B, C shall be provided and so located that no pump, dispenser or fill-pipe opening shall be a greater distance than twenty three (23) meters from such extinguisher.

SECTION 23.710. Marine Service Stations. — A. General. The general construction of marine service and the storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids at such locations shall, except as otherwise provided in this Section, be in accordance with the provisions of this Rule.

Marine service stations shall not be located at a bulk plant unless separated by a fence or similar barrier from the area in which bulk operations are conducted.

B. General Construction. Piers, wharves and floats where flammable or combustible liquid dispensers are located shall be of fire-resistive construction and impervious to spills of such liquids and oils within immediate area of the dispenser.

C. Storage and Handling. Flammable and combustible liquids may be stored in approved portable containers within marine service station buildings. Storage of Class-I liquids in approved closed portable containers shall not exceed thirty-eight (38) liters aggregate capacity except within a room or building approved for such storage or which meets the requirements of Section 23.404. Class II or III liquids may be stored and dispensed inside marine service station buildings from approved containers of not more than four hundred fifty five (455) liters capacity, provided the heating equipment complies with Section 23.707.

1. Tanks, valves, fittings and piping for flammable or combustible liquids and liquefied petroleum gases shall be approved for such use and fully protected from external corrosion.

2. There shall be no connection between any aboveground tank and any underground tank except that aboveground tanks located in an adjoining bulk plant may be connected by piping to marine service station underground tanks if, in addition to valves at the aboveground tanks, a valve is also installed within control of marine service station personnel.

3. Pipelines at marine service stations where attached to piers, wharves or other structures shall be fully protected against physical damage and excessive stresses.

4. A valve whereby supply from shore may be shut off shall be provided in each product line at or near the approach to the pier wharf or other structure and an approved quick throw valve shall be provided above each flexible connection to stop flow to float in the event of rupture of such flexible connections.

5. Not more than two flexible connections shall be permitted in any line leading from any pier or wharf to afloat except when unusual conditions exist, then additional flexible connections may be allowed upon permission of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

6. All commodity piping at marine service stations shall be welded or welded flanged steel construction, except that screwed piping five (5) centimeters or less in diameter shall be permitted.

7. Piping handling Class I liquids shall be grounded to control stray electrical current.

8. Testing of piping systems shall be in accordance with Section 23.209.

D. Dispensing. Wharves, piers, or floats at marine service stations shall be used exclusively for the dispensing or transfer of petroleum products to or from marine craft, except that transfer of essential ship stores is permitted. Sales of ship stores or merchandise shall not be allowed from an area where fuel is dispensed into the tanks of motor craft.

1. Tanks and pumps other than those integral with approved dispensing devices, supplying flammable or combustible liquids at marine service stations, shall be located only on shore or upon express permission of the Local Fire Service Chief on piers of solid-fill type. Approved dispensing devices with or without integral pumps may be located on shore, piers of solid fill type, open pier, wharves or floating docks.

2. Dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids or liquefied petroleum gases shall at all times be under the direct control of a competent person who is fully aware of the operation, mechanics, and hazardous inherent to fueling of boats.

3. Dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids into the fuel tanks of marine craft shall be by means of at approved type hose, equipped with a listed automatic closing nozzle with latch open device.

4. Hoses used for dispensing or transferring flammable or combustible liquids, when not in use, shall be reeled, racked or otherwise protected from mechanical damage.

5. Fueling of floating marine craft at other than a marine service station is prohibited except by special authorization of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

6. No delivery of any flammable or combustible liquids shall be made into portable containers unless such container is of approved material and construction, having a tight closure with screwed or spring cover, so designed that the contents can be dispensed without spilling.

7. Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders shall not be filled or discharged at any petroleum marine service station without first obtaining written permission from the Chief of the Local Fire Service. Approved storage facilities for liquefied petroleum gas cylinders shall be provided.

8. The dispensing area shall be located from other structures so as to provide room for safe ingress and egress of craft to be fueled. Dispensing units shall in all cases be at least six (6) meters from any activity involving fixed sources of ignition.

E. Fire Prevention Regulations.

1. All marine facilities shall be maintained in a neat and orderly manner and no accumulation of rubbish or waste oils in excessive amounts shall be permitted. Any spills of flammable or combustible liquids at or upon the water of marine service stations shall be reported immediately to the Fire Service and port authorities.

2. Metal containers with tight-fitting or self closing metal lids shall be provided for the temporary storage of combustible trash or rubbish.

3. No vessel or craft shall be made fast to or berthed at any fuel docks serving a marine service station, except during fueling operations and no craft shall be made fast to any other vessel or craft occupying a berth at any marine service station.

4. No construction, maintenance, repair or reconditioning work involving the use of open flames or arcs or spark-producing devices shall be performed at any marine service station facility or within fifteen (15) meters of the dispensing facilities including piers, wharves, or floats. The Chief of the Local Fire Service may grant permission in writing to make repairs provided no fueling is done at the pier, wharf, or float during the course of such emergency repairs.

5. All electrical equipment installed and used must be in accordance with the Electrical Code as it applies to wet, damp and hazardous locations. Clearly identified emergency switches readily accessible in case of fire or physical damage at any dispensing unit shall be provided on each main float and at the shore approach to the pier, wharf or floating dock, so interlocked as to shut off power to all pump motors from any individual location and reset only from the master switch. Each switch to be identified by an approved sign "EMERGENCY PUMP SHUTOFF". The master switch shall be set in the "OFF" position before closing the marine service station at any time. Pressure systems shall incorporate with each turbine an indicator light illuminated when the turbine is running. Said light shall be visible from the shore approach and from the dispenser location and suitably identify the system served.

6. Smoking or open flames shall be prohibited within fifteen (15) meters of fueling operations. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted conspicuously about the premises. Such signs shall have letters not less than ten (10) centimeters in height on a background of contrasting color.

7. Boat owners or operators shall not offer their craft for fueling unless the tanks being filled are properly vented to dissipate fumes to the outside atmosphere.

8. There shall be prominently displayed at the face of each wharf, pier or float at such elevation as to be clearly visible from the decks of marine craft being fueled, a sign or signs with letters not less than eight (8) centimeters in height on a background of contrasting color bearing the following or equivalent wording:

WARNING

NO SMOKING — STOP ENGINE WHILE FUELING SHUT OFF

ELECTRICITY

DO NOT START ENGINE UNTIL AFTER BELOW-DECK SPACES

ARE VENTILATED

F. Fire Fighting Equipment Required.

1. Means shall be available for calling the Fire Department. Such means may consist of a proprietary alarm system, a Fire Department alarm box or telephone not requiring a coin to operate. It must be within thirty (30) meters of marine service station premises.

2. Piers, wharves and floats at marine service stations shall be equipped with wet standpipes connected to a reliable water supply with piping not less than five (5) centimeters in diameter.

3. Pipe fittings and joints shall be adequately treated to protect metal from corrosion. A flexible connection may be permitted between the dock or pier and any floating deck.

4. Hose stations shall be equipped with a thirty eight (38) millimeter valve, twenty two (22) meters of approved fire hose, and a combination fog and straight streams shutoff type nozzle. Hose stations shall be so spaced as to provide protection to any portion of docks, piers, wharves or floating craft. Hose shall be enclosed within a cabinet connected and mounted on a reel or rack for instant use and hose stations shall be labeled "FIRE HOSE-EMERGENCY USE ONLY". All tests and valving must meet the approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

5. Fire extinguishers each having a 20-B, C rating shall be provided as follows: One on each float and one on the pier or wharf within seven and a half (7.5) meters of the head of the gangway to the float, except that where the office is within seven and a half (7.5) meters of the gangway or is on the float and an extinguisher is provided thereon; the extinguisher at the head of the gangway need not be provided.

DIVISION 8

Progressing Plants

SECTION 23.801. Manner of Storage. — A. Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in tanks, closed containers or approved safety cans.

B. Flammable or combustible liquids stored in tanks, drums, or other closed containers shall conform to the applicable requirements of Divisions 2 and 4 of this Rule.

SECTION 23.802. Blending and Mixing Rooms. — A. Mixing or blending rooms or buildings shall meet the design requirements of Section 23.404.

B. Vessels used for mixing or blending of Class I flammable liquids shall be provided with self-closing, tight-fitting noncombustible lids that will control fire within such vessel. Where such devices are impracticable, automatic or manually controlled fire-extinguishing devices approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service shall be provided.

C. Vessels shall be electrically connected by bond wires, piping or similar means, where differences of potential could otherwise be created by accumulation of static electrical charges.

SECTION 23.803. Dispensing. — A. Class I flammable liquids shall be dispensed only in room or portions of buildings meeting the requirements of Section 23.404, or from approved safety cans, or original containers in rooms approved for such use.

B. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be dispensed from approved pumps taking suction through the top of the container. Alternate methods must have the approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 23.804. Sources of Ignition. — Open flames, heating devices and processes employing temperatures capable of igniting the vapors of the flammable liquid used shall be prohibited in buildings, rooms and other confined spaces in which Class I flammable liquids are used in the open or in which class II and III liquids are heated above their flash point in open containers. Artificial lighting shall be by electricity only. Electrical devices shall be of a type approved for such locations. Electrical devices shall be installed in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.

SECTION 23.805. Housekeeping. — A. Wherever flammable or combustible liquids are stored in containers, provision shall be made and maintained for the detection of leakage. Leaking containers shall be immediately removed and the contents transferred to a tight container.

B. Access shall be provided by unobstructed aisles whereby fire control appliances may be brought to bear on any part of such flammable or combustible liquid storage.

C. In buildings, rooms or other confined spaces in which flammable or combustible liquids are stored, combustible waste materials shall not be allowed to accumulate.

D. Crankcase drainings and flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped on the ground, into sewers, drainage ditches or storm drains, but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any building until removed from the premises.

SECTION 23.806. Fire Control. — Where flammable or combustible liquids are stored, or used in open vessels, or are dispensed within buildings or other enclosures, fire-control appliances shall be provided. The number and type of appliances shall be in accordance with the provisions of NFPA pamphlet No. 10 "Portable Fire Extinguishers".

DIVISION 9

Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries

SECTION 23.901. Locations. — No permit shall be issued for the construction or operation of chemical plants, distillery, refinery or plant storing or handling crude petroleum until approval has been given for the operation with respect to topography, nearness to places of assembly, residential or mercantile occupancy, and adequacy of water supply for fire control.

SECTION 23.902. Manner of Storage. — Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in tanks above ground in accordance with Division 2 of this Rule.

SECTION 23.903. Storage Tanks. — Tanks for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in tank farms and in locations other than process areas shall be located in accordance with Division 2 of this Rule.

SECTION 23.904. Fired and Unfired Pressure Vessels. — A. Fired pressure vessels shall be constructed in accordance with the 1968 Edition of the Code for Fire Pressure Vessels, Section 1 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

B. Unfired pressure vessels shall be constructed in accordance with the 1968 Edition of the ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII.

SECTION 23.905. Location of Process Units. — Process units shall be located so that they are accessible from at least one side for the purpose of fire control. Where topographical conditions are such that flammable or combustible liquids may flow from a processing area so as to constitute a fire hazard to other property, provision shall be made to divert or impound the flow by curbs, drains or other suitable means.

SECTION 23.906. Fire Control. — A. Approved portable fire appliances such as fire extinguishers or permanently connected small hose lines shall be provided in quantities and types acceptable to the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. Water shall be available in pressure and quantity sufficient to provide cooling streams for any unit of any tank in the processing area. Hoses and hydrants shall be available in sufficient number to provide application of cooling streams as required in this Section. Fire-control chemicals and suitable application devices shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of Section 23.202.

SECTION 23.907. Fence. — Except where a refinery is made inaccessible to the public by a natural or other adequate barrier, a substantial fence of wire or other noncombustible material (except that wooden supporting posts may be used) shall be maintained around any refinery. Such fence shall not be less than one and a half (1.5) meters in height and unless a watchman or gateman is on duty at any openings therein, any and all openings in any such fence shall be arranged with gates which shall remain normally closed.

SECTION 23.908. Smoking. — Smoking is prohibited except in approved, posted areas.

SECTION 23.909. Waste Combustibles. — No person shall accumulate grass, weeds, waste combustible materials or waste flammable or combustible liquids on the premises of a refinery, except in a sump, tank or receptacle approved for this purpose.

DIVISION 10

Crude Oil Production

SECTION 23.1001. Location of Oil Well. — A. No storage tank or boiler, fired heater, open flame device or other source of ignition shall be located nearer by seven and a half (7.5) meters to any oil well. Engines used in the drilling production servicing of oil wells are exempt from the above provision.

B. No oil well shall be drilled within twenty three (23) meters of any dedicated public streets, highway, or nearest rail of a railway being used as such.

C. No oil well shall be drilled within thirty (30) meters of any building not necessary to the operation of the well.

D. No oil well shall be drilled within ninety one and a half (91.5) meters of any building used as a place of public assemblage, institution, or school.

SECTION 23.1002. Waste Control. — A. No person shall permit or cause to be permitted the discharge of any liquid containing crude petroleum or its product into or upon any street, highway, drainage canal or ditch, storm drain or flood control channel.

B. No person shall permit or cause to be permitted any oil waste, oil refuse or waste material to be on the surface of the ground under, around or near any oil well, pump boiler, oil storage, tank or building except within an oil sump or tank.

C. All land within seven and a half (7.5) meters of any oil well, flammable or combustible liquid tank or other appurtenance to any such well shall be at all times kept free and clear of dry weeds, grass, rubbish or other combustible material. When, in the opinion of the Chief of the Local Fire Service the distance is not sufficient to provide reasonable fire safety, a greater distance may be required which shall not exceed the height of a derrick or greatest dimension of a tank.

SECTION 23.1003. Sumps. — A. No sump or other basin for the retention of oil or petroleum products shall exceed three and seventeenths (3.7) meters in width.

B. No sump or other basin for the retention of oil or petroleum products, larger than one and eight-tenths (1.8) meters deep shall be maintained longer than sixty (60) days after the cessation of drilling operations.

C. Sumps, diversion ditches or depressions used as sumps shall be securely fenced or covered.

SECTION 23.1004. Prevention of Blowouts. — Adequate protection shall be provided to control and prevent the blowout of an oil well. Protection equipment shall meet the requirements as specified by the proper government authority.

SECTION 23.1005. Storage Tanks. — The requirements for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in tanks are provided in Division II of this Rule. Each oil storage tank or group of tanks shall have posted in a conspicuous place on or near such tank or tanks, a legible sign with the name of the owner or operator, name or number of lease and the telephone number where a responsible person may be reached at any time, printed thereon.

SECTION 23.1006. Soundproofing Material. — Where soundproofing material is required during oil field operations, such materials shall be noncombustible, provided that fire-retardant treated material may be used and maintained subject to the approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 23.1007. Smoking. — Smoking shall not be permitted at any oil well or tank location except as designated and posted areas approved by the Local Fire Service Chief.

SECTION 23.1008. Signs. — Each oil well location shall have posted in a conspicuous place a legible sign with the name of the owner or operator, name or number of the lease, and number of the well printed thereon. Such signs shall be maintained on the premises from the time materials are delivered for drilling purposes until the well is abandoned.

SECTION 23.1009. Field Loading Racks. — Field loading racks shall conform to the provisions of Section 23.606 "A" paragraphs 2, 3, 4, and 5.

SECTION 23.1010. Fire Control. — A minimum of two (2) fire extinguishers shall be maintained at well locations where drilling, servicing or repair work is being conducted. Each such extinguisher shall have a minimum classification of 20B as set forth in NFPA pamphlet No. 10, "Portable Fire Extinguishers."

DIVISION 11

Tank Vehicles For Flammable and Combustible Liquids

SECTION 23.1101. Tank Vehicle Construction. — Tank vehicles shall be designed, constructed, equipped and maintained in accordance with NFPA pamphlet No. 385.

SECTION 23.1102. Full Trailers and Semi-Trailers. — A. Trailers shall be firmly and securely attached to the vehicle drawing them, in a manner conforming with accepted engineering practice.

B. Each full trailer and semi-trailer shall be equipped with reliable brakes on all wheels, and adequate provision shall be made for their efficient operation from the driver's seat of the vehicle drawing the trailer or semi-trailer.

C. Trailer connections shall be such as to prevent the towed vehicle from whipping or swerving from side to side dangerously or unreasonably and shall cause the trailer to follow substantially in the path of the towing vehicle.

SECTION 23.1103. Operation of Tank Vehicles. — A. Tank vehicles shall not be operated unless they are in proper repair, devoid of accumulation of grease, oil or other flammables and from leaks.

B. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank vehicle shall not leave the vehicle while it is being filled or discharged. Delivery hose, when attached to a tank vehicle, shall be considered to be a part of the tank vehicle.

C. Motors of tank vehicles or tractors shall be shut down during making or breaking hose connections. If loading or unloading is done without the use of a power pump, the tank vehicles or tractor motor shall be shut down throughout such operations.

D. The cargo tank shall be bended to the fill pipe when loading. The bond-wire connection shall be made prior to opening the dome covers. It shall be maintained in place during the entire filling operation and the dome covers shall be securely closed before the bond wire is disconnected from the cargo tank.

E. No cargo tank or compartment thereof used for the transportation of any flammable or combustible liquid shall be loaded liquid full. The vacant space (outage) in a cargo tank or compartment thereof used in the transportation of flammable or combustible liquids shall be not less than one (1) percent; sufficient space (outage) shall be left vacant in every case to prevent leakage from or distortion of such tank or compartment by expansion of the contents due to rise in temperature in transit.

F. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank vehicle shall before making delivery to any tank, determine the unfilled capacity of such tank by a suitable gauging device. To prevent overfilling he shall not deliver in excess of that amount.

G. During loading, hatch covers shall be secured on all but the receiving compartments.

H. Simultaneous delivery to underground tanks from two or more discharge hoses shall be made by means of mechanically tight connections between the hose and the fill pipe.

I. Dome covers shall be closed and latched while the tank vehicle is in transit.

J. No material shall be loaded into or transported in a tank vehicle at a temperature above its ignition temperature unless properly safeguarded in an approved manner.

K. Flammable or combustible liquids with a vapor pressure of twenty eight grams per square centimeters (28/sq. cm.) absolute or less at thirty seven and eight-tenths (37.8ºC) Celsius shall be loaded into cargo tanks designed and constructed in accordance with Section 23.1101.

L. The cargo tank shall be bonded to the fill stem or some part of the rack structure, electrically interconnected with the fill-stem piping, except tank vehicles handling asphalt, tank vehicles loading any flammable or combustible liquids through bottom connections and tank vehicles used exclusively for transporting Class III liquids when loaded at locations where no Class I and Class II liquids are handled.

M. No external bond-wire connection, or bond-wire integral with a hose are needed for the unloading of flammable liquids into underground tanks.

SECTION 23.1104. No Smoking. — Smoking by tank vehicle drivers, helpers, repairmen or other personnel is prohibited while they are driving, making deliveries, filling or making repairs to tank vehicles.

SECTION 23.1105. Parking and Garaging. — A. No person shall leave a tank vehicle unattended on any street, highway, avenue or alley, except that this shall not prevent:

1. The necessary absence of the driver in connection with loading or unloading the vehicle and except that during actual discharge for the vehicle, the provisions of Section 23.1103 "B" shall apply;

2. Stops for meals during the day or night, if the street is well lighted at the point of parking;

3. When, in case of accident or other emergency, the operator must leave to obtain assistance.

B. No person shall park a tank vehicle at any one point for longer than one (1) hour except:

1. Off a street, highway, avenue or alley;

2. Inside a bulk plant and seven and a half (7.5) meters from the property line or within a building approved for such use;

3. At other approved locations not less than fifteen (15) meters from any building except those approved for the storage or servicing of such vehicle;

4. When, in case of breakdown or other emergency, the operator must leave the vehicle to take necessary action to correct the emergency.

C. Tank vehicles shall not be parked or garaged in any buildings other than those specifically approved for such use by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

DIVISION 12

Dry Cleaning Plants

SECTION 23.1201. Class I Systems. — A. New dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I solvents shall be prohibited.

B. Existing dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I solvents may be continued in use provided the quantity of Class I solvent that is stored and handled is not increased.

SECTION 23.1202. Class II Systems. — A. Class II systems shall be located in buildings conforming with the provisions of the Building Code for an E-2 Occupancy.

B. Dry cleaning operations shall be restricted to the lowest floor of a building but shall not be located on any floor below grade, nor in the same building with other occupancies. Operations incidental to the dry cleaning business such as laundering, pressing, and ironing may be in a communicating building or located on the same floor with the dry cleaning plant, provided the dry cleaning operation are separated therefrom by a fire resistive construction having a fire resistance rating of two (2) hours.

C. Door openings on stairs or elevators leading from a dry cleaning area to a basement, or opening into a room having openings or stairs to basements, shall be provided with noncombustible sills or ramps raised at least fifteen (15) centimeters. Approved self-closing fire doors shall be provided at such openings. Enclosures shall be of construction equivalent to the floor construction but having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour.

D. Rooms in which articles are hung up to dry shall be separated from the rest of the building by fire resistance construction having fire resistance rating of not less than two-hours. If the drying room is in a separate building it shall conform in all respects to the provisions for that type of occupancy.

E. A mechanical system of ventilation shall be installed in dry cleaning areas and drying rooms conforming to the provisions of the Mechanical Code.

F. The mechanical system of ventilation shall have sufficient capacity to insure complete and continuous change of air in accordance with the provisions of the Mechanical Code and shall be provided with means for remote control. The system shall operate automatically when any dry cleaning equipment is in use.

SECTION 23.1203. Class III Systems. — Class III systems, if located in the same building with other occupancies, shall be separated from the remainder of the building by fire resistive construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than one (1) hour.

SECTION 23.1204. Class IV Systems. — A. Class IV system shall be subject to the requirements for a permit as provided in Rule I but shall be exempted from all other provisions of this Rule.

B. Self-service dry cleaning plants utilizing only solvents approved for Class IV dry cleaning installations may be installed subject to the approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

C. Spotting operations using flammable or combustible liquids shall not be done where self-service dry cleaning equipment is installed.

SECTION 23.1205. Heating Equipment. — A. Where Class II system are used, heating shall be by steam or hot water only. Where Class III systems are used, heating shall be by an approved means which does not involve any open flame or ignition source in the dry cleaning area. Steam and hot water pipes and radiators for heating and drying purposes shall be at least twenty five (25) millimeters from all woodwork and shall be protected by substantial metal screens arranged so as to prevent combustible goods or materials from coming in contact with pipes and radiators.

B. For Class II or III systems boilers shall be located in a detached building or in a boiler room separated from the dry cleaning room by fire resistive construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than four (4) hours. For Class II systems, opening into such boiler rooms shall be at least three (3) meters from any exterior openings into the cleaning room.

SECTION 23.1206. Electrical Equipment and Lighting. — A. Lighting shall be by electricity. In case of power failure, emergency lights should be battery-operated electric lamps. Open flame lamps such as candles, LPG lamps, kerosene lamps and the like are strictly prohibited.

B. All electric wiring and equipment in dry cleaning rooms or other locations subject to flammable vapors shall be installed in accordance with the Electrical Code.

SECTION 23.1207. Storage and Handling of Cleaning Solvents. — A. Aboveground containers comprising purifier, clarifiers and filters, in Class II systems shall not exceed one thousand three hundred twenty-five (1325) liters individual capacity and shall not exceed in capacity any industrial tank to which they may be connected. Solvent storage tanks for Class II and III systems may be inside of buildings if individual capacity of tanks does not exceed one thousand forty-one (1041) liters and the aggregate capacity of storage tanks does not exceed two thousand eighty-two (2082) liters. Quantities of solvents of Class II and Class III systems in excess of the above shall be stored in accordance with this Rule.

B. Pressure type filters shall be equipped with a reliable pressure gauge and shall not be operated at pressures exceeding those for which they are designed. The filters shall be provided with an air bleeding valve and line connected to discharge into the washer or into the storage tank vent line. Such air bleeding lines shall not discharge into the room.

C. The handling of solvents from storage tanks through the various machines and back to the settling and clear solvent tanks shall be through closed circuits of piping. Pumps of positive displacement type shall have a bypass and relief valve.

D. Sight glasses, the breakage of which would permit the escape of liquids, shall be of a type not readily damage by heat and shall be reliably protected against physical damage.

E. Liquid level gauge glasses in Class II systems shall be equipped with an automatic devices which will immediately shut off the flow of solvent if the glass is broken. This liquid level gauge glasses shall be guarded against physical damage.

F. When underground treating and settling tanks are used, a separate suction and discharge connection shall be provided to the pump for removal of sludge. The suction pipe shall be carried to the tank bottom, and the discharge connection to a suitable container.

G. All piping shall be tested to a pressure of at least 50 percent in excess of normal operating pressure and proved tight and protected against physical damage.

H. Piping, valves, fittings and ground joint unions for solvents shall be designed for the working pressures and structural stresses to which they may be subjected. They shall be of steel or other materials suitable for use with the solvent. Pipe systems shall be substantially supported and protected against physical damage and excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion or contraction. Pipe systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to operate the system properly and to protect the plant. Cast iron fittings for pressure piping shall be prohibited.

SECTION 23.1208. Washing Machines. — A. Washing machines shall substantially constructed. The loading door opening shall be equipped with a close-fitting door so designed as to prevent solvent leaks due to splash. The machine shall be provided with interlocks to prevent cylinder rotation under power except for inching when door are open.

B. Each washing machine shall be provided with an overflow pipe one size larger than the size of the solvent supply line to the machine. Such overflow pipe shall be connected to the shell of the washer so that the top of the overflow is below the bottom of the trunnion shaft; it shall be without shutoff valves and shall be arranged to discharge to a suitable tank. The supply pipe shall enter the washing machine above the charged liquid level.

C. Individual button and lint traps shall be provided for each washer.

D. In Class II systems, each washing machine shall be provided with approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate automatically in case of fire.

SECTION 23.1209. Stills and Condensers. — A. Steam or hot water only shall be used as the source of heat. If steam is used, a pressure regulating valve shall be installed in the steam supply line to the still.

B. Stills and condensers shall be liquid and gastight.

C. Stills shall be designed for operation on the vacuum principle.

D. If a relief valve is provided it shall be equipped with a vent line extending to the outside.

E. A check valve shall be installed in the steam line between the boiler and the still.

F. Each still shall be provided with a vacuum gauge, a pressure gauge, or combination thereof.

G. Each still shall be equipped with a constant level valve to automatically maintain the solvent liquid level in the still of the proper height.

SECTION 23.1210. Drying Tumblers and Cabinets. — A. Drying tumblers in Class II systems shall be of substantial construction, well secured to substantial foundations, and shall be provided with self-closing explosion hatches having an area equal to at least eight-tenths (0.8) square meters for every cubic meter of cylinder volume. Batches shall be arranged to open away from the operator.

B. Drying tumblers in Class II systems shall be provided with a steam jet, of not less than nine a half (9.5) millimeter size, for humidifying during the drying process.

C. Drying tumblers and drying cabinets shall be ventilated to the outside air by means of pipes or ducts connected to an exhaust fan of sufficient capacity to remove all dust, vapors, or lint generated by the process. Such discharge pipes or ducts shall be carried to a height of not less than one and eight-tenths meters above the roof, and shall be provided with cleanout facilities.

D. Discharge pipes shall not terminate within three (3) meters measured horizontally to any door, window or frame walls of any adjoining or adjacent building.

E. The fan shall be properly housed and so interlocked as to insure operation while the drying tumbler is in use.

F. Each drying tumbler in Class II systems shall be provided with approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate automatically in case of fire.

SECTION 23.1211. Extractions. — A. The baskets shall have a rim of nonferrous metal and shall be well balanced.

B. Extractors shall be provided with liquid tight covers, or they shall be designed so that none of the liquid solvent is thrown out of the extractor while it is operating. Cover shall be equipped with automatic mechanical or electrical interlocks which will prohibit operating the extractors while the cover is open and which will prohibit opening the cover until the basket comes to rest.

C. Extractors shall be provided with a drain pipe not less than twenty eight (28) millimeters in diameter connected direct to underground storage tanks or to a suitable aboveground container, or to the washer through an approved extractor pump with connections fitted with proper valves.

D. Brakes, if used, shall be so designed as to prevent the creation of sparks of excessive heat.

E. Extractors shall not be operated at a speed in excess of that prescribed by the manufacturer as shown on nameplate which shall be provided on each machine.

F. Extractors equipped with a solvent spray nozzle for spray rinsing of garments after the primary extraction shall comply as follows:

(1) Installation of spray rinse equipment on existing extractors shall be subject to approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

(2) Extractor covers shall be made splash proof to prevent leakage of the solvent and shall be equipped with a latch to hold the cover closed during operation.

(3) Supply pumps of positive displacement type shall be provided with a bypass, the relief valve set so as to prevent excessive pressure.

(4) Valves in supply line between pumps and outlet shall be installed in such a manner that the cutoff is affected ahead of any flexible portion of the supply line.

(5) Extractor drain lines shall not be less than fifty one (51) millimeters for extractors up to and including one (1) meter in diameter and seventy six (76) millimeters for extractors in excess of one (1) meter in diameter.

(6) Extractors shall be provided with at least one drain line open at all times. If more than one extractor drain line is provided for the purpose of alternating use, quick opening valves or equivalent shall be installed in each line and interlocked so that when either valve is shut the other valve is open.

(7) If a separate extractor drain tank is provided, it shall have a capacity equal to the combined capacities of the charged solvent extraction, the rinse and the rinse extraction.

(8) Drainage from extractors to all tanks shall be by gravity flow.

SECTION 23.1212. Combination Dry Cleaning Unit. — A. The provisions of this Section shall apply to combination dry cleaning units wherein washing and extracting cycles are completed within the same enclosure.

B. The machines shall be of substantial construction and shall be provided with splash proof doors, or covers, with interlocking means to prevent cylinder rotation, under power, except for inching at slow speed when doors or covers are open. Such interlocks shall provided that during the extracting cycle, opening of the door or cover will disconnect the drive motor and apply breaking means to bring the cylinder to rest before access to the cylinder is possible. Machines shall be provided with breaking means to insure stoppage within reasonable time without the creation of sparks or excessive heat.

C. Each machine shall be provided with an overflow pipe one size larger than the size of the solvent supply line to the machine. Such overflow shall be connected so that the top of the overflow is below the bottom of the trunnion shaft and arranged to discharge into a suitable tank.

D. Individual button and lint trape, with suitable lids shall be provided for each machine.

E. The supply pipes to machines whether from pumps, filters or storage tanks, shall be arranged to deflect solvent stream away from tub openings.

F. Cylinder shall be supported so as to provide sufficient clearance to prevent striking or rubbing adjacent parts during rotation.

G. Machine shall be furnished with nameplate indicating minimum cylinder speed and warning that machine shall not be operated in excess of such speed.

H. Each machine in a Class II system shall be provided with approved extinguishing equipment arranged to operate automatically in case of fire.

SECTION 23.1213. Bonding and Grounding for Class II and Class III Systems. — A. Storage tanks treatment tanks, purifier, pumps, pipings, washers, extractors, drying tumblers, drying cabinets, combination units and other such equipment, if not inherently electrically conductive, shall be bonded together. This system of equipment if it is not grounded due to the electrical power services installed thereon, shall be grounded. Isolated units of equipment, such as drying cabinets, shall be grounded.

B. Pulleys and belting in dry cleaning rooms, shall be provided with properly grounded combs, collectors, or neutralizers.

C. When fabrics are transferred from one piece of equipment to another, the two pieces of equipment shall be electrically bonded together.

D. Metal tops of spotting tables shall be permanently and effectively grounded.

SECTION 23.1214. Scouring, Brushing and Spotting. — A. The brushing (prespotting) table shall have a liquid-tight top with a curb on all sides not less than two and a half (2.5) centimeters high. The top of the table shall be pitched so as to insure thorough draining to a twenty eight (28) millimeters drain connected to a suitable container especially provided and marked for that purpose.

B. All scouring or brushing and spotting (prespotting) operations utilizing solvents with lower flash points than the solvents used in the plant dry cleaning machines shall be limited to four (4) liters and dispensed from approved safety cans of not over three and eight-tenths (3.8) liters capacity.

C. Scouring or brushing operations utilizing in excess of one gallon of solvent with lower flash points than the solvent used in the plant dry cleaning machines shall be conducted only in a room or building conforming to all the requirements for a dry cleaning system utilizing the same type of solvent.

D. The total amount of Class I or II solvent used on scouring or brushing tables or in scrubbing tubs, in accordance with Section 23.1313 (c) shall not exceed eleven and a half (11.5) liters. The scouring or brushing table or scrubbing tub shall be so located as to ensure thorough and effective disposal of vapors through the ventilating system. Scrubbing tubs shall be used only for articles of clothing the character of which prevents their washing to the usual washing machines. Scrubbing tubs shall be secured to the door and shall be provided with permanent twenty eight (28) millimeters trapped drains to a suitable container specially provided and marked for that purpose.

SECTION 23.1215. Fire Control. — Approved portable, fire extinguishers of a type suitable for fighting fires involving flammable or combustible liquids, shall be provided in all dry cleaning plants. At least one extinguisher shall be provided at each entrance to every room or area where flammable or combustible liquids are stored or used.

SECTION 23.1216. Smoking Prohibited. — Smoking in plants employing Class II or Class III systems except in smoking rooms so designated, shall be strictly prohibited and "NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted.

RULE 24

Fruit Ripening Processes

SECTION 24.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to the process of ripening green bananas, mangoes or citrus fruits in tightly closed rooms heated with direct fired heaters and shall include those processes where combustible or flammable gas is introduced into the room to assist in the ripening process.

SECTION 24.102. Permit Required. — A permit from the Director General or his duly authorized representative shall be required for any fruit ripening processes using combustible or flammable gas, such as ethylene, acetylene and the like.

SECTION 24.103. Use of Flammable Gas. — A. The location of buildings in which fruit ripening processes utilizing combustible or flammable gas are conducted shall be approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. The combustible or flammable gas shall be introduced by some means under positive control and measured so that the quantity introduced does not exceed one (1) part of gas to one thousand (1,000) parts of air.

C. Containers storing the gas or materials from which they are generated shall be built in accordance with internationally recognized practice.

D. Containers other than those in actual use shall be stored outside of the building or in a special building except that not more than two portable approved containers not in actual use may be stored inside the building premises. Such inside rooms or portions of building used for storage of these containers shall be constructed of fire resistive walls, door with a fire resistive rating of not less than two (2) hours.

E. Gas piping shall be of iron pipe. Flexible connectors and hose, when used, shall be of approved type. Tubing shall be of brass or copper with not less than one-eight (.125 cm.) wall thickness.

SECTION 24.104. Electrical Equipment. — A. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be installed in accordance with the standards of the Philippine Electrical Code.

B. Lighting shall be by electricity.

SECTION 24.105. Heating. — A. Heating of ripening rooms shall be by indirect low pressure steam, hot water, or warm air, approved electric heaters or approved gas or kerosene heaters, both of which shall have sealed combustion chambers.

B. Steam and hot water pipes and radiators, shall have a clearance of at least two and a half (2½) centimeters to combustible material.

C. Gas heaters and their vents shall be installed in accordance with internationally recognized practice. Gas heaters shall be equipped with an automatic pilot device to shut off the gas supply whenever the flame is extinguished.

D. Burners for gas or kerosene heaters shall be installed in such manner that the air for combustion is taken from outside the ripening room and the products of combustion are discharged to the outside.

E. Kerosene heaters shall be installed in accordance with the applicable provisions of this Rule. (See Rule 23 "Oil Burning Equipment").

F. Electric heaters shall be of a type having no exposed surface at a temperature higher than four hundred twenty six (426ºC) Degrees Celsius and with thermostatic elements which produce no sparks and shall be of a type approved for use in hazardous location.

G. Protective guard shall be provided around heaters to prevent the possibility of their being knocked over.

SECTION 24.106. Open Flames. — A. Open flames heaters and open lights shall be prohibited in the ripening rooms.

B. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted at every entrance and smoking shall be prohibited in the ripening rooms.

SECTION 24.107. Housekeeping. — Ripening rooms shall be frequently cleared of all combustible materials.

RULE 25

Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging

SECTION 25.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to fumigation and thermal insecticidal fogging operations which shall conform with all other applicable requirements of the Rule, as well as with following provisions.

SECTION 25.102. Permit Required. — No person shall engage in fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging without a permit from the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 25.103. Sources of Ignition. — A. All fires, open flames and similar sources of ignition shall be not allowed in spaces under fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging. Heating, if needed, shall be approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. Electricity shall be shut off, except that circulating fans may be used, provided that such equipment designed and installed so as not to be an ignition hazard.

SECTION 25.104. Notification of Fumigation. — The Chief of the Fire Service shall be notified in writing at least twenty four (24) hours before any building or structure or ship is to be closed for fumigation.

SECTION 25.105. Breathing Apparatus Required. — All persons engaged in the business of fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging shall maintain and have available approved protective and breathing apparatus.

SECTION 25.106. Watchman Required During Fumigation. — Where a flammable gas or substance is used for fumigation, and the premises are sealed to keep the fumigant in suspension in the air, the owner of the premises shall be required to supervise the operation on a twenty four (24) hours basis, from the time the premises have been fumigated until all ventilation work has been completed.

SECTION 25.107. Sealing of Building. — Except for approved tarpaulins and irrespective of the type of fumigant employed, the use of paper or other similar non-fire retardant material as sealing or cover material for buildings in excess of that required for the sealing of cracks, casements, and the like, is prohibited.

SECTION 25.108. Warning Signs. — Whenever fumigants are used or stored, conspicuous warning signs bearing the "Skull and crossbones" emblem, with the words, "DANGER POISON GAS: KEEP OUT", and designating the name of the fumigant, the fumigator's name, address and telephone number, shall be posted in such locations as to give adequate warnings thereof.

SECTION 25.109. Venting and Clean-Up. — At the end of the exposure period, fumigators, shall safely and properly ventilate the premises and contents and properly dispose of all fumigant containers, residues, debris and other materials used in the fumigation.

SECTION 25.110. Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquids. — No thermal insecticidal fogging liquid that has a flash point below thirty seven and a half degree Celsius (37.5ºC) shall be used.

SECTION 25.111. Warehouse Fumigation. — In warehouses or other structures used for the storage of produce, trap fumigation of not more than five (5) percent of the total volume in cubic meters of the warehouse may be permitted without notification to the local Fire Service Chief, provided that the fumigation is conducted by a fumigator with a permit as above specified.

SECTION 25.112. Flammable Fumigants Restricted. — The use of Carbon disulfide (CS2) and Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN) shall be restricted to agricultural fumigations.

RULE 26

Garages and Automobile Repair Shops

SECTION 26.101. Scope. — Garages shall conform to all other applicable requirements of this Rule, as well as the following provisions.

SECTION 26.102. Permit Required. — No person shall use any building, shed or enclosure as a place of business for the purpose of repairing or storing any motor vehicle therein, without a permit from the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 26.103. Cleaning with Flammable Liquids. — A. No Class I flammable liquid shall be used in, or in connection with any garage for washing parts or removing grease or dirt, unless in a special closed machine approved for the purpose or in a separate well ventilated room constructed in accordance with the provisions of the Building Code.

B. No Class I flammable liquid shall be used for cleaning floors or walls.

SECTION 26.104. Handling of Gasoline and Oils. — A. The fuel tanks of motor vehicles shall be filled directly through a hose from approved pumps attached to approved portable tanks or drawing from underground storage tanks. Storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids shall conform to this Rule. No transfer of gasoline in any garage shall be made in any open container.

B. Garage floors shall drain to oil separators or traps discharging to sewer. Contents of oil separators or traps of floor drainage system shall be collected at sufficiently frequent intervals and removed from the premises to prevent oil from being carried into sewers. Self-closing metal cans shall be used for all oily waste.

SECTION 26.105. Vapors Ignition Devices. — Devices generating a glow or flame capable of igniting flammable vapors shall not be installed or used within sixty one (61) centimeters of the floor in any repair garage.

RULE 27

Hazardous Materials and Chemicals

SECTION 27.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to materials and chemicals not otherwise covered in this Code which are highly flammable, or which may react to cause fires or explosions or which, by their presence may create a fire or explosion hazard, or which, because of their toxicity, flammability, or reactivity, render fire fighting dangerous. This Rule also applies to flammable or combustible liquids which are chemically unstable and which may spontaneously form explosive compounds, or undergo spontaneous reactions of explosive violence or with sufficient evolution of heat to be a fire hazard. Hazardous materials and chemicals shall include such materials as flammable solids, corrosive liquids, radioactive materials, oxidizing materials, potentially explosive chemicals, highly toxic materials, and poisonous gases.

SECTION 27.102. Permit Required. — A. A permit shall be required for the storage, transportation or handling of more than two hundred eight (208) liters of corrosive liquids; or more than two hundred twenty seven (227) kilograms of oxidizing materials; or more than four and a half (4.5) kilograms of organic peroxides; or more than two hundred twenty seven (227) kilograms of nitromethane; or four hundred fifty five (455) kilograms or more of ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate fertilizers and fertilizer mixtures or any amount of highly toxic materials, pyrophoric materials, cryogenic materials, or poisonous gases, as well as material compound, which when exposed to heat of flames, shall be a fire conductor, or shall generate excessive smoke or toxic gases. Such a permit shall be obtained from the proper Authority.

B. A permit shall be required for the storage or handling at any installation of more than one microcurie of radium not contained in sealed sources; or more than one millicurie of radium or other radioactive material in a sealed source or sources, or any amount of radioactive material from the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission.

SECTION 27.103. General Requirements. — A. The manufacture, storage handling and use of hazardous materials and chemicals shall be safeguarded with protective facilities or devices as public safety may require.

B. The Chief of the local Fire Service or his duly authorized representative may require the separation, or isolation, from other storage, occupancies or buildings of any chemical that in combination with other substances may bring about a fire or explosion or may liberate a flammable or poisonous gas.

C. Defective containers shall be disposed of or repaired, in accordance with recognized safety practices. No spilled materials shall be allowed to accumulate on floors or shelves.

D. Where kept for retail sale, storage shall be; neat and orderly.

E. Where no specific requirements have been established, storage, handling, and use of hazardous chemicals shall be in accordance with internationally recognized good practice.

F. All hazardous chemicals as defined in this Rule shall bear especially designed and color codes labels consisting of four diamonds arranged into one large diamond with the first; indicating the toxicity and health hazards; the second, its flammability; the third, its reactivity; and the fourth, fire-fighting and first aid instructions. (Refer to NFPA Pamphlet No. 49).

SECTION 27.104. Oxidizing Materials. — A. Packaged oxidizing materials shall be stored in dry locations and separated from stored organic materials. Bulk oxidizing materials shall not be stored on or against wooden surfaces.

B. Oxidizing materials shall be stored separately from flammable solids, combustible materials, hazardous chemicals, corrosive liquids and such other non-combustible materials.

SECTION 27.105. Radioactive Materials. — A. Durable, clearly visible signs of warning of radiation dangers shall be placed at all entrances to areas or rooms where radioactive materials are used or stored. In addition, each container in which radioactive materials are used, stored, or transported shall bear a durable, clearly visible, appropriate warning sign. Such signs shall bear the three-bladed radiation symbol in magenta or purple on a yellow background in accordance with the Rules of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission.

B. Except for liquids, signs are not required for the storage of manufactured articles such as instruments or clock dials or electronic tubes or apparatus, of which radioactive materials are a component part, and luminous compounds, when securely packed in strong containers, provided the gamma radiation at any surface of the package is less than ten (10) milliroentgens in 24 hours.

C. When not in use, radioactive material shall be kept in adequately shielded fire resistant containers of such design that the gamma radiation will not exceed 200 milliroentgens per hour or its equivalent at any point of readily accessible surface.

D. The opinion of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission shall be obtained in all cases of doubt as to the safety of radioactive materials. The Commission's ruling shall be final and non-appealable.

SECTION 27.106. Potentially Explosive Chemicals. — A. General. — Potentially explosive chemicals shall be stored away from all heat-producing appliances and electrical devices and shall be protected from external heat, fire and explosion. Explosives and blasting agents shall not be stored in the same building or in close proximity to such materials except in accordance with this Code. Good housekeeping shall be maintained. Uncontaminated contents of broken or cracked bags, packages or other containers before storing. Other spilled materials and discarded containers shall be promptly gathered and destroyed in an approved manner. All electric bulbs shall be equipped with guards to prevent breakage. Open lights or flames and smoking shall be prohibited in or near storage areas. Internal combustion motor vehicles or lift trucks shall not be parked in the room or compartment where such chemicals are located.

B. Organic Peroxides. — A detached, well isolated ventilated and unheated storage building constructed with walls having a fire resistance rating of not less than two (2) hours, a non-combustible floor, and a light,-weight insulated roof shall be provided for the storage of twenty two (22 kg) kilograms or more of organic peroxides. If not adequately protected by a fast-acting deluge type automatic fire-fighting system, the storage building shall be located at the following minimum distances from flammable or combustible liquid, building or highway.

WEIGHT OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES	DISTANCE
	(Kilograms)	(Meters)
	22	Kgs	to	45	Kgs	23.00	meters
	45	'"	to	227	'"	30.00	'"
	227	'"	to	445	'"	38.00	'"
	445	'"	to	1364	'"	60.00	'"
	1364	'"	to	2270	'"	92.00	'"

The organic peroxides shall be stored in the original shipping containers. Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamination of these chemicals. Readily legible warning signs and placards as prescribed in Section 27.103 above shall be prominently placed in the storage and processing areas.

C. Nitromethane. — A suitable isolated outdoor storage area shall be provided for nitromethane. Hazardous processing shall not be permitted in the vicinity of this storage area. Nitromethane shall be stored in the drums in which it is received or in an underground tank with suitable corrosion protection and a minimum of sixty (60 cm) centimeters of earth over the tank or in barricaded tanks above-ground shall be provided. If the drum storage is not adequately protected by a fast-acting deluge automatic type fire fighting-system, the storage of nine hundred nine (909 kgs) kilograms or more shall be located at the following minimum distances from inhabited buildings:

WEIGHT	APPROXIMATE	DISTANCE
(Kilograms)	NUMBER OF DRUMS	(Meters)

Beginning of 908 kg	4	30	meters
908 kg to 4546 g	20	60	'"
4546 kg to 9091 kg	40	90	'"
9091 kg to 18,182 kg	80	120	'"
18,182 kg to 36,364 kg	160	150	'"

Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamination of this chemical. Readily legible warning signs and placards as prescribed in this Code shall be prominently placed in the storage and processing areas.

D. Ammonium Nitrate. — (1) All flooring in storage and handling areas shall be of non-combustible material and shall be without drains, traps, pits or pockets which any molten ammonium nitrate could flow and be confined in case of fire.

(2) Each storage pile of bags or other authorized packages and container of such materials shall not exceed three hundred sixty five (365 cm) centimeters in height, three hundred sixty five (365 cm) centimeters in width and nine meters and fifteen (9.15 cm) centimeters in length. Such pile units shall be separated by a clear space of not less than ninety two (92 cm) centimeters in width from the base to the top of piles, serving as cross aisles in the storage area which shall not be less than one hundred twenty (120 cm) centimeters in width. A clearance of not less than seventy six (76 cm) centimeters shall be maintained from building walls and partitions, and not less than ninety (90 cm) centimeters from ceilings of roof structural members with a minimum of forty five (45 cm) centimeters from sprinklers.

(3) Ammonium nitrate storage areas shall be separated by a space of nine (9 m) meters or by a tight non-combustible partition from storage of organic chemicals, corrosive liquids, compressed gases, flammable and combustible materials, or other contaminating substances such as sulphur, coal, flour, and metallic powders such as zinc, copper, and magnesium where storage of such materials is permitted with ammonium nitrate.

(4) Quantities of ammonium or ammonium nitrate fertilizers having no organic coating, in the form of crystals, flakes, grains or pills including fertilizers grade, dynamic grade, nitrous oxide grade and technical grade ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate phosphate (containing 60% of ammonium nitrate by weight) or more than fifty (50) metric tons of total weight, shall be stored in well-ventilated, building of fire-resistive or non-combustible construction, or in a building of other type of construction equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system. In populated areas, quantities of two thousand five hundred (2,500) tons or more shall be stored in well-ventilated buildings of one-hour fire-resistive or non-combustible construction equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system. No combustible material or ammonium nitrate sensitizing contaminants shall be stored in this building.

(5) Storage of ammonium nitrate, coated or mixed with organic anti-caking materials, except compounded blasting agent shall not be permitted in populated and congested areas. Outside such areas, quantities of five hundred (500) metric tons or less may be stored in well-ventilated buildings of fire resistive or non-combustible construction equipped with an approved automatic fire-fighting system.

SECTION 27.107. Highly Toxic Materials. — A. Highly toxic materials shall be segregated from other chemicals and combustible and flammable substances in a room or compartment separated from other areas by walls and floor and ceiling assemblies having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one (1) hour. The storage room shall be provided with adequate drainage facilities and natural or chemical ventilation to the outside atmosphere.

B. Legible warning signs stating the nature of hazard shall be placed at all entrances to locations where poisonous gases are stored. Also refer to Section 27.103 of this Rule.

SECTION 27.108. Poisonous Gases. — A. Storage of poisonous gases shall be in rooms of at least one-hour fire-resistive construction and having natural or mechanical ventilation adequate to remove leaking gas. Such ventilation shall not discharge to a point where gases may endanger any person.

B. Legible warning signs stating the nature of the hazard shall be placed at all entrances to locations, where poisonous gases are stored or used.

SECTION 27.109. Corrosive Liquids. — Satisfactory provision shall be made for containing and neutralizing or safety flushing away leakage of corrosive liquids which may occur during storage or handling.

SECTION 27.110. Storage Cabinets for Hazardous Materials. — Cabinets for the storage of hazardous materials shall be approved and substantially constructed of one-eighth (1/8) centimeter thick sheet iron or a minimum of two hundred fifty four (254) millimeters plywood or equivalent. Doors shall be self-closing and self-latching. Cabinets shall be painted with a luminescent type paint and shall be conspicuously labeled red letters: "Hazardous — Keep Fire Away".

SECTION 27.111. Designation of Cargo. — No person shall operate any tank vehicle transporting any corrosive cryogenic, hypergolic, or phyrophoric material unless at the time of such transportation there is displayed upon each side and the rear of the tank vehicle a sign in letter not less than seven hundred sixty-two (762 mm) millimeters in height upon a background of sharply contrasting color, which shall specifically designate the cargo.

SECTION 27.112. Hazardous Insulators/Cushioning Material. — Where plastic-based, fire-supporting, fire-conductive, smoke generating, or toxic gas producing materials are used as insulators or cushioning material for crates, boxes, walls, air conditioning ducts, beds, chairs, and the like, the storage areas or the room shall be provided with automatic fire extinguishing systems of an approved type. Where the fire extinguishing system is not provided for, such materials should not be used.

RULE 28

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

DIVISION 1

Storage and Handling

SECTION 28.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to the storage, handling and transportation of liquefied petroleum gas and the installation of all equipment pertinent to systems for such uses.

SECTION 28.102. Permit and Reports of Installations. — A. No persons shall install or maintain any LP gas container, or operate any tank vehicle which is used for the transportation of LP Gas without a permit from the proper authority. Where a single container or the aggregate of interconnected containers is over four thousand five hundred thirty, (4,530) liters water capacity, the installer shall also submit plans to the local Chief of the Fire Service. The Fire Service does not require plans for the installation of portable containers of less than four hundred fifty four (454) liters water capacity.

B. Installers shall maintain a record of all installations including those for which permits are not required by paragraph (a) above, but not including the installation of gas burning appliances and the replacing of portable cylinders and have it available for inspection by the local Chief of the Fire Service.

SECTION 28.103. Inspection of Installations. — The Chief of the local Fire Service shall inspect liquefied petroleum gas installations to determine if the provisions of this Rule are being complied with.

SECTION 28.104. Installation of Equipment. — All liquefied petroleum gas equipment including such equipment installed at utility gas plants shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of N.F.P.A. Standards No. 58, "Liquefied Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas Plant," except as to other uses provided for in this Rule or in other laws/or regulations legally in effect.

SECTION 28.105. Location of Containers. — A. Within the limits established by law restricting the storage of liquefied petroleum gas for the protection of heavily populated or congested commercial areas, the aggregate capacity of any one installation shall not exceed seven thousand five hundred seventy (7,570) liters water capacity, except that in particular installations, this capacity limit may be altered at the discretion of the Chief of the local Fire Service, after consideration of special features such as proximity to buildings, capacity and proposed tanks, degree of private fire protection to be provided, facilities of the local Fire Service, and the provisions of the local zoning ordinances.

B. Multiple container installations with a total storage water capacity of more than six hundred eighty thousand (680,000) liters or approximately five hundred sixty seven thousand (567,000) liters LP Gas capacity, shall be subdivided into groups containing not more than six hundred eighty thousand (680,000) liters in each group. Such groups shall be separated by a distance of not less than fifteen (15) meters unless the tanks are: (1) mounted in an approved manner; or (2) protected with approved insulation on such areas that may be subject to impingement of ignited gas from pipelines or other leakage; or (3) protected by firewalls of approved construction, or (4) protected by an approved system for the application of water; or (5) protected by other approved means. Where one of these forms of protection is provided, the separation shall not be less than seven and a half (7.5) meters between such container groups.

C. Storage and transportation of liquefied petroleum gas, and the installation of all pertinent equipment shall be installed and maintained in accordance with internationally accepted standards. (Refer to NFPA pamphlet No. 58).

D. Containers shall be located with respect to buildings or the line of adjoining property which may be built upon in accordance with the following table:

TABLE 28.105

CONTAINER CAPACITY	DISTANCE
Less than 378 liters	1.50 m
381 liters to 1890 liters	5.00 m
1893 liters to 4540 liters	7.50 m
Over 4540 liters	15.00 m

E. At the discretion of the Chief of the Local Fire Service containers may be located at a lesser distance to buildings with fire resistive construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than one (1) hour, provided the above distances applied to openings in buildings are maintained, and the relief valves will not discharge in the direction of a means of egress or against the building.

F. The distance waiver may also be granted by the Chief of the Local Fire Service where fire walls complying with internationally accepted standards have been installed.

G. No stationary storage tank shall be less than three (3) meters from the nearest street line or sidewalk.

SECTION 28.106. Parking and Garaging. — A. The parking and garaging of tank vehicles used for the transportation of liquefied petroleum gases shall be in accordance with this Rule.

B. During the unloading or transfer of liquefied petroleum gas, the tank truck shall be located or parked clear of a public thoroughfare, unless:

(1) The failure to transfer would create a hazard; or

(2) It is impossible due to topography.

SECTION 28.107. Prohibited Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas. — A. Liquefied petroleum gas shall not be used for the purpose of operating any device or equipment unless such equipment or device is approved for use with liquefied petroleum gas.

B. Liquefied petroleum gas shall not be released to the atmosphere except through an approved liquid level gauge or other approved device.

SECTION 28.108. Overfilling. — No person shall fill or maintain a liquefied petroleum gas container with liquefied petroleum gas in excess of the fixed outage gauge installed by the manufacturer or the weight stamped on the tank.

SECTION 28.109. Safety Devices. — No person shall tamper with or make ineffective the safety devices of any liquefied petroleum gas container.

SECTION 28.110. Smoking and Open Flame Devices. — A. No person shall smoke nor install nor maintain any open flame device outside of buildings within seven and a half (7.5) meters of any LP Gas container of four thousand five hundred forty (4540) liters capacity or less, nor within fifteen (15) meters of any such container over four thousand five hundred forty (4540) liters capacity.

B. No person shall install or maintain an LP Gas container with a capacity of four thousand five hundred forty (4540) liters or less, within seven and a half (7.5) meters of any open flame device outside of buildings, nor shall any person install or maintain any such container with a capacity in excess of four thousand five hundred forty (4540) liters within fifteen (15) meters of any such open flame device.

SECTION 28.111. Clearance of Combustible. — All weeds, grass, brush, trash or other combustible material shall be kept at a minimum of three (3) meters away from all LP Gas tanks or containers.

SECTION 28.112. Abandonments of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Equipment. — A. Whenever the use of liquefied petroleum gas equipment has been discontinued, they shall be abandoned in an approved manner within a period of thirty (30) days after notification by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. Recommended abandonment procedures:

(1) The following procedures shall have prior approval of the Chief of the Local Fire Service:

(a) Removal of all liquefied petroleum gas equipment.

(b) Burn off of contents of containers.

(d) All service openings shall be capped or plugged after contents have been removed from container.

DIVISION 2

Safety Requirements Outside Bulk LPG Storage and Filling Stations

SECTION 28.201. Cylinder Safety. — All LPG cylinders shall be provided with pressure relief valves, valve stem caps, protective collars and foot rings and shall be able to withstand the internal pressures in accordance with internationally accepted standards on unfired pressure vessels.

SECTION 28.202. Filling of Cylinders. — Filling empty cylinders, or transferring LPG from one container to another is prohibited in areas outside authorized LPG bulk storage and filling facilities.

SECTION 28.203. Servicing of LPG Equipment. — Servicing of LPG tanks, cylinders, piping, (delivery hoses), burners, or stoves shall be undertaken only by technicians duly certified by the Chief of the Local Fire Service in coordination with the Philippine LPG Association. Such technician shall, before doing any job involving the foregoing, shall show his certificate to the occupant or owner when repairs are to be made in place.

SECTION 28.204. Replacements Restricted. — Defective parts components or assembly of LPG equipment/system shall be replaced only with original spare parts of the equipment manufacturer or with those approved by the Chief of the Local Fire Service upon the recommendation of the Philippine LPG Association.

SECTION 28.205. Manufacture of LPG Burning Appliances. — No stove, oven, burner, rotisseries, or other appliances using LPG as fuel shall be manufactured unless approval from the Department of Trade is obtained.

SECTION 28.206. Manuals Required for Appliances. — Each LPG set or appliance shall be accompanied by an operating manual describing in detail by text and diagrams the proper use and maintenance of the set/appliance. Violations of this Section shall be referred to the Department of Trade.

SECTION 28.207. Delivery of Appliances to End-users. — Delivery of LPG stove, burner, rotisseries and other LPG appliances to an end-user shall be accompanied by a technician duly trained and qualified by the Philippine LPG Association and/or the manufacturer. Such technician shall personally install the equipment/appliance and teach the user thereof on its safe use and maintenance.

SECTION 28.208. Delivery of Replacement Cylinders. — Each delivery of LPG cylinders/tanks to replace empty ones at the end-users premises, shall be accompanied by duly certified technicians who shall include a thorough test of the operable condition of the LPG appliance/set and the integrity of all its components/assemblies. If he finds a defect, he shall not replace the empty LPG tank, unless the defect is corrected. In any case, he shall inform the chief of the Fire Service as soon as possible.

SECTION 28.209. Safe Transport of Cylinders. — LPG tanks/cylinders shall be loaded in upright position and tied securely to the vehicle. Where two or more layers of cylinders are transported, such layers shall be provided with dunnage to separate one layer from the other. In no case shall filled cylinders be loaded on its side.

SECTION 28.210. LPG Safety Standards. — All provisions of the Safety Code of the Philippine Liquefied Petroleum Gas Association, Series of 1976, which are not inconsistent with this Rule shall be followed. Where standards in this Rule and those of the LPG Safety Code are at variance, the more restricted provision shall be applied.

SECTION 28.211. Recommended Safe Practices. — The following safe practices are recommendatory, not mandatory:

A. In some installations, LPG cylinders are placed in compartments near the appliances. Such compartments, whether or not integral to the appliance shall be aired/ventilated periodically during the day. No combustible or spark producing objects should be stored within the said compartments.

B. LPG cylinders should not be placed close to electrical convenience outlets and/or switches.

C. If the burner does not have an automatic igniter, a lighted match stick should be placed on the burner before the gas knob is turned.

D. LPG appliances should be provided with safety devices that automatically stop the flow of gas should a leak develop in the tubing and/or piping between the regulator and the burner.

E. Tank/cylinder valve/regulators should be closed after the LPG appliance is used.

RULE 29

Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants

SECTION 29.101. Permit Required. — No person shall store in excess one hundred thousand (100,000) board feet of lumber without a permit from the Proper Authority.

SECTION 29.102. Open Yard Storage. — A. Lumber shall be piled with due regard to stability of piles, and in no case higher than six (6) meters. Where lumber is piled next to a proper line shall be not less than one-half the height of the pile and in no case less than one hundred sixty (160) centimeters.

B. Driveways between and around lumber piles shall be at least four and a half (4.5) meters wide and maintained free from the accumulation of rubbish, equipment or other articles or materials. Driveways shall be so spaced that a maximum grid system unit of fifteen (15) meters by forty five (45) meters is produced.

C. Permanent lumber storage, operating under a permit, shall be surrounded with a suitable fence at least one and eight tenths (1.8) meters high, unless storage is within a building.

SECTION 29.103. Operational Fire Hazards in Lumber Yards. — A. The burning of shavings, sawdust, and refuse materials shall be permitted only under boilers, in furnaces or in incinerators or refuse burners safely constructed and located. Stacks shall be provided with spark arresters having openings which will eliminate the danger from sparks such as an expansion chamber, baffle walls, or other effective arrangements. At boilers or other points where sawdust or shavings are used as fuel, a storage bin of non-combustible construction, with raised sill, shall be provided.

B. Smoking shall be prohibited except in specified safe locations in buildings. Large "NO SMOKING" signs shall be painted on exterior buildings walls and on signs, erected at driveways' edges. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted throughout all buildings except in specified locations designated as safe for smoking purposes.

C. Weeds shall be kept down throughout the entire year and shall be sprayed as often as needed with a satisfactory weed killer or grubbed out. Dead weeds shall be removed.

D. Debris such as sawdust, chips and shorts shall be removed regularly. Proper housekeeping shall be maintained at an times.

SECTION 29.104. Fire Extinguishing Equipment in Open Yards and Buildings. — An approved yard hydrants system or water barrels and pails shall be provided for in open storage yards. Yard hydrant system shall be installed in accordance with internationally accepted standards. Water barrels with three pails each shall be located at driveways so that a travel distance of no more than twenty three (23) meters along driveways is needed from any part of the open yard to reach a barrel. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided.

SECTION 29.105. Woodworking Plants. — A. Sawmills, planning mills, and other woodworking plants shall be equipped with refuse removal systems and exhaust systems shall be installed, in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

RULE 30

Magnesium

SECTION 30.101. Scope. — This Rule applies to the storage handling and processing of magnesium.

SECTION 30.102. Permit Required. — A permit from the Director General or his duly authorized representative shall be obtained for the melting, casting, heat treating, machining, or grinding, or more than four and a half (4.5) kilograms of magnesium per working day.

SECTION 30.103. Storage of Pigs, Ingots and Billets. — A. Outdoor storage of magnesium pigs, ingots and billets shall be in piles not exceeding four hundred fifty four thousand (454,000) kilograms each, separated by aisles with width not less than one half (½) the height of the pile, and separated from combustible material or buildings on the same or adjoining property by a distance of not less than the height or the nearest pile.

B. Storage of pigs, ingots and billets in buildings shall be on floors of non-combustible construction, in piles not larger than two hundred twenty seven thousand (227,000) kilograms each, separated by aisles with width not less than one-half (½) the height of the pile.

SECTION 30.104. Melting Pots. — Floors under and around melting pots shall be of non-combustible construction.

SECTION 30.105. Storage of Magnesium Article in Foundries and Processing Plants. — The size of storage piles of magnesium articles in foundries and processing plants shall not exceed thirty five (35) cubic meters and shall be separated by aisles not less than one-half (½) the height of the pile.

SECTION 30.106. Heat Treating Ovens. — Approved means shall be provided for control of magnesium fires in heat treating ovens.

SECTION 30.107. Magnesium Processing Operations. — A. At each grinding, buffing or wire brushing operation on magnesium not including rough finishing of castings, dust shall be collected by means of suitable hoods or enclosures connected to a liquid precipitation type of separator, such that the dust will be converted to sludge without contact in a dry state with any high speed moving parts.

B. Connecting ducts or suction tubes shall be completely grounded and as short an possible, with no unnecessary bends. Ducts shall be carefully fabricated and assembled, with a smooth interior and with internal lap joints pointing in the direction of air flow, and without unused capped side outlets, pockets or other dead-end spaces which might allow an accumulation of dust.

C. Each machine shall be equipped with its individual dust separating unit, except that with multi-unit machines, not more than two dust-producing units may be served by one (1) separator. Nor more than four (4) portable dust-producing units in a single enclosure or stand may be served by one (1) separator unit.

D. Power supply to machines shall be inter-locked with:

1) Exhaust air flow; and

2) Liquid pressure level or flow, in such a way that improper functioning if the dust removal and separator system will shut down the machine it serves.

E. All electric wiring fixtures and equipment in the immediate vicinity of and attached to dust-producing machines, including those used in connection with separator equipment shall be of types approved for used in Class II, Group E hazardous (see Building Code) and installed in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.

F. All equipment shall be securely grounded by permanent ground wires.

SECTION 30.108. Storage of Magnesium Article in Warehouse and Stores. — A. Magnesium storage in quantity greater than one and a half (1.5) cubic meters shall be separated from storage or other materials that are either combustible or in combustible containers, by aisles equal in width to not less than the height of the piles of magnesium.

B. Magnesium storage in quantity greater than twenty-eight (28) cubic meters shall be separated into piles each not larger than twenty eight (28) cubic meters with aisles between piles equal in width to not less than the height of the piles.

C. Where storage in quantity greater than twenty eight (28) cubic meters is in a building of combustible construction, or the magnesium is packed in combustible crates or cartons, or there is other combustible storage within nine (9) meters of the magnesium, the storage area shall be protected by automatic fire fighting equipment.

SECTION 30.109. Handling of Magnesium Fines (Fine Magnesium Scrap). — A. Chips, turnings, and other fine magnesium scrap shall be collected from the pans of spaces under machines and from other places where they collect at least once each working day, and placed in a covered explosion vented steel container and removed to a safe location.

B. Magnesium fines shall be kept separated from other combustible materials.

C. Storage in quantity greater than one and four-tenths (1.4) cubic meters of fine magnesium scrap shall be separated from other occupancies by fire-resistive construction without window openings or by an open space of at least fifteen and a half (15.5) meters.

D. Storage in quantity greater than twenty eight (28) cubic meters shall be separated from all buildings other than those used for magnesium scrap recovery operations by a distance of not less than thirty (30) meters.

RULE 31

Matches

SECTION 31.101. Permit Required. — A. No person shall manufacture matches without a permit from the proper authority.

B. No person shall store matches exceeding in aggregate sixty (60) matchman's gross (14,400 matches each gross), even with a permit.

SECTION 31.102. Whole Storage. — A. At wholesale establishments, and wherever matches exceeding sixty (60) matchman's gross are stored, shipping containers containing matches shall be arranged in piles not exceeding three (3) meters in height nor more than four hundred twenty five (425) cubic meters in volume with aisles at least one hundred twenty (120) centimeter wide between piles.

B. Where other materials or commodities are stored on the same floor with matches, a portion of the room shall be devoted to match storage exclusively, and a clear space of not less than one and a half (1.5) meters maintained between match storage and such other materials or commodities.

SECTION 31.103. Storage not to be Near Vertical Openings. — No matches shall be stored within three (3) meters of any elevator shaft, elevator shaft opening, open stairway, or other vertical opening.

SECTION 31.104. Match Bins Required. — Where shipping containers containing matches are opened, the contents of such broken containers shall be removed and stored in bins provided with metal-lined covers.

SECTION 31.105. Storage Of Retailers. — Where matches are sold at retail original sealed packages may be stored on shelves. When such packages are broken individual boxes may be stored in metal or metal-lined bins as described in this Rule.

RULE 32

Mechanical Refrigeration and Equipment

SECTION 32.101. Permit Required. — No person shall install or operate refrigeration units or system containing of refrigerant, other than air or water, in excess of nine (9 kg) kilograms without a permit from the proper Authority.

SECTION 32.102. Maintenance. — All refrigeration equipment shall be kept clean, free from accumulations of oil, dirt, waste and other debris, and shall be easily accessible at all times.

SECTION 32.103. Installations Requirements. — All new mechanical refrigeration system shall be installed, and all existing installations shall be maintained, in a standard safe manner which will minimize the life, health and fire hazard of the installation. Installation shall be in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

SECTION 32.104. Operating Instructions. — The person in charge of the premises on which a refrigeration system containing more than nine (9 kg) kilograms of refrigerant is installed shall place a card conspicuously and as near as practicable to the refrigerant condensing unit, giving instructions for the operation of the system, including precautions to be observed in case of breakdown or leaks as follows:

A. Instructions for shutting down the system in case of emergency.

B. The name, address, and day and night telephone numbers for obtaining service.

C. The name, address and telephone number of the local Building Official and of the Chief of the Local Fire Service and instruction to notify said officials immediately in case of emergency.

SECTION 32.105. Emergency Signs. — A. Each refrigerating system shall be provided with an easily legible metal sign permanently attached and easily accessible, indicating thereon the name and address of the manufacturer or installer, the kind and total number of pounds of refrigerant contained in the system, and the field test pressure applied.

B. Systems containing more than fort five (45) kilograms of refrigerant shall be provided with signs having letters not less than one and one fourth (1.25) centimeters in height designating the main shut-off valves to each vessel, main steam, or electrical control, remote control switch and pressure limiting device.

SECTION 32.106. Ammonia Diffusion. — Ammonia refrigerating plants containing more than thirteen and one half (13.5) kilograms of refrigerant shall be equipped with facilities for diffusing the ammonia vapors.

A. Systems containing more than thirteen and one half (13.5) kilograms of refrigerant shall be discharged to the outside of the building at least sixty one (61) centimeters above the roof and so located that discharged refrigerants will not cause discomfort or harmful effects to persons or such discharge shall be directed into a tank of fresh water having a capacity of eight and a half (8.5) liters for each kilogram of refrigerant and used for no other than ammonia absorption.

B. Systems containing more than forty five (45) kilograms of refrigerant shall be provided with an approved diffuser consisting of sixty three and one half (63.5) millimeters hose connections, mixing chamber, and a permanent discharge connection to the sewer or drainage system.

C. Control valves for diffusers shall be outside of the machinery room in a box protected against tampering. Such valve control box shall be plainly marked "FOR FIRE SERVICE USE ONLY — AMMONIA CONTROL VALVES".

RULE 33

Motion Picture Projection

SECTION 33.101. Scope. — The provisions of this Rule, unless otherwise specified, shall apply only to nitro cellulose film, thereafter called "nitrate" films, of any size; or when ribbon type motion picture film in excess of 35 mm width is used; or when electric arc projection equipment is used. Film having a cellulose acetate or other approved slow-burning base marked "Safety Film" is exempt from these provisions.

SECTION 33.102. Permit Required. — A. No person shall operate a motion picture projection machine in any institutional occupancy or place of public assembly without a valid permit from the proper Authority.

SECTION 33.103. Installation and Use. — A. No person owning, controlling, or managing any motion picture projection equipment regardless of type of film used, shall use or permit its use if such is damaged or worn to such an extent that it creates a fire hazard.

B. Every motion picture projection machine, except those of portable type, shall be kept securely fastened to the floor.

SECTION 33.104. Projection Booth. — A. Every motion picture projection machine, regardless of type of films used, shall be enclosed in a motion picture projection booth as provided for in the Building Code.

B. There shall be installed and maintained ready for use in every projection booth, not less than two (2) approved first aid fire appliances of at least a 4B-C rating.

C. No person shall smoke or maintain any other source of ignition within any projection booth: nor shall a manager or operator of any projection booth permit any person to smoke or to maintain any other source of ignition within said booth.

SECTION 33.105. Projection Permit. — A. No person shall operate, or cause or permit the operation of any motion picture projection machine regardless of type of film used, unless such person so operating possesses a valid permit issued by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

B. Such permit shall be issued by the Chief of the Local Fire Service only after he has determined that the applicant possesses the knowledge, skill, and ability to operate a projection machine with proficiency and safety.

RULE 34

Oil-Burning Equipment

SECTION 34.101. Scope. — This Rule applies to oil burning equipment except internal combustion engines, oil lamps, and portable devices such as blow torches, melting pots, and weed burners.

SECTION 34.102. Use of Approved Equipment. — Oil burning equipment shall be of type acceptable by the Bureau of Labor Standards.

SECTION 34.103. General Installation Requirements. — A. The installation shall be made in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer.

B. The installation shall be such as to provide reasonable accessibility for cleaning, heating surfaces, removing burners, replacing motors, controls, air filters, draft regulators and other working parts, and for adjusting, cleaning and lubricating parts requiring such attention.

C. After installation of the oil burning equipment, a complete cycle of operation tests shall be conducted to make certain that the burner is operating in a safe and acceptable manner and that all safety devices function properly.

SECTION 34.104. Electrical Wiring and Equipment. — Electrical wiring and equipment used in connection with oil burning equipment shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code.

SECTION 34.105. Fuel Oil. — The grade of fuel used in a burner shall be that for which the burner is approved, and as stipulated by the manufacturer. Crank-case oil or any oil containing gasoline shall not be used.

SECTION 34.106. Design, Construction and Installation of Fuel Oil Tanks. — A. The design, construction and installations of fuel tanks shall conform to the standards of the American Petroleum Institute or other internationally accepted standards.

B. Fuel oil supply tanks may be installed inside buildings provided that they are enclosed in accordance with Rule 22.

C. Stoves which are designed for barometric feed shall not be connected to separate oil supply tanks.

D. Unvented heating appliances shall be equipped with integral tanks with a capacity of not more than seven and a half (7.5) liters.

E. Oil supply tanks other than those furnished as an integral part of the stove or range shall not be located within one and a half (1.5) meters horizontally, of any fire or flame; except that tanks not over twenty three (23) liters capacity may be within this desistance but not within sixty (60) centimeters of the stove or range in which the burner is installed; Provided, that the temperature rise of the oil supply at this distance shall not approximate the flash point of the oil when the burner is operated at full capacity.

SECTION 34.107. Installation of Fill, Return, Supply and Vent Piping. — A. A fill pipe on a tank larger than two hundred twenty seven (227) liters capacity shall terminate outside of a building at least sixty (60) centimeters from any building opening. Every fill pipe terminal shall be equipped with a tight cover.

B. A return line from a burner or pump to a supply tank shall enter through the top of the tank.

C. An auxiliary tank installed in the supply piping between a burner and its main supply tank shall be filled by pumping from storage tanks.

D. All piping, except the burner supply line from a tank having a capacity not over two thousand (2,000) liters and the cross connection between two such tanks having an aggregate capacity of two thousand (2,000) liters or less, shall be connected into the top of the supply tank.

E. The burner supply connection to the tank or tanks having a capacity of more than two thousand (2,000) liters shall be connected to the top of the tank. In commercial and industrial installations for Numbers 5 & 6 oil, the burner supply connection may be below the liquid level but each such connection shall be provided with an approved valve.

F. Pressure feed from tanks is prohibited.

G. All tanks in which a constant oil level is not maintained by an automatic pump shall be equipped with an approved method of determining the oil level.

SECTION 34.108. Pumps, Piping, and Valves. — A. An oil pump, not part of an approved burner, shall be of a positive displacement type which automatically shuts off the oil supply when the oil pump is stopped.

B. All piping shall be standard full weight wrought iron, steel or brass pipe with standard fittings or brass or copper tubing with fittings of an approved type, except that approved flexible metal hose may be used for reducing the effect of jarring and vibration or where rigid connections are impractical. Cast iron fittings shall not be used.

C. Aluminum tubing shall not be used between the fuel oil tank and the burner unit.

D. Pipe used in the installation of all burners and appliances other than conversion range oil burner shall not be smaller than ninety five (95) millimeters iron pipe size on ninety-five (95) millimeters outside diameter tubing. Copper or brass tubing shall have eight and nine tenth (8.9) millimeters nominal and eight and one tenth (8.1) millimeters minimum wall thickness. Flexible metal hose shall be installed in full compliance with its approval.

E. Piping between conversion range oil burners and tanks shall be standard steel, wrought iron, or brass pipe not smaller than six and four tenths (6.4) millimeters in size or brass or copper tubing not less than eight (8) millimeters outside diameter with a wall thickness not less than one and one fourth (1.25) millimeters.

F. Piping shall be substantially supported and protected against physical damage and, where necessary, protected against corrosion. All buried piping shall be protected against corrosion.

G. Pipe joints and connections shall be made tight with suitable lubricant or pipe compound. Unions requiring gaskets or packing, right and left couplings, and sweat fitting, shall not be used in oil lines.

H. Proper allowance shall be made for expansion, contraction, jarring and vibration.

I. Where supply are set below the level of the burner, the oil piping shall be so laid as to pitch toward the supply tank without traps.

J. Readily accessible manual shut-off valves shall be installed attached point where required to avoid oil spillage during servicing. The valve shall be installed to close against the supply.

K. Where a shut-off valve installed in the discharge line of an oil pump, not an integral part of a burner, a pressure relief valve shall be connected into the discharge line between the pump shut-off valve and arranged to return surplus oil to the supply tank or to bypass it around.

L. Where oil is supplied to a burner requiring uniform flow by gravity feed and a constant level valve is not incorporated in the burning assembly or the oil is not supplied by an automatic pump, a constant level valve shall be installed in the supply line at the gravity tank or as close thereto as practicable, to insure uniform delivery of oil to the burner. The vent opening of such constant level valve is provided with an anti-flooding device. Vent piping or tubing or constant level valve shall not be connected to tanks or tank vents.

SECTION 34.109. Installation of Conversion Oil Burners and Oil-Fired Units. — A. Oil burners other than oil stoves with internal tanks, shall be provided with some means for manually stopping the flow of oil to the burner. Such device or devices shall be placed in a convenient location at a safe distance from the burner.

B. Oil burners for which a competent attendant will not be constantly on duty in the room where the burner is located while the burner is in operation shall be equipped with a primary safety control or a type specifically approved for the burner with which it is used. When primary safety controls are installed in connection with other oil burners, such automatic devices shall be of a type specifically approved for use with the burner to which they are attached.

C. Each appliance fired by conversion oil burners, and each oil-fired unit, shall be provided with automatic limit controls which will prevent unsafe pressure or low water in a steam boiler or over-heating within a hot-water boiler, furnace or heater.

D. Limiting controls and low water shut-offs intended to prevent unsafe operation of heating equipment by opening an electrical circuit to the burner or shut-off device shall be so arranged as to effect the direct opening of that circuit whether the switching mechanism is integral with the sensing element or remote from same.

E. A water heater shall be provided with water pressure; temperature, and vacuum relief devices. Means shall be provided to prevent siphoning in any boiler or tank to which any circulating water heater is attached.

F. Electric motor-driven oil burners or a type not equipped with primary safety controls with integral oil pumps and electric motor-driven pump sets for use with such burners, not equipped with integral pumps, shall be provided with a motor controller incorporating no-voltage protection to be wired into the power supply to the motor.

G. In system where either steam or air is used for atomizing the oil, or where air for combustion is supplied by a source which may be interrupted without shutting off the oil supply, the oil and atomizing or air supply shall be interlocked in a manner to immediately shut off oil supply upon failure or the atomizing or air supply.

H. The automatically operated burners are used in installations equipped with forced or induced draft fans or both, means shall be provided to immediately shut off the oil supply upon fan failure.

I. Oil burners not equipped to provide safe automatic restarting after shut down shall require manual restarting after any control function to extinguished the burner flame.

J. Oil-fired appliances shall be installed in rooms that are large compared with the size of the appliance specifically approved for installation in a confined space such as an alcove or closet may be installed when the installation is in compliance with the approval. In alcove-and closet installations, the clearances from the appliance to the walls and ceilings shall not be less than that specified in the approval, regardless of the type of construction.

SECTION 34.110. Installation of Heating and Cooking Appliances. — A. Kerosene and oil stove shall be equipped with a primary safety control furnished as an integral part of the appliance by the manufacturer to stop the flow of oil in the event of flame failure.

B. A conversion range oil burner shall be equipped with a thermal (heat-actuated) valve in the oil supply line, located in the burner compartment of the stove.

C. Oil burning appliances, small heating and cooking appliances shall be installed in accordance with NFPA pamphlet No. 31 on standards for the installation of Oil Burning Equipment or with other internationally accepted standards.

RULE 35

Organic Coatings

SECTION 35.101. Scope. — A. This Rule shall apply to (1) the manufacture of protective and decorative finishes or coatings (paints) for industrial, automotive, marine, transportation, institutional, household or other purposes; and (2) the handling of flammable and combustible solids and potential dust explosion conditions.

SECTION 35.102. Definition. — Organic coating shall mean a liquid mixture of binders such as alkyd, nitro-cellulose, acrylic, or oil, and flammable and combustible solvents such as hydrocarbon, ester, ketone, or alcohol, which when spread in a thin film convert to a durable protective and decorative finish.

SECTION 35.103. Permit Required. — A permit shall be obtained for any organic coating manufacturing operation making more than four (4) liters of an organic coating on any working day, from the proper Authority.

SECTION 35.104. Process Building. — A. Each organic coating factory located within fifteen (15) meters of adjoining property or structures or public thoroughfare shall have the exposing wall constructed as indicated below:

Distance from Adjoining Property or structures of Public Thoroughfare	Fire Resistance Rating of Exposing Wall
Less than 3 meters	at least 4 hours
3 meters to 9 meters	at least 3 hours
Over nine meters but less than 15 meters	at least 2 hours

When appropriate automatic fire suppression systems are installed, fifty (50%) percent reduction in distance to property lines and fire resistance ratings of the exposing walls may be made.

B. Buildings shall be of fire resistive or non-combustible construction with non-load bearing walls and without basement or pits. The first floor shall be at or above the ground level.

C. Raw material and finished stock storage buildings shall be limited to one story in height and either detached or cut off from manufacturing buildings by non-combustible construction having a fire resistance rating of at least two (2) hours and openings shall be equipped with approved fire doors.

D. Stairway enclosures and structures housing elevators shall be enclosed by non-combustible walls having a fire-resistance rating of at least two (2) hours, and equipped with approved fire doors.

E. Each manufacturing room shall have at least two (2) exits, well separated or remote from each other, one of which shall be directly to the outside. Access to all exits shall be kept clear and doors shall open in the direction of travel. Door fastenings shall be of the safety release type. Supervisory management offices, change and locker rooms located in manufacturing buildings shall be provided with exits adequate to accommodate the number of occupants.

F. Structures in which Class I liquids or finely divided flammable solids are processed shall be provided with explosion venting.

G. Enclosed buildings in which Class I liquids are processed or handled shall be adequately ventilated at a rate of not less than one (1 cu. m.) cubic meter per minute for every six and a half (6.5 sq. m) square meter of solid floor area. This shall be accomplished by exhaust fans taking suction at floor levels and discharging to a safe location outside the building. Provision shall be made for introduction of non-contaminated intake air in such manner that all portions of solid floor areas will be subject to continuous distributed movement of air.

H. Heating in hazardous areas, if required, shall be provided by indirect means. Ignition sources such as open flames or electrical heating elements except as provided in this Code shall not be used within the building.

I. An organic coating manufacturing operation shall not be located in the same building with other occupancies. Operations incidental to or in connection with organic coating manufacturing shall not be classed as "other occupancies" for the purpose of this provision.

J. An organic coating manufacturing operation shall be accessible from at least one side for the purpose of fire control.

K. Where topographical conditions are such that flammable and combustible liquids may flow from the organic coating manufacturing operation so as to constitute a fire hazard to properties of others, drainage facilities shall be provided in accordance with the following sections.

SECTION 35.105. Storage of Raw Materials and Finished Products. — A. The storage, handling and use of flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with this Code.

B. Tank storage for flammable and combustible liquids inside of buildings shall be permitted only in storage areas at or above grade which are detached from the processing area or cut off from the processing area by non-combustible construction having at least a two-hour fire resistance rating and openings shall be equipped with approved fire doors. This is not intended to prevent processing equipment from containing flammable and combustible liquids or storage in such quantities as are essential to the continuity of operations.

C. Tank car and tank vehicle loading and unloading stations for Class I liquids shall be separated from the processing area, other plant buildings, nearest line of adjoining property that may be built upon or public thoroughfare by a clear distance of not less than eight (8) meters.

D. Loading and unloading structures and platforms for flammable and combustible liquids shall be designed and installed in accordance with this Code.

E. Tank cars for flammable liquids shall be unloaded so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property.

F. Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liquids shall be loaded and unloaded in accordance with this Code.

G. Finished products that are flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored outside of the buildings, in separate building, or in separate room cut off from the processing area by a non-combustible wall or partition having at least a two-hour fire resistance rating and openings shall be equipped with approved fire doors. The storage of finished products shall be in tanks or in closed containers in accordance with this Code.

H. The nitrocellulose storage shall be in a separate building or in a room cut off by non-combustible construction having a fire resistance rating of at least two hours and openings shall be equipped with approved fire doors. The nitrocellulose storage shall be used for no other purpose. Electrical wiring and equipment installed in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.

I. Nitrocellulose shall be stored in closed containers. Barrels shall be stored on end and, if tiered, not more than two barrels high. Barrels or other containers of nitrocellulose shall not be opened in the main storage building but at the point of use or other location set aside for this purpose.

J. Spilled nitrocellulose shall be promptly wetted with water and disposed of by use or by burning in the open at a suitable detached location.

K. This storage of organic peroxides shall be in accordance with this Code.

L. The size of the package containing the organic peroxide shall be selected so that as nearly as practical, full packages are utilized at one time. Any peroxide spilled shall be promptly cleaned up and disposed of as recommended by the supplier.

SECTION 35.106. Drainage. — A. Drainage facilities shall be provided to direct flammable and combustible liquid leakage and fire protection water to a safe location away from the building, any other important article of value, or adjoining property.

B. Emergency drainage systems containing flammable and combustible liquids connected to public sewers or discharging into public water ways shall be equipped with traps or separator tanks.

SECTION 35.107. Process Mills, Mixers, and Kettles. — A. Mills operating with close clearances and used for the processing of flammable and heat sensitive materials such as nitrocellulose, shall be located in a detached building or in a non-combustible structure without other occupancy. The amount of nitrocellulose or other flammable material brought into the area shall be no more than that required for a batch.

B. Mixers shall be of the enclosed type, or if the open type shall be provided with properly fitted covers. Where gravity flow is used, a shut off valve shall be installed as closed as practical to the mixer and a control valve shall be provided near the end of the fire pipe.

C. Open kettle shall be located in an outside area, provided with a protective roof or in a separate building of non-combustible construction or separate from other areas by means of a non-combustible wall or partition having a fire resistance rating of two hours.

D. The vaporizer section of heat transfer system heating closed kettles containing solvents shall be remotely located. Contact heated kettles containing solvents shall be equipped with safety devices that in case of fire can turn the process heat off, turn the cooling medium on, and inject inert gas into the kettle.

E. The kettle and thin-down tank shall be instrumented, controlled and interlocked so that any failure of the controls will result in a safe condition. The kettle shall be provided with a pressure rupture disc if the normal vent becomes inoperative. The vent piping from the raptured disc shall be of a minimum length and shall discharge to a safe location. The thin-down tank shall be adequately vented. Thinning operations shall be provided with an adequate vapor removal system.

SECTION 35.108. Process Piping. — A. All piping, valves and fittings shall be designed for the working pressures and structural stresses to which they may be subjected. They shall be of steel or other material approved for the service intended.

B. Valves shall be of an indicating type. Terminal valves on remote pumping system shall be of the "deadman" type which will shut off both the pump and the flow of solvent.

C. Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected against physical damage. Piping shall be pitched to avoid unintentional trapping of liquids or suitable drains shall be provided.

D. Approved flexible connectors may be used where vibration exists or where frequent movement is necessary. Approved hose shall be used at dispensing stations.

E. Before being placed in service, all piping shall be free of leaks, when tested to not less than one and a half (1.5) times the working pressure or a minimum of not less than three hundred fifty two (352) grams per square centimeters at the highest point in the system. Test shall continue for a minimum of thirty (30) minutes.

SECTION 35.109. Transfer of Flammable and Combustible. — A. The transfer of large quantities of flammable and combustible liquids shall be through piping by means of pump. The use of compressed air as a transfer medium is prohibited.

B. Pumps shall be selected for the flammable and combustible liquid used, the working pressures and the structural stresses to which they may be subjected.

C. Where solvents are pumped from storage to points of use, approved switches shall be provided in the processing area at the pumps to shut down the pumps in case of fire.

D. Empty and filled containers shall be stored outside the filing area.

SECTION 35.110. Raw Materials In Process Areas. — A. The amount of nitrocellulose brought into the operating area shall not exceed that required for a shift. Any nitrocellulose which may be spilled on the floor or elsewhere shall be promptly swept up, put into a pail of water, and removed at the end of the day shift and disposed of by use or by burning in the open at a suitable detached location.

B. Organic peroxides brought into the operating area shall be in the original shipping container and shall not exceed the quantity required for a shift. When in the operating area, the peroxide shall not be placed in locations exposed to ignition sources, heat or mechanical shocks.

SECTION 35.111. Electrical Equipment. — A. All electrical wiring and equipment within storage or processing areas shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code and internationally accepted standards.

B. Where Class I liquids are exposed to the air, the design of equipment and ventilation of buildings shall be such as to limit the Class I liquid locations to pits, the interior of equipment and the "immediate vicinity" of pumps or equipment locations such as dispensing stations open centrifuges, plate and frame filters, opened vacuum filters, change cans, and the surfaces of open equipment. Immediate vicinity means a zone extending from the vapor liberation point six (6) meters horizontally in all directions and vertically from the floor to a level two (2) meters above the highest point of vapor liberation.

C. All locations not covered by this Section where Class I liquids are handled shall be considered Class I, second division as defined in this Code. (See Rule 1 and Rule 23). If the flash point of the liquid processed is higher than the ambient temperature and at least thirty seven and eight tenths (37.8º) degrees Celsius, ordinary electrical equipment may be used, though care shall be used in locating electrical apparatus to prevent hot metal from falling into open processing equipment.

D. Ordinary electrical equipment, including switch gear, may be used if installed in a room which is maintained under positive pressure with respect to the hazardous area. Air or other media for pressurization shall be taken from a location where entrainment of flammable vapor is improbable.

SECTION 35.112. Protection Against Static Electricity and Lighting. — A. All equipment such as tanks, machinery and piping where an ignitable mixture may be present shall be bonded and connected to a ground. The bond or ground or both shall be physically applied or shall be inherently present by the nature of the installation. This electrically conductive path shall have a resistance of not more than one million (1,000,000) ohms.

B. Electrically isolated section of metallic piping or equipment shall be bonded to the other portions of the system or grounded.

C. Tank vehicles loaded or unloaded through open connections shall be grounded and bonded to the receiving system.

D. When a flammable mixture is transferred from a portable container to another, a bond shall be provided between the two containers.

E. Steel framing of buildings shall be grounded with resistance of not more than five (5) ohms.

SECTION 35.113. Fire Control and Detection. — A. Manufacturing and storage buildings shall be protected by a sprinkler system or a water spray system. Sprinkler systems or water spray system shall be installed to provide reasonable safety to persons and property.

B. Portable fire extinguishers approved for use of flammable liquid fires shall be provided.

C. Where good public fire protection facilities are not readily available, private fire protection facilities shall be provided.

D. An approved fire alarm system shall be provided.

E. All plant fire protection facilities shall be adequately maintained, periodically inspected and tested.

SECTION 35.114. Maintenance. — A. The cleaning of tanks or vessels which have previously contained flammable or combustible liquids shall only be done under the supervision of persons who understand the fire and explosion potential.

B. When necessary to make repairs involving welding and cutting, the work shall be authorized by the plant superintendent or responsible individual in charge before the work is started.

C. When necessary to enter a tank, pit manhole or other confined spaces, such entry shall be authorized by the responsible individual in charge.

D. Power operated industrial trucks shall be of a type approved for the location.

E. Open flames and direct fired heating devices shall be prohibited areas where flammable vapor-air mixture may exist.

F. Smoking shall be prohibited except in designated safe areas.

G. Empty containers previously used for flammable or combustible liquids shall be removed to a well detached outside location and if not cleaned on the premises, removed from the plant as soon as practical.

H. Storage in containers outside of buildings shall conform to this Code.

I. Adequate aisles shall be maintained for the unobstructed movement of personnel and fire protection equipment.

RULE 36

Ovens, Industrial Baking and Drying

SECTION 36.101. Scope. — This Rule shall apply to the location, construction and operations of industrial baking and drying ovens which are heated with oil or gas fuel, or which during operations contain flammable vapors from the product being baked or dried. This Rule provide requirements for the operation of ovens within certain limitation of control depending on oven design, paint formulation, and ventilation requirements, the disregard of which may cause them to function in an unsafe manner, thereby becoming liable to destruction by fire or explosion. In addition to the requirements of this Rule, all industrial baking and drying ovens shall comply with other internationally recognized standards. (See NFPA Pamphlet No. 86 on ovens and Furnaces.)

SECTION 36.102. Permit and Plans Required. — A. No person shall operate an oven without a permit from the proper authority.

B. Application for a permit shall be accompanied by plans showing all essential details and calculations for safe operations. A copy shall be furnished to the nearest Chief of the Local Fire Service.

SECTION 36.103. Location and Construction. — A. Ovens, oven heaters, and related equipment shall be located with due regard to the possibility of fire resulting from over heating or from the escape of fuel gas or fuel oil and the possibility of damage to the building and injury to persons resulting from explosion.

B. Ovens shall be located at or above grade, or if in basements at least fifty (50%) percent of the wall area of the room in which the oven is located shall be above grade.

C. Ovens shall be so located as to be readily accessible for inspection and maintenance and with adequate clearances to permit the proper functioning of explosion vents. Roofs of ovens shall be sufficiently insulated and ventilated to keep temperatures of combustible ceilings and floors below seventy one (71ºC) degrees Celsius.

D. Ovens shall be constructed of non-combustible materials throughout, except where the maximum oven operating temperature is not over seventy one (71ºC) degrees Celsius and adequate guards shall be provided to protect personnel.

E. Ovens which may contain flammable air gas mixtures shall be equipped with devices or relief vents for freely relieving internal explosion causative pressure.

F. All duct works shall be constructed of non-combustible materials. Ducts shall be made tight throughout and shall have no openings other than those required for the proper operation and maintenance of the system. Ducts passing through combustible wall, floors or roofs shall have adequate insulation and clearances to prevent surface temperatures from exceeding seventy one (71ºC) degrees Celsius. Exhaust ducts shall not discharge near doors, window, or other air intakes in a manner that will permit reentry of vapors into the building.

SECTION 36.104. Ventilation. — A. Ovens where flammable or toxic vapors are liberated, or through which products or combustion are circulated shall be ventilated by the introduction of a supply of fresh air and the proper exhaust to the outdoors. Discharge pipes shall not terminate with three (3) meters measured horizontally, from any door, window, or wood frame walls of any building. Such oven ventilation shall be arranged to provide vigorous and well distributed air circulation within the oven to insure that the flammable vapor concentration will be safely below the lower explosive limit at all times. Unless the oven is operated in accordance with specific approval specifying particular solvents and rate of ventilation, the rate of ventilation shall not be less than seventy five (75 cu. m.) cubic meters of fresh air per liter of solvent evaporated in continuous process ovens, and not less than three (3) cubic meters per minute per liter of flammable solvent evaporated in batch process ovens.

B. Exhaust duct openings shall be located in the area of greatest concentration or vapors.

C. All exhaust shall be by mechanical means using power driven fans.

SECTION 36.105. Safety Controls. — At Safety controls shall be sufficient in number and substantially constructed and arranged to maintain the required conditions of safety and prevent the development of fire and explosion hazards. (Refer to NFPA Pamphlet No. 86 on Ovens and Furnaces).

B. Ventilation controls, suitably interlocked, shall be provided which will insure required ventilation of the system.

C. Fuel safety controls, suitably interlocked and arranged to minimized the possibility of dangerous accumulations of explosive air fuel mixtures in the heating systems, shall be provided.

D. Excess temperature controls shall be provided to maintain a safe operating temperature within the oven.

E. Conveyor interlocks shall be provided in conveyor ovens having a flammable vapor hazard, so that the conveyor cannot move unless ventilating fans are operating and discharging the required amount of air.

RULE 37

Fire Extinguisher

SECTION 37.101. Definitions —

Firm: A firm is any person, partnership, corporation or association.

Hydrostatic Testing: Pressure testing by hydrostatic methods.

Fire Extinguisher: A device that contains within it chemicals, fluids, or gases for extinguishing fires, the means for application of its contents for that purpose, and is capable of being readily move from place to place.

Leased: For the purpose of this Rule, a leased fire extinguisher shall be treated in the same manner as an extinguisher which had been sold.

Service and Servicing: Servicing portable fire extinguishers includes any or all of the following — charging, filling, maintaining, recharging, refilling, repairing, and testing.

SECTION 37.102. Manufacture, Sale or Servicing. — No person shall engage in the manufacture, sale or servicing of extinguisher unless a permit is first obtained from the Department of Trade and or Department of Industry. A fire-safety inspection certificate to be issued by the Chief of the Local Fire Service shall be a prerequisite before the grant of any permit by the Bureau of Domestic Trade or any other authority.

SECTION 37.103. Standard For Manufacture. — All fire extinguishers shall be manufactured in accordance with internationally accepted standards. For this purpose, the standards of the following agencies, among others, are acceptable:

1. National Fire Protection Association (US)

2. National Fire Protection Association (UK)

3. Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. (US)

4. Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. (Canada)

5. Factory Mutual, Inc. (US)

6. Fire Offices Committee (UK)

7. Standards Association (Australia)

8. Industrial Standards Committee (Japan)

Nothing in this Section shall be construed as to preclude the use of other standards, if and when, such standards are proven to the satisfaction of the Director General to be equal or more stringent than the above listed standards.

SECTION 37.104. Prohibited Types of Extinguishers. — The following types of fire extinguishers are prohibited for manufacture or sale:

A. All inverting types which make it necessary to invert the container before the extinguisher's operation;

B. Soda-acid extinguishers;

C. Stored pressure or cartridge operated foam solution, unless an air-aspirating nozzle is provided;

D. Vaporizing liquid extinguishers using carbon tetrachloride or chlorobromomethene in any concentration or formulation;

E. Vaporizing liquid extinguishers of less than one (1) kilogram extinguishing agent;

F. Glass bulb, "grenade"-type; "bomb" type of vaporizing liquid extinguishers which have to be thrown to the fire or are mounted on specific location and which operate upon the melting of a fusible link; and

G. Thermatic special hazard single station extinguishers with extinguishing capability of less than four and a half (4.5) cubic meters.

H. Other types which may hereinafter be prohibited.

SECTION 37.105. Qualifications of Salesmen and Technicians. — The certification issued by the Chief of the Local Fire Service pursuant to Section 37.102 shall be based on the following factors:

A. Salesmen — All salesmen shall be trained and shall possess working knowledge on the following matters, among others:

1. Principles of fire fighting

2. Types of extinguishers and their capabilities

3. Selection and matching the extinguishers to the hazard, the environment and the users capability

4. Number and distribution of extinguisher for a particular hazard

5. Operation and maintenance of extinguisher

6. Health and operational safety considerations.

B. Technicians — all persons engaged in the manufacture or servicing of fire extinguishers shall be trained and possess working knowledge, in addition to those required for salesmen per paragraph "C" above, on the following principles, among others:

1. Hydrostatic testing

2. Safe filling and charging procedures

3. Testing and rating procedures

4. The various chemicals and formulation of extinguishing agents and their properties.

5 When and how to destroy any, extinguisher container.

SECTION 37.106. Markings Required On Fire Extinguishers. — All extinguishers manufactured or sold in the Philippines shall be labeled or marked to show at least the following:

A. Date of original filling of the container to be permanently stamped on the body near the valve/control assembly.

B. Chemical contents — The extinguishing agent shall be identified both under the common name and the chemical formula. Where the extinguishing agent is a formula, details on their proportions shall likewise be indicated.

C. Type of extinguisher —

(1) Whether or not useful for Class A, B, X or D fire

(2) Numerical rating of the extinguisher

D. Operating instructions

E. Safe procedure in usage

F. The name and address of the manufacturer

G. The name and address of the dealer

SECTION 37.107. Tagging of Serviced Fire Extinguishers. — Whenever any person duly qualified by the Department of Trade or other Authority services a fire extinguisher, a tag shall be affixed that at least states:

A. The month and year the service is performed.

B. The chemical name and formula of the contents.

C. The type of extinguisher serviced.

D. Either the name and License Number of the Licensee and/or the name and Permit Number of the Apprentice.

E. The name and Certificate of Registration number of the servicing firm.

SECTION 37.108. Prohibited Acts. — The following are declared prohibited acts with regards to fire extinguishers:

A. Removal of inspection tags attached to fire extinguishers:

B. Refilling a discharged extinguisher with an extinguishing agent other than what the unit was designed to contain;

C. Selling extinguishers not appropriate to the hazard;

D. Selling any extinguisher prohibited by Section 37.104.

E. Selling defective or substandard extinguishers.

F. Using/installing two (2) or more thermatic special hazard vaporizing liquid units in rooms with volume greater than the nominal capability of one unit.

G. Installing pressure gauges in fire extinguishers which do not indicate the actual pressure of the interior of vessel such as but not limited to use of uncalibrated gauges, not providing or blocking the connection between the gauge and the interior, or fixing the indicator/needle to indicate a certain pressure.

Enforcement of this Section shall be done in coordination with the Department of Trade.

RULE 38

Safeguarding Building Construction and Demolition Operations

DIVISION 1

Temporary Construction and Equipment

SECTION 38.101. Scope. — This standard is intended to apply to buildings in the course of erection, major alteration, or demolition.

SECTION 38.102. Construction Office Sheds. — Construction office trailers, sheds and other facilities for storage of tools and materials when located within the building, on the sidewalk bridging or within nine (9) meters of the building shall be of noncombustible construction. When located nine (9) meters or more from the building and constructed of combustible materials, it is desirable to separate them into small detached units.

SECTION 38.103. Temporary Enclosures — A. Only flame resistant tarpaulin or materials of equivalent fire retardant characteristics shall be used.

B When used to enclose buildings temporarily, the enclosing material shall be fastened securely or guarded by construction so it cannot be blown against sources of ignition by the wind.

SECTION 38.104. Scaffolding, Shoring and Forms. — A. Unnecessary accumulation of combustible forms or form lumber shall be avoided. These portions of the building where combustible forms are present shall not be used for the storage of other combustible supplies.

B. Fire extinguishing equipment shall be provided during forming and stripping. Charged hose lines will meet this requirement. The Chief of the Local Fire Service should be contacted regarding adequacy of water supply for hose line.

SECTION 38.105. Construction Equipment. — A. Internal combustion engine-powered air compressors, hoists, derricks, pumps, etc., shall be so located that the exhaust will discharge away from combustible materials. When the exhaust are piped to outside the building under construction, a clearance of at least fifteen (15 cms) centimeters shall be maintained between such piping and combustible material.

B. Internal combustion equipment shall be shutdown prior to refueling. Suitable fire extinguishers should be provided on manned construction equipment utilizing liquid fuel.

C. Service areas for construction equipment shall not be located within the building.

DIVISION 2

Construction Processes and Hazards

SECTION 38.201. Cutting and Welding Operations. — A. A permit shall be obtained for cutting and welding operations on the job sites under the supervision of the person in charge of fire protection as provided in Section 38.406. A permit shall not be used until:

(1) It has been determined that cutting and welding can be safely conducted at the desired locations;

(2) Combustible material have been moved away or safely covered; and

(3) A fire watchman with extinguisher is posted for duration of the work, and for every thirty (30) minutes thereafter to see that sparks or drops of hot metal do not start fires. Additional fire watchmen should be provided during welding or cutting operations where sparks or molten metal may drop on several floors.

B. If welding operations have been conducted during the day, the oncoming watchmen should be alerted to check the location where welding was done as a part of the regular rounds. Where watchman service is not provided, use of gas-operated welding or cutting equipment should be discontinued a minimum of one (1) hour before quitting-time.

C. If the structure had a wooden floor, it should be wetted down before and after welding or cutting operations are conducted. Adequate precautions must be taken so that wetting down will not introduce a personnel safety hazard.

D. All gas-operated cutting and welding equipment operations shall be in accordance with Rule 39.

SECTION 38.202. Smoking. — A. Smoking shall be prohibited at or in the vicinity of hazardous operations or materials.

B. Where smoking is permitted, safe receptacles shall be provided for smoking materials.

SECTION 38.203. Trash Disposal. — A. Combustible waste material and rubbish shall not be stored or allowed to accumulate within the building or in the immediate vicinity, but shall be removed from the premises as rapidly as practicable.

B. Rubbish shall not be burned on the premises without first obtaining permission from the person in charge of fire protection as provided in Section 38.406. If a chute is employed from removal of demolition debris, it should be erected on the outside of the building.

SECTION 38.204. Flammable Liquids. — A. Flammable liquid storage shall be in accordance with Rule 25 of Flammable and Combustible Liquids.

B. Ventilation shall be provided for operations involving the application of materials containing flammable solvents.

C. Potential sources of ignition shall be identified and safeguarded whenever such operations are being conducted.

D. Asphalt and tar kettle shall be located in a safe place outside of the building or on a noncombustible roof at a point where they avoid danger of ignition of combustible material below. Continuous supervision shall be maintained while kettles are in operation and metal covers shall be provided for all kettles to smother out flame in case of fire. Suitable fire extinguishers shall be provided.

E. Used roofing mops shall be stored away from the building and combustible materials.

F. For demolition projects the following precautions shall be taken:

(1) Drain flammable liquid and combustible machinery reservoirs in a safe manner, with particular attention to removal of residue and a sludge accumulation. Remove residue and sludge accumulation from the building immediately.

(2) Tanks and piping formerly containing flammable liquids are likely to contain flammable vapors and preferably should be removed prior to demolition of the building. If this is not feasible, these hazards should be labeled or otherwise identified for careful removal.

(3) Purging with inert materials should be done as early as possible in the demolition operation in order to minimize the possibility of explosion. Remaining residue or sludge may constitute a fire or explosion hazard.

DIVISION 3

Utilities

SECTION 38.301. Electrical. — A. Electrical wiring and equipment for light, heat, or power purposes shall be installed in compliance with the requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code.

B. In demolition projects, electric service shall be reduced to a minimum and wiring and components shall be marked to identify energized circuits.

SECTION 38.302. Gas. — Prior to demolition, gas supplies shall be turned off at a point outside the building.

DIVISION 4

Fire Protection

SECTION 38.401. Fire Cut-Offs. — A. Fire walls and exits stairways, if required for buildings, shall be given construction priority. Fire doors with approved closing devise and hardware shall be hung on openings as soon as practicable and before any significant quantity of combustible material is introduced. Fire doors after installation shall not be obstructed from closing. It is recommended that fire doors be closed at the end of each working day.

B. For demolition projects, fire cut-offs shall be retained as such until razing operations necessitate their removal.

SECTION 38.402. Access for Fire Fighting. — A. A suitable location at the site shall be designated as a command post and is provided with plans, emergency information, keys, communication and other equipment as needed. The person in charge of fire protection shall report immediately to the Command Post whenever fire occurs.

B. Access for use of heavy fire fighting equipment shall be provided to the immediate job site at the start of construction and maintained until all construction is completed. The Chief of the local Fire Service should be contacted to establish access ways of sufficient dimension to allow maneuvering of fire equipment.

C. Fire access from the street to fire hydrants and to outside connections for standpipes, sprinklers or other fire suppression system or equipment whether permanent or temporary shall be provided and maintained at all times. Protective pedestrian walkways shall not be so constructed as to impede ready access to hydrants. No materials or construction shall interfere with access to hydrants or connections.

D. During construction or demolition operations fire access to permanent, temporary or portable first aid fire equipment shall be maintained at all times.

E. In all building over fifteen (15 m.) meters in height, at least one (1) stairway shall be provided in usable conditions at all times. This stairway shall be extended upward as each floor is installed in new construction. It shall be lighted and enclosed if the building exterior walls are in place. Hoists and elevators provide the only efficient means of transporting hose and other cumbersome fire fighting equipment to upper floors in tall construction or demolition projects. They should be available to the Fire Service whenever necessary.

F. Arrangements shall be made so that firemen will have immediate access to the premises when called.

SECTION 38.403. Water Supply. — A. Water supply for fire protection either temporary or permanent shall be made available before construction begins. There shall be no delay in the installation of fire protection equipment. A minimum of eighteen hundred ninety two (1892) liters per minute should be provided. In most instances, the required supply may be increased.

B. Where underground water mains are to be provided, they shall be installed, completed and in service with hydrants or standpipes located as directed by the Director General or his duly authorized representative.

SECTION 38.404. Standpipe. — A. In all new buildings in which standpipes are required or where existing in building being altered or demolished such standpipes shall be maintained in conformity with the progress of building activity in such manner that they are always ready for use by members of the Fire Service.

B. The standpipe shall be provided with conspicuously marked Siamese Fire Service connections on the outside of the building at the street level and shall have at least one (1) standard hose outlet at each floor.

C. Pipe sizes, hose valves, hose, water supply and other details for new construction shall be in accordance with Division 5 of Rule 3.

SECTION 38.405. Automatic Fire Suppression System Protection. — A. If automatic fire suppression system is to be provided the installation shall be placed in service as soon as possible. Details of installation shall be in accordance with the standard for the installation of Sprinkler System, NFPA Pamphlet No. 13. With good scheduling and constructing, it is possible for the sprinkler installation to progressively and closely follow the building construction. This common good practice provides sprinklered areas for the storage of interior finish materials and building mechanical equipment, such of which may be received in combustible packaging and which cannot be stored outside because of absence of exterior space, weather or security. Even when construction combustibles are not a factor, sprinkler protection would be available for unanticipated early delivery of combustible content, planned for the permanent occupancy. It is not unusual, when needed. to temporarily plug the extremity of a partially installed sprinkler system so that a portion may be placed in automatic service. This is frequently done in multiple-storied buildings to facilitate protection on the lower floors before the upper floors have been built. Other automatic fire suppression system may be accepted and installed.

B. The building shall not be occupied until the automatic fire suppression system installation has been entirely completed and tested such that the protection is not susceptible to frequent impairment attributable to testing and corrections.

Exceptions: This provisions shall not preclude the occupancy of the lower floors of a building even though the upper floors may be in various stages of construction or protection, provided the following conditions are satisfied:

(1) The fire protection system of the lower occupied floor is completed and tested in accordance with the above criteria.

(2) The fire protection system of the upper floors will be supplied by entirely separate system and separate controls such that its absence or incompleteness will in no way impair the protection of the occupied lower floors.

C. When the building is to be demolished, automatic fire suppression system, protection shall be retained in service as long as the condition requiring said system continues to exist. If the building to be demolished presents a serious fire exposure threat to neighboring property, the existing system should be retained in service as long as reasonable. Modification of the system to permit alteration or additional demolition should be done under direction of the Chief of the local Fire Service and should be expedited so the system may be restored as quickly as possible.

D. Operations of system controls shall be permitted only by properly authorized personnel (Section 38.406) and shall be accompanied by notification of a duly designated parties when the system is being regularly turned off and to facilitate connection of newly completed segments. The system controls shall be checked daily at close of work to ascertain that protection is in service.

SECTION 38.406. Supervision and Watch Service. — A. A capable person representing the contractor or builder having the necessary authority shall be placed in charge of fire protection of the building under construction or demolition. His responsibility shall include maintenance and location of automatic fire suppression systems and protective equipment, general supervision of safeguards, and the establishment and maintenance of safe cutting and welding operations. Where security guard service is provided, he shall acquaint the watchman with developments during the day and pass along any special instruction on the status of fire protection equipment and emergency procedures. All areas and buildings shall be patrolled at all times be said watchman.

B. There shall be a readily available means of communications to the nearest Fire Service. Instruction shall be issued to immediately notify the Fire Service in case of fire. When telephone services is employed, the local Fire Service number shall be conspicuously posted near the telephone.

SECTION 38.407. First-Aid Fire Equipment/Appliances. — A. Hose and nozzles shall be provided and made ready for use as soon as either the temporary or permanent water supply is available on new construction. Signs or distinctive markings shall be provided to identify the location of first aid fire equipment/appliances and standpipe connections. They should be conspicuously displayed. During demolition operations, charged hose lines supplied by hydrants or sprinkler-riser adapters should be available.

B. When tool house, storeroom or other shanty, or a room or space is used for storage, dressing room, or workshop shall be provided with at least one (1) fire extinguisher and maintained in an accessible location.

C. At least one (1) fire extinguisher shall be provided on each floor at each usable stairway in plain sight.

D. During demolition, portable fire extinguisher shall be available. Drums of two hundred liters (200) capacity filled with water and provided with buckets should be placed on each floor.

RULE 39

Welding and Cutting

SECTION 39.101. General Requirements. — A. In performance of welding and cutting operations, only approved equipment such as blowpipes, torches, regulators, and acetylene generators that have been examined, tested, and found to be properly safe-guarded, and conforming to internationally accepted standards shall be used, as far as practicable.

B. All cylinders or containers used for the storage of compressed gases shall be constructed, charged and marked in accordance with internationally recognized safe practices.

SECTION 39.102. Piping of Oxygen and Fuel Gases. — A. Except as provided in this Section, piping shall be of wrought iron, steel, brass or copper pipe, or approved seamless copper, brass or other approved gas tubing. All piping and fittings for conveying gas or liquid at pressures up to ten and fifty four-hundredths (10.54) kilograms per square centimeter, shall be suitable for a safe working pressure of not less than ten and fifty four-hundredths (10.54) kilograms per square centimeter. For pressures in excess of ten and fifty four-hundredths (10.54) kilograms per square centimeter, extra heavy duty pipe and fittings shall be used. Joints in steel or wrought iron pipe shall be welded or made up with threaded or flanged fittings; or rolled, forged or cast steel, or malleable iron fittings may be used. Joints in brass or copper pipe may be welded or made up with threaded or flanged fittings. Joints in approved seamless copper, brass or other approved non-ferrous gas tubing shall be made by means of approved fittings or, of the socket type, with silver solder, or similar high melting point material. Cast-iron fittings shall be prohibited. Threaded connections in oxygen piping shall be tinned or made up with other suitable joint sealer applied to the thread of male coupling.

B. Acetylene piping shall be made of steel or wrought iron pipe only.

C. Oxygen piping shall be made of steel, wrought iron, brass or copper pipe or approved seamless non-ferrous gas tubing. Tubing shall be used only for pressures of ten and fifty four-hundredths (10.54) kilograms per square centimeter or less.

D. Piping shall be protected against injury, and allowance made for contraction, expansion, jarring and vibration. If laid underground, it shall be protected against corrosion. Low points in piping shall be provided with drip pots and drain valves, the latter to be normally closed with screw caps or plugs. Oxygen piping shall not be placed in any location where it may be exposed to contact with oil.

E. All piping shall be tested and proven tight at one and one-half (1-½) times its maximum working pressure. Any medium used for testing oxygen lines shall be oil-free. Flames shall not be used to detect leaks.

F. All buried pipe and tubing and outdoor ferrous pipe and tubing shall be covered or painted with a suitable corrosion-resisting material.

SECTION 39.103. Manifolding of Cylinders. — A. Oxygen manifolds shall not be located in an acetylene generator room, or in close proximity to cylinders of combustible gases. Oxygen manifolds shall be located away from highly flammable material, especially oil; grease or any substance likely to cause or accelerate fire.

B. The aggregate capacity of fuel gas cylinders connected to one manifold inside a building shall not exceed eighty four and nine tenths (84.9) cubic meters of gas or one hundred thirty five (135) kilograms in the case of liquefied petroleum gas. More than one such manifold each supplying one blowpipe or one machine, may be located in the same room if separated at least fifteen (15) meters.

C. It is necessary to manifold fuel gas cylinders having an aggregate gas capacity in excess of eighty four and nine tenths (84.9) cubic meters or one hundred fourteen (114) kilograms of liquefied petroleum gas. Storage exceeding above amount shall be in a separate room as provided for by this Rule, or cylinders shall be kept outside or in a special building. Buildings, room or compartments provided for such storage shall be well ventilated and be without open flame heating or lighting devices.

D. Cylinders stored inside of buildings shall be away from highly combustible materials and in locations where they are not subject to excessive rise temperature, mechanical injury or tampering. All cylinder including empty ones, shall have their caps in place and all valves tightly closed.

SECTION 39.104. Liquid Oxygen. — Where liquid oxygen in a quantity exceeding three hundred eighty (380) liters to be used for welding and cutting, the container or containers shall be located outside or in special building having no other occupancy except that related to the handling and gasification of the oxygen.

SECTION 39.105. Hose and Hose Connections. — A. Hose shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic pressure of fifty six (56) kilograms per square centimeter.

B. A single hose having more than one gas passage, a wall failure of which would permit the flow of one gas into the other gas-passage, shall not be used. Where two hoses joined by a web so as to form integral lengths of double hose are used, the two hoses shall be identified as follows:

(1) By exterior color, such as by employing green for oxygen and red for acetylene, or

(2) If the entire exterior of both passages are of the same color, the two sides shall be distinguished by feel or touch (i.e., smooth versus rib or rough exterior surface).

C. When parallel lengths of oxygen and acetylene hose are taped together for convenience and to prevent tangling; not more than ten (10) centimeter shall be covered by tape.

D. Hose connections shall be clamped or otherwise securely fastened in a manner that will withstand without leakage, twice the pressure to which they are normally subjected in service but in no case less than a pressure of twenty one (21) kilograms per square centimeter.

E. Hose shall be inspected frequently for leaks, burns, torn places loose connections or other defects, which may render the hose unfit for service. Where hose shows excessive wear or has been subjected to flashback, it shall be inspected and tested at twice the normal pressure which it is subject to in service but in no case at less than fourteen (14) kilograms per square centimeter before being returned to service. Defective lengths or hose shall be discarded.

SECTION 39.106. General Safety Rules for Welding and Cutting. — A. No device or attachment facilitating or permitting mixture of air or oxygen with combustible gases prior to consumption, except at the burner or in a standard torch or blowpipe, shall be allowed unless approved for the purpose.

B. The user shall not transfer gases from one cylinder to another, or mix gases in a cylinder.

C. Under no conditions shall acetylene gas be generated, piped (except in approved cylinder manifolds), or utilized at a pressure in excess of one and five-hundredths (1.05) kilograms per square centimeter gauge pressure, except when dissolved in a suitable solvent in cylinders manufactured according to internationally recognized safe practice.

D. The use of liquid acetylene is prohibited.

E. Acetylene gas shall not be brought in contact with unalloyed copper except in a blow-pipe torch.

F. Oxygen shall never be used from a cylinder or cylinder manifold unless a pressure regulating device intended for use with oxygen, and so marked, is provided.

G. Fuel gas shall never be used from cylinders through torches or other device equipped with shut-off valves without reducing the pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve manifold.

H. Cylinders, valves, regulators, hose and other apparatus and fittings containing or using oxygen shall be kept free from oil or grease. Oxygen cylinders, apparatus and fittings shall not be handled with oily hands or gloves or greasy materials.

I. When moving compressed gas cylinder by crane, suitable cradles shall be used in order to reduce the possibility of dropping. Ordinary rope slings or electro-magnets shall not be used.

J. Oxygen and fuel gas cylinders and acetylene generators shall be placed far away enough from the welding position so that they will not be unduly heated by radiation from heated materials, by sparks or slag, or by misdirection of the torch flame.

K. No gas welding or cutting shall be done in or near rooms or locations where flammable liquids or vapors, lint, dust, or loose combustible stocks, are so located or arranged that sparks or hot metal from the welding or cutting operations may cause ignition or explosion of such materials.

L. When such welding or cutting must be done above within three (3) meters of combustible construction or material, or above a place where workers are employed, or where persons are likely to pass, non-combustible shields shall interposed to protect such materials and persons from sparks and hot metal or oxide.

M. One or more first aid fire extinguishing appliances of suitable type shall be kept at the location where welding or cutting is being done.

N. When welding or cutting is done above or within three (3) meters of combustible construction or material, a fire watcher shall be on hand to make use of fire extinguishing equipment.

O. A fire watch shall be maintained for at least a half hour after completion of cutting or welding operations to detect and extinguish possible smoldering fires.

SECTION 39.107. Containers for Calcium Carbides. — Containers used for the storage of calcium carbide, shall be of metal of sufficient strength to insure handling without rupture, and shall be provided with a screw top or its equivalent. They shall be of water tight construction. Solder shall not be used on joints in such manner that fire would break open the package. Packages shall be marked "CALCIUM CARBIDE-DANGEROUS IF NOT KEPT DRY."

SECTION 39.108. Storage of Calcium Carbide in Building. — A. Storage of calcium carbide inside buildings shall be in a dry waterproof and well ventilated location.

B. Calcium carbide in excess of two hundred seventy three (273) kilograms shall not be stored in a building containing other occupancy unless in an acetylene generator room or separate room or compartment, in a one-story building without a cellar or basement underneath the carbide storage section. Such rooms shall be constructed to have a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour, with openings to other parts of the building protected by approved self-closing fire doors or stationary wired glass windows in approved metal frames. The room or compartments may also be used for storage of fuel gas cylinders, but not oxygen. Adequate ventilation shall be provided.

C. Calcium carbide in excess of twenty two hundred seventy three (2273) kilograms shall be stored in one-story buildings without cellar or basement and used for no other purpose except the storage of fuel gas cylinders, or in outside acetylene generator houses. Location of such storage buildings shall be outside congested mercantile and manufacturing districts. If the storage building is of non-combustible construction, it may adjoin other one-story buildings if separated therefrom by unpierced fire walls. If detached, less than three (3) meters from such buildings, there shall be no opening in any of the mutually exposing sides of such buildings within said distance. If the storage building is of combustible construction it shall not be within six (6) meters of any other one-or two-story building, nor within nine (9) meters of any other building exceeding two stories.

SECTION 39.109. Generators to be Approved. — Acetylene generators shall be of approved type, and shall be plainly marked with the rate in cubic meter of acetylene per hour for which they are designed, the amount of weight of carbide necessary for a single charge, the manufacturer's name and address, and the name or number of the type of generator.

SECTION 39.110. Stationary Generations. — Stationary generators shall be installed either in a well-ventilated one-story non-combustible outside generator house, or in a well-ventilated room or compartment of ample size and of construction as outlined in the succeeding Sections, either in a one-story building or on the top floor or roof of a multi-storied building. The storage of fuel gas cylinders in such rooms or compartments shall not exceed a total volume of fifty seven (57) cubic meters of gas or twelve (12) kilograms in case of liquefied petroleum gas.

SECTION 39.111. Inside Generator Rooms or Compartments. — A. The walls or partitions, floor, and ceiling on such room or compartment shall be constructed having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour. Walls or partitions shall be continuous from floor to ceiling and shall be securely anchored. At least one wall of an inside generator room shall be an exterior wall.

B. Opening from the generator room or compartment to other parts of the building shall be protected by an approved self-closing fire door of the swinging type and close into a rabbet, or otherwise be made tight to prevent passage of flame around edges. Exit doors shall be located so as to be readily accessible in case of emergency. Windows, if provided in partitions, shall be wired glass in approved metal frames with fixed sash.

C. A portion of the exterior walls equal to not less than ten (10%) percent of the combined areas of the enclosing walls shall be of light non-combustible material such as single thickness, single strength glass. Single thickness, single strength window glass skylights, or lightly fastened roof hatch covers, swinging doors in exterior walls opening outward, sheet metal siding or lightly fastened roofs, may be accepted in part or entirely in lieu of the glass area or its equivalent, provided the required percentage of explosion venting area is thus obtained.

SECTION 39.112. Portable Generators. — A. Portable generators shall not be used in rooms of total volume less than thirty five (35) times the total gas generating capacity per charge of generators in the room. The gas generating capacity in cubic meters per charge shall be assumed as three-tenths (0.3) times the weight of carbide per charge in kilos. Generators shall not be used in rooms having a ceiling height less than three (3) meters.

B. No acetylene generator shall be moved by derrick crane or hoist while charged.

RULE 40

High Rise Buildings

SECTION 40.101. Scope. — This Rule deals with life safety from fires and similar emergencies in high rise buildings. It covers fire safety features in construction and protection of exits and passageway and provisions for fire protection.

SECTION 40.102. Definition. — A high rise building is one which is at least fifteen (15) meters high.

SECTION 40.103. Application. — For purposes of this Rule, high rise buildings shall be classified as all public or private buildings, where the distance between the floor of the topmost story and the ground level is more than fifteen (15) meters.

SECTION 40.104. Smoke Control. — High rise buildings shall be designed so that in the event of fire the levels of smoke concentration in protected spaces can be maintained within values that can be tolerated by occupants for an indefinite period. The protected spaces shall include stairwells, at least one elevator shaft, and floor spaces readily accessible to all occupants and large enough to accommodate them. In the spaces to which the requirement for control of smoke level applies, the atmosphere shall not include more than one (1%) per cent by volume of the contaminated atmosphere emanating from the fire area.

SECTION 40.105. Automatic Fire Suppression System. — High rise buildings shall be protected with approved type of automatic fire suppression systems installed in accordance with internationally recognized standards. The automatic fire suppression system must protect all floor spaces including every closet and concealed spaces and plenums of certain configuration and construction — particularly where combustible materials are located such as exposed electrical wiring, combustible dust work, and combustible sound/thermal insulation. The system shall be interconnected to a fire alarm system and to the control room of the building.

SECTION 40.106. Exits. — All stairwells shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Rule 3. All doors on stairwells shall be kept closed.

SECTION 40.107. First-Aid Protection. — In addition to the other requirements of this Code, each floor shall be provided with at least one fifteen (15) to nineteen (19) millimeters lightweight flexible hose equipped with a spray nozzle and connected to the wet standpipe system or other water supply capable of providing nineteen (19) to thirty eight (38) liter per minute or water for a period of thirty minutes.

SECTION 40.108. Emergency Escape Equipment. — In existing buildings all floors above fifteen (15) meters from ground may be provided, in addition to smoke protected fire exits with emergency escape equipment capable of attachment and use for escape from windows: Provided, that this means of escape does not exceed twenty five (25) percent of the required number of units of exit widths. Such equipment should provide safe descent capability not exceeding three (3) meters per second.

SECTION 40.109. Applicability of All Other Provisions of this Rule. — This Rule shall supplement all other capable provisions of this Fire Code.

RULE 41

Administrative Courses of Action

SECTION 41.101. Schedule of Fines. — The following administrative fines are hereby prescribed for violations as indicated:

A. Failure to provide safety measures for the manufacture, storage, handling and/or use of the following hazardous material required in Section 8, paragraph b of Presidential Decree No. 1185:

(1)	Cellulose nitrate plastic of any kind	P100.00 per kilo or less but not exceeding P300.00
(2)	Combustible fibers	P100.00 per cubic meter or less but not exceeding P1,000.00
(3)	Cellular materials such as foam rubber sponge rubber and plastic foam	P100.00 per cubic meter or less but not exceeding P1,000.00
(4)	Flammable and combustible liquids or gases of any classification	P10.00 per liter or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(5)	Flammable paints, varnishes, stain and organic coatings	P10.00 per liter or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(6)	High piled or widely spread combustible stock.	P20.00 per cubic meter or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(7)	Metallic Magnesium in any form	P100.00 per kilo or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(8)	Corrosive liquids, oxidizing materials, organic peroxide, nitromethane, ammonium nitrate or any amount of highly toxic pyrophoric, hypergolic or cryogenic materials or poisonous gases as well as material compounds which when exposed to heat or flame become a fire conductor or generate excessive smoke or toxic gases	P10.00 per kilo/liter or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(9)	Blasting agents, explosives and special industrial explosive materials, blasting caps, black powder, dynamite, nitro-cellulose, fulminates of any kind, and plastic explosives containing ammonium salt or chlorate	P500.00 per kilo or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(10)	Liquid Nitroglycerine and liquid trinitrotolouene	P1,000.00 per liter or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(11)	Firework materials of any kind or form	P500.00 per kilo or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(12)	Matches in commercial quantities more than 60 matchman's gross	P100.00 per matchman gross (14,400 matchstick) or less but not exceeding P3,000.00
(13)	Hot ashes, live coals and embers	P50.00 per cubic meter or less but not exceeding P1,000.00
(14)	Mineral, vegetable or animal oils and other derivative by products	P10.00 per liter in excess of twenty five (25) liters but not exceeding P1,000.00
(15)	Recycling of combustible waste materials	P100.00 per cubic meter or less but not exceeding P1,000.00
(16)	Explosive dusts and vapors	P1,000.00 to P3,000.00 per violation
(17)	Agricultural, forest, marine or mineral products which may undergo spontaneous combustion	P100.00 per cubic meter or less but not exceeding P1,000.00

B. Failure to provide safety measures for the following hazardous operations processes as required in Section 8, paragraph c of the Presidential Decree No. 1185:

(1)	Welding or soldering	P100.00 to P1,000.00
(2)	Industrial/commercial baking and drying	P1,000.00 to P2,000.00
(3)	Disposal of combustible waste materials	P1,000.00 to P2,000.00
(4)	Pressurized/forced-draft burning equipment	P1,000.00 to P2,000.00
(5)	Smelting and forging	P2,000.00 to P3,000.00
(6)	Motion picture projection using electrical arc lamp	P100.00 to P1,000.00
(7)	Refining, distillation and solvent extraction of flammable/combustible liquids	P2,000.00 to P3,000.00

C. Failure to provide the following safety construction protective warning systems as required in Section 8, paragraph d of Presidential Decree No. 1185.

(1)	Fire protection features such as sprinkler system hose boxes reels or standpipe system and other fire fighting equipment	P6,000.00 to P9,000.00
(2)	Fire alarm system	P6,000.00 to P9,000.00
(3)	Fire walls to separate adjoining building, or warehouse and storage areas from other occupancies in the same building	P6,000.00 to P9,000.00
(4)	Provision for confining the fire at its source such as fire resistive floors and walls extending up to the next floor slab or roof, curtain boards and other file containing or stopping components	P3,000.00 to P6,000.00
(5)	Termination of all exits in an area affording safe passage to a public way or safe dispersal area	P9,000.00 to P12,000.00
(6)	Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrants	P3,000.00 to P6,000
(7)	Overcrowding or admission of person beyond the authorized capacity in movie houses, theaters, coliseum, auditorium or other public assembly areas on the ground floor with open sides or open doors sufficient to provide safe exits	P6,000.00 to P9,000.00
(8)	Locking fire exits during periods when people are inside the building	P9,000.00 to P12,000.00
(9)	Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire doors or smoke partitions or dampers	P3,000.00 to P6,000.00
(10)	Use of fire protective or fire fighting equipment of the Fire Service other than for fire fighting except in other emergencies where their use are justified	P1,000.00 to P3,000
(11)	Giving false or malicious fire alarm	P1,000.00 to P3,000
(12)	Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by the Fire Service, or throwing of cigars, cigarettes, or burning objects in places which may start or cause fires	P1,000.00 to P3,000.00
(13)	Abandoning or leaving a building or structure by the occupant or owner without appropriate measures	P1,000.00 to P5,000.00
(14)	Removing, destroying, tampering or obliterating any authorized mark, seal, sign or tag posted or required by the Fire Service for fire safety in any building, structure or processing equipment	P6,000.00 to P9,000.00
(15)	Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the electrical system beyond its designed capacity or such other practices that would tend to undermine the fire safety features of the electrical system	P6,000.00 to P9,000.00
(16)	Failure to submit copy of fire insurance policy within the prescribed time limit	P1,000.00 to P3,000.00

SECTION 41.102. General Guideline for Administrative Actions. — A. Fines. — Before a fine is imposed, the offender must first be informed of his violation and ordered to correct the same immediately, if feasible, or within a reasonable period of time as prescribed in Section 41.108 hereof. At the expiration of the period to correct the deficiency/deficiencies, a reinspection shall be conducted to determine compliance. If correction was not effected or if compliance does not conform to the required standards, the First Violation is committed for which the offender shall be fined and further ordered to effect the correction. Repeated failures on the part of the offender to effect corrections will constitute the second, third, fourth and subsequent violations corresponding to number of times he has been reinspected and ordered to effect the correction and for which corresponding fines shall be imposed. A daily fine may be imposed if, in the opinion of the responsible Fire Service Official concerned, the same is necessary to compel the offender to effect the corrections.

B. Closure and/or Stoppage of Operation. — Closure of establishments and/or stoppage of operation shall be resorted to when the offender is recalcitrant in complying with repeated orders for him to correct the deficiency. The same recourse shall also be resorted to when the deficiency constitutes a clear and imminent danger to life and property such that evacuation of the building or establishment and stoppage of operations therein are extremely necessary.

C. Abatement. — (1) All fire hazards shall be abated immediately. Abatement is any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard. Such acts are specified in the Notice of Violation.

(2) Abatement includes, among others, any combinations or all of the following:

(a) Removal of the source of ignition;

(b) Rearranging or adjusting articles within the minimum clearances or dimensions;

(d) Changes in procedure in the conduct of hazardous operation;

(e) Constructions to limit and control the spread of fire and smoke;

(f) Installation of fire protective and/or warning systems; and

(g) Remodelling, repairing, strengthening, reconstructing, removal and demolition, either partial or total, of the building or structure.

(3) Under certain circumstances, where there is inaction on the part of the violator, abatement may be made summarily by the government if this is the only recourse to remove the imminent danger to life and property and achieve fire safety. In this case the provisions of Sections 10, 11, and 12 of Presidential Decree No. 1185 apply.

SECTION 41.103. Fixing of Fines. — Administrative fines shall be determined as follows:

A. When the violation carries an administrative fine which has a rate per unit volume, weight or unit, the fine shall be computed by multiplying the weight/volume/unit by the rate.

B. Where the violation carries a fine within a certain range (for example, P1,000.00 — P3,000.00), the fine increases with the number of violation of the same provision

(1) First violation — the fine shall be the minimum amount in the range.

(2) Second violation — the fine shall be one half (½) of the sum of the minimum and maximum amounts in the range.

(3) Third and/or subsequent violations — the fine shall be the maximum amount in the ranges

C. When two or more offenses were committed, the same procedures shall be followed in the preceding subsections "A" and "B", but the fine shall be based on the offense that carries the highest rate of range.

SECTION 41.104. Jurisdiction on Imposition of Administrative Penalties. — A. Fine. —

(1) Fines up to six thousand (P6,000.00) pesos shall be imposed by the Provincial Police Superintendent or the Fire District Commander of the Metropolitan Police Force.

(2) Fines up to but not exceeding twelve thousand (P12,000.00) pesos shall be imposed by the Zone/Regional/Metropolitan Police Force Commander.

B. Stoppage of operation. — This penalty shall be imposed by the Zone/ Regional/ Metropolitan Police Force Commander. The exercise of this authority may be delegated to the Provincial Police Superintendent or to the Fire District Commander of the Metropolitan Police Force.

C. Closure of buildings. — Closure of buildings or portions thereof shall be on order of the Zone/Regional/Metropolitan Police Force Commander.

D. Declaration of public nuisance. — The declaration of a building, structure or facility as a public nuisance pursuant to Section 10 of Presidential Decree No. 1185 shall be made by the Zone/Regional/Metropolitan Police Force Commander.

E. Abatement. —

(1) Orders for simple abatement such as removal of fire hazardous materials, removal of obstructions to exit ways or means of egress or similar actions that do not entail financial expenditure on the part of violator, shall be issued either by the Provincial Police Superintendent, or, by the Fire District Commander of the Metropolitan Police Force, or by the Chief of the Local Fire Service.

(2) Orders for abatement involving alteration, modification or repair of equipment, machinery, or protective systems; or of buildings, structures, or facilities shall be issued by the Zone/Regional/Metropolitan Police Force Commander.

(3) Orders for abatement involving condemnation and/or removal of defective machinery, equipment or protective system; or demolition, either partial or total, of buildings, structures or facilities shall be issued by the Director General.

(4) Orders for the summary abatement of a building, structure, or facility declared as a public nuisance shall be issued by the Director General.

F. The decisions of the foregoing authorities are executory.

SECTION 41.105. Procedure Prior to Imposition and Collection of Administrative Fine. — When the After Mission Report submitted by the Fire Inspector, indicates violations of the Fire Code, (Sec. 1.203) the Chief of the Fire Service shall immediately issue a Notice to Correct Violation as provided for in Section 1.204. Such Notice shall include, among others, a verbatim quotation of the specific provision of the Fire Code violated. The original copy of such Notice shall be served upon the person responsible for the violation within three (3) days from submission of the Report. When the correction of a violation requires mere desistance on the part of the offender from repeating the same, such as but not limited to: Prevention, intervention or obstruction of any operation of the Fire Service or of a duly organized and authorized fire brigades; or obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrants or use of fire protection or fire fighting equipment of the fire service other than for fire fighting except in other emergencies where their use are justified; or use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the electrical system; or giving false or malicious fire alarm; or other violations similar to any of the foregoing; an Order to Pay Fine shall be issued immediately without need of issuing a Notice to Correct Violation.

SECTION 41.106. Imposition/Collection of Administrative Fines. — Within three (3) days following the expiration of the period for correction of the violation as fixed in the Notice, a reinspection shall be conducted. For this purpose, a new Mission Order shall be issued and another After Mission Report submitted. If the Report indicates that all deficiencies were corrected, according; to prescribed standard a copy of the report shall be furnished to the responsible person. However, if the Report indicates that the deficiency or deficiencies previously cited were not corrected, or correction did not conform to the prescribed standard a new Notice of Violation and an Order for Payment of Fine shall be issued. The original copy of such Notice shall be served upon the person responsible for the violation within three (3) days from submission of the Report. The violator is given three (3) days within which to pay the fine; and a reasonable time to correct the deficiency/deficiencies is prescribed.

SECTION 41.107. Failure to Pay Fine. — Failure on the part of the violator to pay the administrative fine within the period fixed in the Notice, shall constitute a ground for the issuance of an Order for closure of the building or portion thereof or stoppage of the hazardous operation in such building.

SECTION 41.108. Period for Correcting Violations. — The periods within which the person responsible for the violation shall correct the same are hereby prescribed as follows:

A. Immediately or within twenty four (24) hours. —

(1) Obstructing or blocking the exit ways or access to buildings clearly marked for fire safety purposes, such as, but not limited to aisles in interior rooms, any part of stairways, hallways, corridors, vestibules, balconies or bridges leading to a stairway or exit of any kind, or tolerating or allowing said violations;

(2) Prevention, interference or obstruction of any operation of the Fire Service, or of duly organized and authorized fire brigades;

(3) Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrants,

(4) Overcrowding or admission of person beyond the authorized capacity in movie houses, theaters, coliseums, auditorium or other public assembly buildings except in other assembly areas on the ground floor with open sides or open doors sufficient to provide safe exits;

(5) Locking fire exits during periods when people are inside the building;

(6) Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire doors or smoke partitions or dampers;

(7) Use of fire protective or fire fighting equipment of the Fire Service other than for fire fighting except in other emergencies where their use are justified.

(8) Giving false-or malicious fire alarms;

(9) Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by the Fire Service, or throwing cigars, cigarettes, or burning objects in places which may start or cause fires;

(10) Removing, destroying, tampering or obliterating any authorized mark, seal, sign, or tag posted or required by the. Fire Service for fire safety in any building, structure or processing equipment;

(11) Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the electrical system beyond its designed capacity or such other practices that tend to undermine the fire safety features of the electrical system;

(12) Failure to observe fire safety precaution for the following:

(a) Hot ashes, live coals and embers;

(b) Flammable paints, varnishes, stains and organic coatings;

(d) Metallic magnesium in any form;

(e) Blasting agents, explosives and special industrial, explosive materials, blasting caps, black powder, dynamite, nitrocellulose, fulminates any kind, and plastic explosives containing ammonium salt or chlorate;

(f) Liquid nitroglycerine and liquid trinitrotoluoene;

(g) Firework materials of any kind or form;

(h) Explosive dusts and vapors;

(i) Welding or soldering;

(j) Industrial commercial baking and drying;

(k) Smelting and forging; or

(l) Refining, distillation and solvent extraction of flammable/combustible liquids; and

(13) Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above, but not included in this listing, shall likewise be allocated the same period.

B. Within three (3) days. —

(1) Constructing gates, entrances and walkways to buildings components and yards which obstruct the orderly and easy passage of fire fighting vehicles and equipment;

(2) Abandonment or leaving a building or structure by the occupant or owner without appropriate safety measures;

(3) Failure to submit copy of fire insurance policy within the prescribed time limit;

(4) Failure to observe fire safety precaution for the following:

(a) High piled or widely spread combustible stock;

(b) Corrosive liquids, oxidizing materials, organic peroxide, nitromethane, ammonium nitrate or any amount of highly toxic pyrophoric, hypergolic or cryogenic materials or poisonous gases as well as materials compounds which when exposed to heat or flame become a fire conductor or generate excessive smoke or toxic gases;

(d) Combustible waste materials for recycling or resale;

(e) Agricultural, forest, marine or mineral products which may undergo spontaneous combustion;

(f) Waste disposal of combustible materials;

(g) Pressurized/forced-draft burning equipment; or

(h) Motion picture projection using electrical arc lamp; and

(5) Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above, but not included in this listing, shall likewise be allocated the same period.

C. Within seven (7) days. —

(1) For failure to provide the fire safety precautions for the following:

(a) Combustible fibers;

(b) Cellular materials such as foam rubber, sponge rubber and plastic foam;

(2) Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above, but not included in this listing, shall likewise be allocated the same period.

D. Within fifteen (15) days. —

(1) Failure to provide fire walls to separate adjoining building, or warehouse and storage areas from other occupancies in the same building; and

(2) Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above, but not included in this listing, shall likewise be allocated the same period.

E. Within thirty (30) days. —

(1) Failure to provide, install and maintain the following:

(a) Fire alarm system;

(b) Provision for confining the fire at its source such as fire resistive floor slab or roof, curtain boards and other fire containing or stopping components;

(c) A fire exit plan or diagram for each floor of the building showing the routes from each room to appropriate exits, displayed prominently on the door of each room;

(d) Properly marked and lighted exits with provision for emergency lights to adequately illuminate exit ways in case of power failure;

(2) Failure to develop and implement a fire safety and education programs;

(3) Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above, but not included in this listing; shall likewise be allocated the same period.

F. Within sixty (60) days. —

(1) Failure to provide on effect the following:

(a) Fire protection features such as sprinkler systems, hose boxes, hose reels or standpipe system and other fire fighting equipment;

(b) Termination of all exits in an area affording safe passage to a public way or safe dispersal area;

(d) Self-closing fire resistive doors leading to corridors;

(e) Fire dampers in centralized air-conditioning ducts; or

(f) Roof vents for use by fire fighters; and

(2) Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above, but not included in this listing, shall likewise be allocated the same period.

RULE 42

Actions on Violations

SECTION 42.101. Options for Enforcement. — Under Sections 10, 11, and 12 of Presidential Decree No. 1185, the options open to the enforcing agencies to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Fire Code are either administrative fine, or closure of building, or stoppage of operation, or abatement of fire hazard, or filing of criminal actions, or combinations thereof.

SECTION 42.102. Application of Courses of Action. — A. The following courses of action may be observed in dealing with violations of the Fire Code:

(1) Administrative Fine. — Violations of the Fire Code may be normally dealt with initially by imposing a fine on the responsible person. Such fine may be availed of up to four (4) times for violations punished by fine of up to three thousand (P3,000.00) pesos, up to three (3) times for those punished by fine of up to six thousand (P6,000.00) pesos, up to two (2) times for those punished by fine of up to nine thousand (P9,000.00) pesos, and once for those punished by fine of up to twelve thousand (P12,000.00) pesos.

(2) Closure of Building or Stoppage of Operation. — Closure of building consists of the cancellation of the Fire Safety Inspection Certificate if one was issued and/or the posting of Notices or Tags in buildings or portion thereof prohibiting its use. Stoppage of operation refers to the issuance of Notices or Tags and posting thereof in the building or premises of a business firm or operation involving hazardous material, hazardous operations or processes. Closure of building and/or stoppage of operation may be availed of after the fourth fine for violations punished by a fine of up to three thousand (P3,000.00) pesos, after the third fine for violations punished by fine up to six thousand (P6,000.00) pesos shall have been imposed, after the second fine for violations punished by a fine of up to nine thousand (P9,000.00) pesos, and once for the violations punished by a fine of up to twelve thousand (P12,000.00) pesos.

(3) Abatement by Demolition. — This course of action may be availed of after closure of building and/or stoppage of operation shall have been carried out.

B. Notwithstanding the foregoing, when the violator fails or refuses to take any positive corrective action, or the hazardous condition is aggravated, or additional violations are found, the concerned officer of the Fire Service shall take any or all of the following actions:

(1) Simultaneous imposition of fine, closure of building and stoppage of operation; and/or

(2) The imposition of a daily fine; and/or

(3) Summary abatement by demolition; and/or

(4) The filing of criminal charges against the offender.

SECTION 42.103. Criminal Prosecution. — The Zone/Regional/Metropolitan Commander, on the basis of the provision of paragraph "B" of the preceding Section, shall have the authority to determine whether a criminal charge is going to be instituted.

RULE 43

Miscellaneous Provisions

SECTION 43.101. Appeal. — A. The authority of the Secretary of National Defense to decide appealed cases relative to administrative fines, stoppage of operation, closure of buildings and/or abatement as provided for under Section 12 of the Fire Code is hereby delegated to the Director General of the Integrated National Police and to the Zone/Regional/Metropolitan Police Force Commander as the case may be except as hereinafter provided.

B. All actions for administrative fines, closure of buildings or stoppage of operation, taken under this Fire Code by any Officer pursuant to Section 41.104 shall be appealable to the next higher authority and/or authorities within fifteen (15) days from receipt of the pertinent order or notice. For this purpose, next higher authority refers to: the Fire District Commander/Provincial Police Superintendent, if the decision was made by the Chief of the Local Fire Service; the Zone/ Regional/ Metropolitan Commander, for the decisions of Fire District Commander/Provincial Superintendent; the Director General, for decisions of the Zone/ Regional/ Metropolitan Commanders; and lastly the Secretary of National Defense for decisions of the Director General.

C. The decisions of the said appellate authorities are final except in cases of stoppage of operation and closure of buildings as provided for under paragraphs "B" and "C" of Section 41.104, where appeal may be elevated to the Secretary of National Defense. Decisions of the Secretary of National Defense shall be final and executory.

SECTION 43.102. Citizen Participation. — A. Cooperation with Fire Inspectors. — The Fire Code and its Rules and Regulations are designed to achieve fire safety in the community. To this ends, inspections are to be conducted by elements of the Fire Service. All inspections of premises shall be done by duly designated Fire Service personnel in distinctive uniform, with proper identification cards and mission orders. Citizens can assist in achieving the goals of public fire safety by cooperating with such duly authorized inspectors and affording them the opportunity to accomplish their mission.

B. Individual and Group Initiative. — All persons are encouraged to inspect their own premises and to abate any fire hazard therein, as well as take the necessary fire safety precautions. They shall strive to organize themselves into effective fire safety and fire prevention organizations in their community and places of work in order for them to take the necessary contingent actions during fire emergencies to avoid unnecessary loss of life and property.

SECTION 43.103. Implementing Details. — The Director General shall have the authority to issue such further implementing details as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of these Rules and Regulations.

SECTION 43.104. Discretionary Powers the Director General. — The Director General shall determine the adequacy of exits and other measures for life safety from fire in accordance with provisions of this Code. In cases of practical difficulty or unnecessary hardship, the Director General may grant exceptions to this Code, but only when it is evident that reasonable safety is thereby assured.

SECTION 43.105. Effectivity. — These Implementing Rules and Regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after publication of the last installment in a newspaper of general circulation.

DONE in Quezon City, this 20th day of March, 1978.

(SGD.) FIDEL V. RAMOS

Major General

Armed Forces of the Philippines

Chief of Constabulary and Director General

Integrated National Police

Approved:

(SGD.) JUAN PONCE ENRILESecretaryDepartment of National Defense

APPENDIX A

MEMORANDUM AGREEMENT

The Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police (PC/INP), the Insurance Commission (IC) and the Insurance and Surety Association of the Philippines (ISAP), recognizing the need of cooperation and joint efforts in order to deter and/or ferret out persons committing arson, do hereby execute this AGREEMENT:

1. The ISAP shall create a permanent ANTI-ARSON COMMITTEE of six (6) members: one (1) from the Philippine Fire Protection Association (PFPA), one (1) from the Philippine Institute of Loss Adjuster (PILA), and four (4) from ISAP/PIRA (Philippine Insurance Rating Association) with staggered terms of office. The ISAP ANTI-ARSON COMMITTEE shall maintain close cooperation and coordination with PC/INP ANTI-ARSON TASK FORCE.

2. The ISAP ANTI-ARSON COMMITTEE SHALL:

2.1. Collate and transmit to the PC/INP AATF fire insurance coverage data on Commercial/Industrial risks/areas affected by fire as soon as such are available.

2.2. Refer to the PC/INP AATF information which may relate to the possible commission of arson for proper evaluation and action. Where the PC/INP AATF has similar information, same shall be relayed to the ISAP AAC. In either case the PC/INP and the affected Insurance Company/ies may form a joint team to inspect the particular Risk/Area involved.

3. The Insurance Commission shall issue a Circular, which shall form an integral part of this AGREEMENT, requiring non-life insurance companies to submit insurance coverage data on Commercial/Industrial Risks/Areas affected by fire. This shall be made within 48 hours or as soon as practicable from the time such companies have information pertaining to the affected fire policies. The data may be transmitted on a form which may be prescribed for such purpose.

4. The ISAP shall advise its member-companies to require a sworn statement of loss from a claimant in whose premises a fire originated within a reasonable period after the occurrence of a fire. A copy of such sworn statement shall be furnished the PC/INP investigators.

5. The PC/INP arson investigators on one hand, and the adjusters or insurance companies or their representatives on the other, shall work closely but informally and independently during the investigation of fire affecting the above-mentioned Areas to facilitate the free flow and exchange of all available information needed to ascertain the cause and motive of the fire.

6. No clearance or certification shall be issued to any person by the PC/INP relative to any fire incident. The only information that may be released shall be limited to the fact that a fire has occurred in a particular time and place. cDCaTH

7. When the investigation of the fire incident by the PC/INP reveals that an insured firm is the point of origin of the fire characterized by the elements of arson which include but not limited to simultaneous start of fire at different ignition sources, rapid fire spread, the use of fire spreading agents like kerosene, gasoline, thinner and other flammable chemicals; and presence of electrical/mechanical ignition devices; it shall furnish copies of their report to the insurance companies affected thru the ISAP AAC, and the Insurance Commission. The PC/INP, ISAP AAC and IC may then form a joint committee to evaluate such report, and if need be, to allow the insuring companies to gather concrete evidence within the period specified under the Insurance Code (PD No. 612), to support the filing of the proper case in court against the suspected arsonist.

8. A reward System shall be jointly. instituted and administered by the PC/INP, IC and ISAP to encourage citizens to report arsonists to the authorities and an amount of P200,000.00 shall be set aside to constitute the Reward Fund.

Any person, other than a member of the PC/INP, IC or ISAP, reporting the identity of an arsonist or having knowledge of a fire incident characterized by the elements of arson referred to in paragraph 7 to the PC/INP that will lead to the institution of court action and thus bar any fire insurance recovery on a burned firm or property shall be entitled to a reward equivalent to twenty percent (20%) of the amount which the Insurer/s otherwise would have paid as claims but in no case to exceed P100,000.00.

To implement the Reward System, a working committee shall be established jointly by the PC/INP, the IC, and the ISAP. AacCHD

Signed this 15th day of March 1978 at Metro Manila, Philippines.

(SGD.) FIDEL V. RAMOSMajor-General-AFPChief of Constabulary/Director General, Integrated National Police

(SGD.) GREGORIA CRUZ ARNALDOInsurance Commissioner

(SGD.) BIENVENIDO L. SAPLALAPresident, Insurance and Surety Association of the Philippines

APPENDIX B

REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS

March 1, 1978

CIRCULAR LETTER

TO : ALL NON-LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES DOING BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINES

SUBJECT : Enlisting Support To The Anti-Arson Drive Of The Government

In view of the current drive against arson, the success of which would maximize a favorable loss experience on fire risks underwritten, corresponding support of non-life insurance companies concerned on the matter is therefore enlisted as follows:

1. In the event of fire in Commercial/Industrial Risks areas the pertinent data of the fire insurance coverage of properties so insured and situated thereat, must be submitted to the Insurance and Surety Association of the Philippines (ISAP) for transmittal to the Anti-Arson Task Force of the Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police (PC/INP).

The ISAP shall prescribe the corresponding form for the purpose which shall be accomplished and submitted within 48 hours after knowledge of such occurrence.

2. Ensuing fire claims shall be accompanied with a sworn statement of loss aside from the usual Proof-of-Loss Statement. A copy of such sworn statement shall be transmitted immediately to the PC/INP Anti-Arson Task Force, thru the ISAP.

3. Fire insurance adjusters or investigators whose services are hired to determine the extent of loss sustained in such fire occurrence by policyholders must coordinate and cooperate with the PC/INP Anti-Arson investigators likewise investigating the cause of the fire.

4. The ISAP, in representation of all non-life insurance companies doing business in the Philippines, shall form a permanent Anti-Arson Committee to attend to matters herein specified or elsewhere in the Memorandum Agreement entered into by and between the Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police, Insurance and Surety Association of the Philippines and the Insurance Commission.

This Circular Letter shall take effect immediately.

(SGD.) GREGORIA CRUZ ARNALDO

Insurance Commissioner

APPENDIX C

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:

This Memorandum of Agreement entered into and executed this 1st day of August 1978, by and between.

The Ministry of National Defense herein represented by its Minister, Honorable Juan Ponce Enrile

and

The Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications herein represented by its Minister, Honorable Alfredo L. Juinio

WITNESSETH

WHEREAS, the President enacted the National Building Code (NBC, PD 1096) on February 19, 1977 and the Fire Code of the Philippines (FCP, PD 1185) on August 26, 1997;

WHEREAS, the NBC applies to the design, location, siting, construction, alteration, repair, conversion, use, occupancy, maintenance, moving, demolition of, and addition to public and private buildings and structures, except traditional indigenous family dwellings as defined therein;

WHEREAS, the FCP is primarily concerned with the proper maintenance, safety and protection of buildings and structures against fire;

WHEREAS, the implementing rules and regulations of the FCP, among other things, also apply to the design and installation of electrical systems and mechanical and refrigeration equipment, as well as to the architectural, structural and other engineering requirements of buildings;

WHEREAS, the above cited implementing rules and regulations of FCP particularly Divisions 2-15 of Rule 3 are already prescribed functions vested in the Office of Building Official under the provisions of the NBC;

WHEREAS, it is desirable that the NBC (PD 1096) and the FCP (PD 1185) be harmonized so as to complement and supplement each other as they both profess concern for the protection of life, limb, property and public welfare;

WHEREAS, to date, Offices of Building Officials have already been organized with the necessary technical staff to enforce and implement the provisions of the NBC nationwide;

WHEREAS, for purposes of effective and economical implementation of the NBC and FCP and their implementing rules and regulations, as well as for the expeditious processing of building permits, the NBC provides for the integration under the Office of the Building Official of all functions relating to the architectural, structural, mechanical and sanitary engineering, plumbing and fire resistive and protective requirements for the design, construction of buildings and structures as well as the installation therein of safety and other fire-protective devices and/or systems;

NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties to this Memorandum of Agreement hereby agree as follows:

A. Pre-Construction Phase:

1. The Building Official shall have the overall administrative control and/or supervision over all activities relating to processing and issuing of building permits covering the construction, addition, repair, renovation and demolition of all buildings and/or structures within the area of his responsibility. Upon receipt of the Application for Building Permit, the Building Official shall refer one (1) set of the plans and specifications to the Chief of the Local Fire Service (CLFS) for his evaluation, review, and/or recommendation with respect to fire safety and control requirements. The CLFS shall submit his report and recommendations to the Building Official within five (5), working days from date of referral. Failure of the CLFS to act within said period shall mean that the plans and specifications, submitted conform with all the requirements of the FCP. The Building Official shall within fifteen (15) days take the necessary action towards the issuance or non-issuance of the building permit as provided for in the NBC.

2. Before the issuance of a building permit, the Building Official shall require the applicant to pay the necessary fees to the Local Treasurer or other authorized collecting agents of the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications in accordance with the provisions of the NBC. When so directed by the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Communications, said authorized collecting agents shall also collect as provided for by the FCP an amount equivalent to one tenth of one percent (.1%) of the cost construction of the building or structure based on the schedule of cost of construction in accordance with Section 4, Rule III, of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the NBC, but not to exceed P50,000.00 and remit the same to the Treasurer of the Philippines. aCcEHS

B. Construction Phase:

1. Upon issuance of a building permit, the Building. Official, shall without delay indorse a copy of such permit to the CLFS and require him to undertake the necessary inspection of the building during its construction in accordance with the FCP and its implementing rules and regulations. The results and frequency of these inspections shall be duly entered into the Construction Logbook sheet and the same shall be reported in writing to the Building Official for appropriate action.

2. Upon submission of the Certificate of Completion of Construction by the engineer or architect in Charge of Construction, the Building Official shall notify the CLFS, to conduct his final Inspection and require him to submit his Fire Safety Inspection Certificate within five (5) working days from receipt of notification; Provided, that in case of non-issuance, suspension or revocation of said certificate, of fire safety inspection by the CLFS, he shall so state in writing the reasons or grounds therefore.

3. After final inspection requirements of the NBC and the FCP are complied with, the Building Official shall issue the Certificate of Use or Occupancy, a copy of which shall be provided to the CLFS.

C. Post-Construction Phase:

1. The Building Official and the CLFS shall inspect buildings or structures jointly or separately to determine compliance with the provisions of the NBC and the FCP and their implementing rules and regulations. In case of separate inspection;

a) Violations of the NBC or the FCP noted by the CLFS; requiring corrective measures involving alteration, modification, repairs etc., of the building/structure including architectural, structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary and plumbing, light and ventilation system etc., shall be reported to the Building Official for appropriate action.

b) Violations of the FCP or the NBC noted by the Building Official pertaining to fire-prevention, detection and warning, suppression and protection shall be reported to the CLFS for appropriate action.

2. The Building Official shall conduct annual inspection of buildings and structures to determine compliance with land use, architectural, structural, sanitary, plumbing, electrical, and mechanical requirements.

3. The CLFS shall conduct regular inspection of the buildings and their premises for the purpose of checking on potential sources of fire and the proper maintenance of fire protection, suppression, prevention and/or warning systems.

D. Abatement/Demolition

1. The Director General, INP or his duly authorized representative and the Building Official shall exercise authority relating to the abatement/demolition of hazardous and/or ruinous buildings and structures and/or any portion thereof in accordance with their respective powers and functions under the FCP and NBC.

However when such authority is being exercised by either one of them, it shall be incumbent upon the other to extend his assistance to the former. For this purpose, the following procedure/arrangement shall be observed:

a) The INP shall provide security to the Building Official and/or his authorized representative and personnel and shall maintain peace and order in the premises of the subject of abatement or demolition. ScHAIT

b) The Building Official shall in turn extend his assistance in supervising and allowing the use of whatever available equipment and personnel he has that may be needed for abatement or demolition.

2. The Building Official or his authorized representative without interfering with the functions of the fire investigators, shall be allowed access to the premises of the fire scene after the fire has been extinguished, for the purpose of determining architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical and sanitary deficiencies, which might have been the cause of or contributory to the fire.

E. Conflict

1. In case of conflict in the interpretation and implementation of this Memorandum of Agreement relative to the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases up to the issuance of Certificate of Occupancy, the decision of the Building Official shall prevail.

2. Problems arising from the implementation of this Memorandum Agreement shall as much as possible be resolved by lateral coordination between the Director General, INP and the Executive Director of the Building Research Development staff of the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications.

This Agreement shall take effect on 1 August 1978 and the Parties concerned shall circularize the same to all CLFS and Building Officials for their information, guidance and implementation.

IN WITNESS HEREOF, the Parties have herein affixed their signatures in Quezon City, Metro Manila on the date first abovementioned.

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS, TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATIONS

(SGD.) ALFREDO L. JUINIO

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE

(SGD.) JUAN PONCE ENRILE

(SGD.) FIDEL V. RAMOS

Signed in the Presence of:

(SGD.) ROSALIO A. MALIONGA